arterial blood gases, abnormal, 490–491 assessment of, 504–508
respiratory distress syndrome, 539
Infantile scoliosis, 366 Infections
in asthma, 224
lymphocyte responses (sequence), 127
neonatal, chronic lung disease of infancy caused by, 564 t
Infectious control measures protocols, for tuberculosis, 308 Inferior vena cava, 481
filter, for pulmonary embolism, 330
Infiltrates, presence of, 106–107
Inflammation, chronic lung disease of infancy caused by, 564 t Influenza viruses A and B, 285
Infundibular stenosis, 581
Inhaled corticosteroids, cystic fibrosis, 254 Inhaled DNase (dornase alpha), usage, 252
action, mode, 253 f
Inhaled hypertonic saline, usage, 253 Inhaled N -acetylcysteine, usage, 253 Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)
acute respiratory distress syndrome, 420 congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 572 meconium aspiration syndrome, 525
persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 495
Inhaled tobramycin (Bethkis), 253–254 In-home portable monitoring, 467 b
In-home unattended portable monitoring, 465–467 Inlet ventricular septal defect, 580
iNO, Inhaled nitric oxide
Inorganic particulate (dust) exposure, 400–401 asbestos, 400
beryllium, 400–401 coal dust, 400 irritant gases, 402 silica, 400
Inspection of chest, 23
common assessment abnormalities in, 30 t –32 t
common clinical manifestations observed during, 34 b
Inspiration
accessory muscles of, 21 , 41–42 decreased blood pressure during, 21 level of, 106
Inspiratory capacity (IC), 56 t Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 56 t Inspiratory stridor, 589 , 592 Inspiratory time (TI), prolonged, 544
Inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio (I/E ratio), 34 Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 391 Intercostal retractions, 45 , 46 f , 489 , 530 Intermittent fever, 14
Intermittent positive pressure breathing therapy, for pediatric patient, 516 b Internal oblique, 43 , 44 f
Interpretation, 5 errors (ABG error), 78
Interruption, 7
Interstitial edema, 528 , 529 f Interstitial fibrosis, 404
Interstitial lung disease (ILD), 397–414 admitting history, 410–411
alveolar-capillary unit, cross-sectional microscopic view, 398 f asbestos, 400
case study, 410–413 causes, 400–402 chronic, 406–408
pathologic or structural changes, 398 corticosteroids, usage, 409
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), 404 development, medications/illicit drugs (association), 403 b diffuse, 398
discussion, 412–413 drug-induced, 401
etiology and epidemiology, 398–409 inorganic causes, 401 b
inorganic particulate (dust) exposure, 400–401 irritant gases, impact, 402 t
lungs, anatomic alterations, 398 management, 409–410
mechanical ventilation protocol, 410 medications and procedures, 409–410
occupational, environmental, and therapeutic exposures, 400–402 organic materials exposure, 401–402
overview, 399 t
oxygen therapy protocol, 410 pathology, 405
physical examination, 411 plasmapheresis, 410
respiratory assessment and plan, 411 respiratory care treatment protocols, 410 systemic diseases, 402–404
Interstitial pneumonitis, 404
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, reticulonodular pattern, 407 f Intracellular oxygen tension (icO2 ), 91
Intracranial pressure (ICP), monitoring, stroke, 448–449 Intrapleural pressure, in pulmonary edema, 313 Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation, 514 b –515 b Intravascular air embolism, 543
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), usage, 428 , 437 Intraventricular catheter, 452 f
Intrinsic asthma (nonallergic or nonatopic asthma), 222 b Intubation risk, spinal cord injury, 444
Invasive aspergillosis, 291 Invasive candidiasis, 291
Invasive cardiovascular monitoring assessments, 97–99 Invasive hemodynamic monitoring assessments, 93 Invasive mechanical ventilation, 165 , 209
IPF, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Ipratropium bromide, usage, 252 Irritant gases, 402
impact, 402 t
Irritant reflex, 40 Isolette, 497 b Isoniazid, 308
prophylactic use of, 308
Ivacaftor (Kalydeco), usage, 253
J
Jargon, 7
Jugular venous distention, 48 , 49 f
Juvenile scoliosis, 366
Juxtapulmonary-capillary receptors, 41
K
Killer lymphocytes, 127
Klebsiella, 284
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Friedländer bacillus), 284 Kyphoscoliosis, 365–375
admitting history, 372
airway clearance therapy protocol, 371 arterial blood gases, 368 b
cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with, 368–369 case study, 372–375
discussion, 374–375
etiology and epidemiology of, 366 heart rate, increased, 368
