56. Embolism: definition, classification, complications of embolism..

circulation of particles (emboli) that do not occur under normal conditions in the blood or lymph and their blockage of blood vessels.

Types of embolism:

a) orthograde - by blood flow: from the venous system of the BCC and the right heart to the vessels of the MCC, from the left half of the heart, aorta and large arteries to smaller arteries (heart, kidneys, spleen, intestines), from the branches of the portal system to the portal vein

b) retrograde - against blood flow (especially for very severe emboli)

c) paradoxical - embolus from the veins of the BCC, bypassing the lungs, enters the arteries of the BCC through a defect in the septa of the heart.

Embolisms by aggregate state and by nature:

a) thromboembolism: PE - if emboli are blood clots in the veins of the BCC or the right half of the heart; accompanied by hemooragic pulmonary infarction, pulmo-coronary reflex, sudden death; thromboembolism of the BCC - if emboli are blood clots on the valves of the left heart, in the ear of the LP; accompanied by thromboembolic syndrome with infarcts in many organs

b) fat embolism - when fat droplets enter the bloodstream due to injuries to the bone marrow and subcutaneous fat, erroneous administration of oily solutions of drugs; fat droplets obstruct the capillaries of the lungs or capillaries of the kidneys, g /m, etc. (through arteriovenous anastomoses); when 2/3 of the pulmonary capillaries are turned off, acute pulmonary insufficiency and cardiac arrest; fatty embolism of the brain capillaries → multiple spot hemorrhages

c) air embolism - with injury to the veins of the neck, gaping veins of the uterus after childbirth, damage to a sclerosed lung, when air enters a vein with drugs → embolism of the vessels of the MCC and sudden death; air and foamy blood in the cavity of the right heart, veins with air bubbles

d) gas embolism - blockage of blood vessels by gas bubbles, in caesarean workers, divers (rapid decompression → rapid release of nitrogen bubbles from tissues and its accumulation in the blood → blockage of capillaries g/m and sp/m, liver, kidneys → foci of ischemia and necrosis, multiple hemorrhages, blood clots

e) tissue (cellular) embolism - circulation in the blood of pieces of tissue, groups of cells (injuries, tumor metastasis, amniotic fluid embolism) more often in the vessels of the BCC.

f) microbial embolism - circulation in the blood of MB groups with the formation of foci of purulent inflammation at the site of their blockage of the vessel (more often in the vessels of the MCC)

g) embolism by foreign bodies - when fragments of shells, bullets, etc., lime and crystals of HC atherosclerotic plaques enter the lumen of large vessels during their ulceration

5) Embolism outcome: PE → sudden death, arterial thromboembolism BCC → infarction of the spleen, g/m, kidneys, intestinal gangrene, extremities; bacterial ebolism - a manifestation of sepsis; embolism of malignant tumor cells - metastasis; air and fat ebolism - a possible cause of death