02 BOPs / Woods D.R 2008 rules-of-thumb-in-Engineering-practice (epdf.tips)
.pdfD.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 431
Roll crusher, sawtooth: c/s for crusher only excludes drive or motor. FOB cost = $20 000 for a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.59 for the range 3–30 kW. L+M* = 1.7-2.8. L/M = 0.23.
Rotary crusher: c/s, crusher without drive or motor. FOB cost = $20 000 for a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.65 for the range 1–100 kW. L+M* = 1.7–2.8. L/M = 0.23.
Cone or shorthead crusher: c/s with drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $275 000 for a solids grinding capacity = 100 Mg/h with n = 0.64 for the range 25–1000 Mg/h; FOB cost = $400 000 for a drive power = 100 kW with n = 0.92 for the range 20–200 kW; FOB cost = $260 000 for a diameter of discharge annulus = 1 m with n = 1.8 for the range 0.6–2.1. L+M* = 2.1–2.6. L/M = 0.23.
Pulverizer crusher: c/s crusher only excluding drive and motor: FOB cost = $40 000 for a drive power = 7.5 kW with n = 0.33 for the range 1.5–750 kW. L+M* = 1.6. L/M = 0.25. Alloy factors: c/s, q 1.00; 340 s/s, q 2.28.
Lump breaker: breaker only excluding drive and motor. FOB cost = $8000 for a drive power = 7.5 kW with n = 1.1 for the range 4.5–15 kW. L+M* = 1.7–2.8. L/M = 0.23.
Mills, cage mill (impactor; micropulverizer): c/s excluding drive and motor. FOB cost = $87 000 for a grinding solids capacity = 90 Mg/h with n = 0.60 for the range 9–360 Mg/h. L+M* = 1.70. L/M = 0.34. Alloy factors: c/s, q 1.00; 316 s/s, q 2.28. Mills, swing hammer: including mill, motor, classifier, fan and filter. FOB cost = $63 000 for a drive power = 15 kW with n = 0.81 for the range 2–150 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34. Factor: mill plus auxiliaries, q 1.00; mill only, q 0.70. Mills, attrition: mill including drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $30 000 for a drive power = 23 kW with n = 0.63 for the range 4.5–280 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.
Mills, fluid energy: mill including all auxiliary equipment (compressor, bag filter). FOB cost = $330 000 for an air-jet flow of 500 dm3/s with n = 0.88 for the range 400–700. L+M* = 1.7. L/M = 0.4.
Mills, roller (twin or ring roller): mill only excluding drive and motor. FOB cost $260 000 for a drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.62 for the range 7–450 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.
Mills, ball: c/s excluding liner, drive, motor, guard and ball load. FOB cost = $285 000 for a drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.70 for the range 4.5–4500 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.
Mills, rod: c/s excluding liner, drive, motor, guard and ball load. FOB cost = $290 000 for a drive power = 75 kW with n = 0.74 for the range 4.5–4500 kW. L+M* = 2.7–2.8. L/M = 0.34.
Mills, autogenous, semi autogenous: rubber backing and lining, mill plus drive but excluding motor and starter. FOB cost $1 700 000 for a drive power = 300 kW with n = 0.71 for the range 38–300 and n = 0.31 for the range 300– 4500. L+M* = 1.7–2.0. L/M = 0.34. TM = 2.4–3.2.
Mills, grinding circuits: open circuit ball mill, dry with 100 Mesh product, including classifier, motors, drives, mill, installation and erection within the BL but excluding dust collection, feeder and solids handling. PM cost = $460 000 for a
432 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines
capacity of 4.5 Mg/h with n = 0.65 for the range 0.7–150. Factors: open circuit, dry, q 1.00; open, wet, q 1.00; closed circuit, dry, q 1.00; closed circuit, wet, q 0.90. Product size: 325 Mesh, closed circuit wet or dry, q 1.8; 48 Mesh, open dry or wet, q 0.65; closed dry, q 0.75; closed wet, q 0.6; 10 Mesh, open circuit, dry or wet, q 0.35.
Comminutor, with gear reduction unit, motor, steel cutters, FOB cost $45 000 at design flow rate = 90 L/s with n = 0.29 for the range 4–90 L/s and n = 0.54 for the range 90–1000. L+M* = 1.4.