hemodynamic indices, 369 b laboratory findings in, 369
laboratory tests and procedures, clinical data, 368 lungs
anatomic alterations, 365–366 , 366 f expansion therapy protocol, 371
oxygen therapy protocol, 371 oxygenation indices, 368 b patient bedside, clinical data, 368
physical examination, 368 , 372–373 pulmonary function test findings, 368 b radiologic findings in, 369 , 369 f respiratory assessment and plan, 373
respiratory care treatment protocols for, 371 respiratory rate, increased (tachypnea), 368 vital signs of, 368
Kyphosis, 365 , 367
L
Lactic acid, 89
Lactic acidosis (metabolic acidosis), 77–78
ABG changes, 78 t
LAM, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Lamina propria, 50, 51f
Large cell carcinoma, 378–379 illustration, 379 , 379 f
Laryngeal mask airway, 510 t –511 t Laryngoscope blade, 510 t –511 t Laryngospasm, wet drowning and, 600 Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), 590
admitting history, 596
anteroposterior neck radiograph, 593 , 593 f arterial blood gases, 592 b
cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with, 592–593 case study, 596
discussion, 596
etiology and epidemiology of, 590 history and physical findings of, 591 t
laboratory tests and procedures, clinical data, 592 lateral neck radiograph, 593
management of, 594–596 oxygenation indices, 592 b patient bedside, clinical data, 592 physical examination, 592 , 596
respiratory assessment and plan, 596 respiratory rate, increased (tachypnea), 592 scoring system, 595 t
upper airway, anatomic alterations, 589 , 589 f vital signs, 592
Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, 471 Late fibrotic phase, 401
Late-onset asthma, 219 Lateral chest radiograph, 105 f
Lateral decubitus radiograph, 103 Lateral flail chest, pendelluft, 341 f Lateral radiograph, 102
Lateral umbilical ligaments, 482 Leading questions, 7
Leaky alveoli, 607
Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio), 537 Left lower lobe bronchiectasis, 266 f
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 312 Left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI), 99 Left-sided heart failure, 358
versus right-sided, 330 , 333 b
Legal document, 179
Legionella pneumophila, 283 Legionnaire's disease, 283 Length of stay (LOS), 131
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
Lesion, 103 Leukocytosis, 125
Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA), for asthma, 231–232 Level of consciousness (LOC), in infant and pediatric patient, 506 Ligamentum arteriosum, 483 , 577 b
Ligamentum teres, 482 Ligamentum venosum, 482
Lightheadedness, in pulmonary embolism, 326 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, 446 t , 447 LIP, Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia Lipoid pneumonitis, 292
Lobectomy, 391
Long-acting beta2 -agonists, for asthma, 231–232 Loop diuretics, for pulmonary edema, 314
LOS, Length of stay Lou Gehrig disease, 444
Low inspired oxygen concentrations, for chronic lung disease of infancy, 566 t Low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV), usage, 420
Lower airway obstruction, in pediatric patient, 508 b Low-molecular-weight heparin, for pulmonary embolism, 324 LTB, Laryngotracheobronchitis
LTVV, Low tidal volume ventilation Lung abscess, 279–299, 292f
anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, 293 b anaerobic gram-positive cocci, 293 b causes, 293 b
cross-sectional view, 292 f definition of, 292
early stages, 292 flash burn, 293
Lung cancer, 376–396 admission, 395
admitting history, 393–394 arterial blood gases, 386 b bronchogenic carcinoma, 377 bronchoscopy findings, 389
cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with, 386–389 case study, 393–396
characteristics, 378 t chemotherapy, usage, 378
chest radiograph, 386–389 , 387 f –388 f cigarette smoking, 377
computed tomography/positron emission tomography (CT/PET) scan, 390 f diagnosis, 380–385
tests, 380 t –381 t discussion, 395–396
etiology and epidemiology, 377–380 findings, chest radiograph, 387 f hemodynamic indices, 386 b
laboratory tests and procedures, clinical data, 386 lungs, anatomic alterations, 377
management, 391–393 oxygenation indices, 386 b patient bedside, clinical data, 386 physical examination, 386 , 394
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
axial views, 389 f –390 f coronal views, 388 f sagittal views, 389 f
pulmonary function test findings, 386 radiation therapy, usage, 378 radiologic findings, 386–389 respiratory assessment and plan, 394
respiratory rate, increased (tachypnea), 386 risk factors, 377–378
screening, 380–385 tests, 380 t –381 t
