1. According to the method of obtaining the material

1. Sampling of material for histological examination

Excision biopsy is a fence for the study of the pathological formation in its entirety.

An incisional biopsy is a sampling to examine a part of a pathological formation or a diffusely altered organ.

Pinch biopsy — using biopsy forceps (punch-biopsy)

Trepan biopsy is the collection of a column of dense tissue using a hollow tube with a pointed edge — trepan. It is used for bone biopsy and dense tumors.

Core biopsy (core biopsy, core biopsy, cutting biopsy) is the collection of a column of material from soft tissues using a special trepan consisting of a harpoon system and a hollow tube with a pointed edge.

Scarification (surface) biopsy (shaving biopsy) is the collection of material by cutting off a thin layer of tissue from the surface, used for biopsy of pathological skin formations.

Loop biopsy is the collection of material by a loop using a coagulator in tissue cutting mode or a radiofrequency surgical device. It is used in ENT, gynecology and endoscopic examinations.

2. Collection of material for cytological examination

An imprint from a pathological formation (erosion, ulcers) — the material is transferred to the slide by applying it to the ulcerated surface.

A smear is an imprint from a pathological formation — the material is scraped off from the pathological formation with a spatula, scalpel, cytochet and then transferred to a slide.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the collection of material for examination, usually using a puncture needle and a syringe. It is used both for biopsy of cystic formations and solid tumors.

Aspiration biopsy is a variant of FNAB of fluid formations: cysts, fluid intake from the pleural or abdominal cavity.

2. By type of accuracy control:

• Classical biopsy

• Targeted biopsy

• Endoscopic

• Biopsy under ultrasound control

• Biopsy under X-ray control

• Stereotactic biopsy

The goals and objectives of the biopsy

Biopsy is the most reliable method of investigation if it is necessary to establish the cellular composition of the tissue. Taking tissues and their subsequent examination under a microscope allows you to determine the exact cellular composition of the material under study.

A biopsy is required if a disease is suspected, the diagnosis of which cannot be established reliably or fully using other research methods. Traditionally, such diseases are oncological (tumor). However, today biopsy is widely used in the diagnosis of non-tumor diseases. First of all, in gastroenterology (identification of microscopic features of inflammatory and precancerous diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, which largely determines further tactics and therapy) and gynecology (determination of endocrine diseases and causes of infertility by scraping from the uterine cavity, inflammatory and precancerous diseases of the cervix). In addition, histological examination is required to establish the features of the course and severity of the lesion (and, consequently, for the prognosis and correction of therapy) in diseases of certain organs (liver, kidneys, nervous and muscular systems, as well as some vascular lesions).