2. Pathological(

Pathological hypertrophy occurs in the absence of an appropriate stimulus – an increased functional need. Myocardial hypertrophy, which occurs for no apparent reason (in the absence of hypertension, valvular defects and congenital heart disease), is considered as an example of pathological hypertrophy and is called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.)

-working (as a result of a painful process, an organ or part of it has to work hard

It is observed in tissues consisting of stable, non-dividing cells in which adaptation to increased stress cannot be realized by increasing the number of cells. This type of hypertrophy is often found in hollow organs with a wall of smooth muscles: the wall of the stomach, intestines, and bladder. It is a morphological expression of chronic obstruction. The causes of this obstruction are diverse, for example, cicatricial stenosis of the pylorus as a result of healing of gastric ulcers or bulbs of the 12th duodenum, exophytically growing (i.e. intestinal tumors growing into the lumen, adenomatous hyperplasia of the prostate gland, which, by squeezing the urethra, prevents the excretion of urine from the bladder. Compensation of the function of these organs occurs due to an increase in the volume of the smooth muscles of the wall above the obstacle site. In the clinic, the most important is the working hypertrophy of the heart.

-vicarious (substitution)-in case of death due to illness or after surgery of one of the paired organs-lungs, kidneys. Compensation for impaired function is provided.enhanced work of the remaining organ, which is undergoing hypertrophy.

The significance of hypertrophy:

The hypertrophy developing in the organ undoubtedly has a positive value, since it allows you to maintain the function of the organ, despite the disease. This period in the clinic is called the compensation stage. Later, when dystrophic changes occur in the organ, there is a weakening of function and, ultimately, when the adaptive mechanisms are exhausted, decompensation of the organ occurs. And in relation to the heart, heart failure develops, which is the cause of death of the patient.

HYPERPLASIA is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue as a result of an increase in the number of cells that make up them. Hyperplasia is observed when the mitotic activity of cells is stimulated, which leads to an increase in their number.

Physiological

- hormonal

-compensatory

Pathological

-compensatory

- vikarnaya

-hormonal (neurohumoral)

-inflammatory (hyperplasia of the spleen)

Hormonal (neurohumoral) hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur due to impaired function of the endocrine glands. The physiological prototype is hypertrophy of the uterus and mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation.

In conditions of pathology, hormonal hypertrophy occurs as a result of impaired function of the endocrine glands. An example of such hypertrophy is acromegaly caused by hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland with excessive production of somatotropic hormone, which usually occurs on the basis of eosinophilic adenoma. With acromegaly, there is an increase in organs and protruding parts of the skeleton. When the tumor is removed, the process is reversible.

Hypertrophic growths are often found in chronic inflammation (on the slim.with images.polyps), with disorders of lymph circulation in the lowerof course.and stagnation of lymph, which leads to the proliferation of joints.fabrics (elephantiasis).Hypertrophic growth of adipose and connective tissue occurs with complete or partial atrophy of the organ (false hypertrophy).