small cell lung cancer, 393 stage grouping, 382
tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) subsets, 383 t –385 t tumor, node, metastasis (TNM)
classification system, 382 t –383 t
staging system, 382 t –383 t types, 378 , 378 f
vital signs, 386
Lung compliance, effect of, on the ventilatory pattern and dyspnea, 37 , 37 f –38 f Lung expansion therapy protocol, 136 , 142 , 142 f –143 f
acute respiratory distress syndrome, 420 bronchiectasis, 269
cystic fibrosis, 252 flail chest, 340
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 428 kyphoscoliosis, 371 myasthenia gravis, 438
for newborn, 498 b
for pediatric patient, 516 b
pleural effusion and empyema, 362 pneumonia, 297
pneumothorax, 353 postoperative atelectasis, 277 pulmonary air leak syndrome, 546 pulmonary edema, 317–318 pulmonary embolism, 330
respiratory distress syndrome, 538 small cell lung cancer, 393
smoke inhalation and thermal injuries, 614 transient tachypnea of the newborn, 532
Lungs
acute interstitial fibrosis, 404 biopsy, 114 , 122
open-lung, 122 transbronchial lung, 122
borders and fissures of, 22–23 , 23 f clinical scenarios, 142–145 , 156 compression, 113
expiration, posteroanterior chest radiograph, 103 f full inspiration, posteroanterior chest radiograph, 102 growth and development of, 192
honeycomb lung, 404
hypoxic vasoconstriction of, 90 imaginary lines in, 22 inspection of, 23
“markings,” increased, 203 f palpation of, 23–24 , 24 f parenchyma, 106–107 pathophysiologic mechanisms of, 142 percussion of, 24–25 , 25 f
protective strategies, 176 , 176 b scleroderma, appearance, 403 systematic examination of, 21–27 tissue markings, 106–107 topography of, 22–23
transplantation, chest radiograph and, 204 f volumes and capacities of, 55–58 , 56 t window CT scan, 108
close-up of, 108 f
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
Lungs, anatomic alterations, 142–145 , 156 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 415–416 asthma, 220–221
atelectasis, 273 bronchiectasis, 259–260 chronic bronchitis, 189 , 190 f
chronic lung disease of infancy, 559–562 common, 140–152
congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 569–570 cystic fibrosis, 243–244
drowning, 599–600 emphysema, 189–191 , 191 f flail chest, 339 , 340 f fungal diseases, 288
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 424–425 interstitial lung disease (ILD), 398 kyphoscoliosis, 365–366 , 366 f lung cancer, 377
meconium aspiration syndrome, 521–522 myasthenia gravis, 432–433
pleural effusion and empyema, 356 , 357 f pneumonia, 280
pneumothorax, 346 , 347 f
pulmonary air leak syndrome, 542–543 pulmonary edema, 311–312 , 312 f pulmonary embolism, 321 , 321 f respiratory distress syndrome, 534–535 respiratory syncytial virus infection, 550 smoke inhalation, 607–608
thermal injuries, 607
transient tachypnea of the newborn, 528 tuberculosis, 301–303
Lungs, fungal disease anatomic alterations, 288 cross-sectional view, 288 f opportunistic pathogens, 290 primary pathogens, 288–290
LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction LVSWI, Left ventricular stroke work index Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), 405 Lymphangitic carcinomatosis, 313
Lymphatic insufficiency, in pulmonary edema, 313 Lymphocytes, 127
categories of, 127 killer lymphocytes, 127
response, sequence, 127
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), 404 Lymphokine, 127
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, 405
M
MAC, Mycobacterium avium complex Macrophages, 127
Macrosomia, 528–529
Magnetic resonance angiography, for pulmonary embolism, 324 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 112
anatomy of mediastinum on, 113 f for pulmonary embolism, 324 studies, 109–111
Malignant mesothelioma, 359
Malignant pleural effusions, exudative pleural effusion and, 359 Malignant tumors, 377
Mallampati classification, 463 f score, 463
Mannitol, inhaled, indirect challenge test to, 66 Mantoux tuberculin skin test, 304 , 304 f
MAS, Meconium aspiration syndrome
Mask continuous positive airway pressure, for pulmonary edema, 317–318 Massive hemoptysis, 51
Maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), 65 myasthenia gravis, 437
Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), 65 , 168 measurement, 428
myasthenia gravis, 437
Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), 61 , 61 f , 63 t –64 t MDRSA, Multiple drug–resistant S. aureus
Mean pulmonary artery pressure (PA), 99 Mechanical ventilation, 163–174
chronic lung disease of infancy caused by, 564 t discontinuation, 168–172 , 172 f –173 f
clinical indicators for, 175 t invasive, 165 , 209 noninvasive, 165–168 , 165 b
standard criteria for, 163–164 , 164 t
supplied with graphics package, display of patient on, 174 f and ventilator weaning, 499 b –500 b , 519 b –520 b
Mechanical ventilation protocol, 145 , 165–168 , 169 f –171 f acute respiratory distress syndrome, 420 , 421 f
asthma, 239 bronchiectasis, 269
chronic bronchitis and emphysema, 209 chronic lung disease of infancy, 565 cystic fibrosis, 253
flail chest, 340 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 429 interstitial lung disease, 410 myasthenia gravis, 438
pleural effusion and empyema, 362 pneumothorax, 353
postoperative atelectasis, 277 pulmonary air leak syndrome, 546 pulmonary edema, 318 respiratory distress syndrome, 538
smoke inhalation and thermal injuries, 614 transient tachypnea of the newborn, 532 tuberculosis, 308
Meconium, 521 staining, 523
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), 494 , 521–527 admitting history, 525–526
arterial blood gases, 523 b
cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with, 523–524 case study, 525–526
chest assessment findings, 523 chest radiograph, 524
infant, 524 f discussion, 526
etiology and epidemiology, 522 , 522 f
laboratory tests and procedures, clinical data, 523 lungs, anatomic alterations, 521–522 management of, 525
obstruction, 522 f oxygenation indices, 524 b
patient bedside, clinical data, 523 physical examination, 523 , 525–526 pneumothorax, left-sided, 524 f pulmonary air leak syndrome, 544 pulmonary function test findings, 523 b radiologic findings, 524
respiratory assessment and plan, 526 respiratory rate, increased (tachypnea), 523 vital signs, 523
Meconium ileus, 251
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF), 494 , 522 Mediastinal window (CT scan), 108 Mediastinoscopy, 121 , 122 f
Mediastinum, 106 Medium crackles, 28 t –29 t Mendelson syndrome, 286
MEP, Maximum expiratory pressure Mesothelioma, malignant, 359
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
Metabolic acid-base abnormalities, 77–78 Metabolic acid-base disturbances, 70 b , 77 Metabolic acidosis, 70 , 77–78
ABG changes, 78 t acute, 77–78 causes of, 77 b hyperchloremic, 78
lactic acidosis, 77–78
respiratory acidosis, combination, 72
Metabolic alkalosis, 77
ABG changes, 77 t causes of, 77 b
MetaNeb, 514 b –515 b Metered dose inhaler
with spacer, 510 t –511 t , 517 b –519 b
with valved holding chamber or spacer, 517 b –519 b
Methacholine, inhaled, airway responsiveness to, 66 Microbiome, asthma and, 224
Midaxillary line, 22 Midclavicular line, 22 Midsternal line, 22
Mild hypoxemia, 21 , 88–89 Miliary tuberculosis, 307 f
Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), 425 t Milwaukee brace, 369–370 , 370 f MIP, Maximum inspiratory pressure Mist tent, 513 b –514 b
Mixed sleep apnea, 462
Mixed venous blood (84
Mixed venous oxygen saturation ( ), 86 increase and decrease, factors, 87 b
MM alpha1 -antitrypsin phenotype, 192 mMRC, Modified Medical Research Council Moderate hypoxemia, 88–89
Modified Glasgow Coma Score, 506 , 506 t Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC)
dyspnea scale, 194 t questionnaire, 36 , 36 t
MODS, Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome Monocytes, 127
Moraxella catarrhalis, 284
Morphine sulfate, for pulmonary edema, 314 Mouthpiece ventilation, 454
sample, 455 b
MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging Mucociliary escalator, 50, 50f
Mucous accumulation, airway obstruction, combination, 433 Mucous blanket, 48–50 , 50 f
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 303 Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS), 608 Multiple drug–resistant S. aureus (MDRSA), 283 Muscle biopsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 445
Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), 433 Muscular dystrophies
Becker muscular dystrophy, 446 t clinical presentation, 445–447 diagnosis, 447
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 445–446 , 446 t Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 446 t , 447 etiology and epidemiology, 445–447 facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 446 t , 447 limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, 446 t , 447 management, 447–448
myotonic dystrophy, 446–447 , 446 t oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 446 t
Muscular ventricular septal defect, 580 Mutation analysis, 247
MVV, Maximum voluntary ventilation Myasthenia gravis, 432–440
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, impact, 437 admitting history, 438
airway clearance therapy protocol, 438 alveolar consolidation, 433
anticholinesterase inhibitors, effectiveness, 437 arterial blood gases, 436 b
atelectasis, 433
cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with, 436 case study, 438–440
chest assessment findings, 436 chest radiograph, 436
clinical classifications, 435 , 435 t clinical presentation, 434 diagnosis, 434–435
tests (bedside diagnostic tests), 434–435 differential diagnosis, 435
discussion, 439–440
edrophonium test (Tensilon test), 434 electrodiagnostic studies, 435 electromyography, usage, 438 etiology and epidemiology, 433–434 gastric contents, aspiration, 439
generalized myasthenia gravis, 432–433 history, 434
ice pack test, 434 , 434 f immunologic studies, 434–435 immunotherapy, usage, 437 impact, 433 f
intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), usage, 437 laboratory tests and procedures, clinical data, 436 lungs
anatomic alterations, 432–433 expansion therapy protocol, 438
management, 437–438
maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), 437 maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), 437 mechanical ventilation protocol, 438
mucous accumulation, airway obstruction (combination), 433 mycophenolate mofetil, usage, 437
ocular, 432–433
oxygen therapy protocol, 437 oxygenation indices, 436 b patient bedside, clinical data, 436 physical examination, 436
plasmapheresis (plasma exchange), 437 pulmonary function test, 435
findings, 436 b
pyridostigmine (Mestinon), selection, 437 radiologic findings, 436
rapid immunotherapies, 437
repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS), 435 respiratory assessment and plan, 439 respiratory care treatment protocols, 437–438 screening, 434–435
seronegative, 433 seropositive, 433
signs and symptoms, 434 thymectomy, 437
Myasthenic crisis, 433
Mycobacterium avium, 304–305 Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 291 Mycobacterium kansasii, 304–305 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 120 , 301 , 303 Mycophenolate mofetil, usage, 437
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 281 , 284 f
Myotonic dystrophy, 446–447 , 446 t MZ alpha1 -antitrypsin phenotype, 192
N
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
Nanostraws, 91 Narrative, assistance, 4–5
clarification in, 5 confrontation in, 5 empathy in, 5 explanation in, 5 facilitation in, 5 interpretation in, 5 reflection in, 5 silence in, 5 summary-making in, 5
Nasal cannula, 497 b , 510 t –511 t , 513 b –514 b Nasal continuous positive airway pressure
for chronic lung disease of infancy, 566 t via ventilator, 498 b
Nasal flaring, 45 , 489 , 529 Nasal polyps, cystic fibrosis, 251 Nasal potential difference, 248
Nasopharyngeal airway, 510 t –511 t
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), 219 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 219
Natural killer cells, 127
Navigational bronchoscopy, 122–123 , 124 f NCFB, Noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis NCS, Nerve conduction studies
Near drowning, 599–605 , 600 f etiology and epidemiology of, 600
favorable prognostic factors in cold-water, 600 t lungs, anatomic alterations, 599–600 management of, 602–603
sequence, 600 b
Near wet drowning admitting history, 603 apnea, 601
arterial blood gases, 601 b
cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with, 601–602 case study, 603–604
discussion, 604 first responder, 602
hospital management, 602–603
laboratory tests and procedures, clinical data, 601 oxygenation indices, 601 b
patient bedside, clinical data, 601 physical examination, 601 , 603 pulmonary function test findings, 601 b radiologic findings, 602 , 602 f
respiratory assessment and plan, 603–604 vital signs, 601
Nebulized hypertonic saline, usage, 555 Neck veins, distended, 48 , 49 f
Needle thoracentesis, pulmonary air leak syndrome, 546 , 547 f Negative inspiratory force (NIF), 65
Neonatal infection, chronic lung disease of infancy caused by, 564 t Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), baby (placement), 532 Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) Guidelines, 525
Neonates, clinical manifestations, 496 f Neoplasm, 377
Nephrotic syndrome, transudative pleural effusion and, 358 Nerve conduction studies (NCS), 426
Neuromuscular disease, 441–457 acute, 442 t
arterial blood gases, 450 b Babinski sign, 450
bi-level positive airway pressure (BPAP), 454 breath sound, diminished, 450
breath stacking, 454–455 bulbar dysfunction, 457
cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations associated with, 450 chronic, 442–451 , 442 t
), 84
), 86 increase and decrease, factors, 87b