Section 9.1
Size Enlargement: Liquid–Gas: Demisters
Demister pads: Standard glass fibers, s/s construction, medium pressure drop, fine drops. Includes gaskets, cap screws, washer and polygon frame but excluding vessel or tank. FOB cost = $95 000 for an inlet gas capacity = 4700 Ndm3/s with n = 0.72 for the range 4000–90 000. Factors: medium Dp, fine drops, q 1.00; low Dp, coarse drops, q 0.6; high Dp, fine drops, high efficiency, q 3–4.
Section 9.2
Size Enlargement: Liquid–Liquid: Coalescers
Coalescer pads: estimate as a fraction of the cost of the vessel. 10–30 % c/s cost of pressure vessel.
Section 9.3
Size Enlargement: Solid in Liquid: Coagulation/Flocculation
Flocculation basin including reinforced concrete basin, motors, variable speed drive, horizontal paddle flocculators, excluding upstream rapid mix and downstream settling basin, installed. PM cost $545 000 at volume = 1000 m3 with n = 0.45 for the range 50–1000 and n = 0.77 for the range 1000–20 000.
Flocculation basin including reinforced concrete basin, motors, variable speed drive, vertical turbine flocculators (20–80 1/s) excluding upstream rapid mix and downstream settling basin, installed. PM cost $205 000 at volume = 1000 m3 with n = 0.59 for the range 20–1000.
Section 9.4
Size Enlargement: Solids: Fluidization
See Sections 5.6 and 6.30.
Section 9.5
Size Enlargement: Solids: Spherical Agglomeration
Data not available.
D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 433
Section 9.6
Size Enlargement: Solids: Disc Agglomeration
Cone agglomerator: variable speed, variable angle with drive but excluding motor. FOB cost = $100 000 for a solids capacity = 4 Mg/h with n = 0.58 for the range 0.9–32 Mg/h (0.05–8.9 kg/s). L+M* = 2.5. L/M = 0.3.
Section 9.7
Size Enlargement: Solids: Drum Granulator
Drum granulator: FOB c/s cost $25 000 for a solids capacity = 3.5 Mg/h with n = 0.05 for the range 0.5–3.5 and n = 0.28 for the range 3.5–23 Mg/h. FOB cost = $40 000 for a solids capacity = 23 Mg/h with n = 0.68 for the range 23–60. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.25. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.1; nickel alloy q 1.3.
Section 9.8
Size Enlargement: Solids: Briquetting
Briquetter: FOB cost $100 000 for a solids capacity = 15 Mg/h with n = 0.58 for the range 3.5–55. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.25. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.2; nickel alloy q 1.4.
Section 9.9
Size Enlargement: Solids: Tabletting
Tabletter: FOB cost $80 000 for a solids capacity = 0.39 Mg/h with n = 0.3 for the range 0.09–0.39 and n = 0.44 for the range 0.39–3.8. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.25. Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.2; nickel alloy q 1.4.
Section 9.10
Size Enlargement: Solids: Pelleting
Pellet mill. FOB cost = $30 000 for a solids capacity = 3 Mg/h with n = 0.12 for the range 0.35–45. L+M* = 2. L/M = 0.25. Alloy factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.2; nickel alloy q 1.4.
Section 9.11
Solids: Modify Size and Shape: Extruders, Food Extruders, Pug Mills and Molding
Machines
Injection molding machine: FOB, shot size 1.88 kg polystyrene, hydraulic machine, $600 000 for a clamp force of 5000 MPa with n = 0.78 for the range 125–20 000 MPa. L+M* = 1.2.
Extruders for polymers: c/s excluding drive and motor. FOB cost = $70 000 for a drive power = 10 kW with n = 0.47 for the range 1.5–220. L+M* = 3. L/M = 0.27.
434 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines
Alloy cost factors: c/s q 1.0; s/s q 1.19, monel q 1.4. Factor: including variable speed drive, q 1.5. Results depend on barrel diameter and L/D ratio.
Pug mill-extruder: FOB cost = $38 000 for a solids capacity = l Mg/h with n = 0.15 for the rane 0.1–18 solids capacity, n = 0.15. L+M* = 1.5–3. L/M = 0.27. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; s/s, q 1.19, Monel, q 1.4.
Section 9.12
Solids: Solidify Liquid to Solid: Flakers, Belts and Prill towers
Flaker: c/s standard single roll, feed pan, knife and holder, variable speed drive FOB cost $175 000 at drum surface area = 2.5 m2 with n = 0.60 for the range 0.1–18. L+M* = 2.6–2.75. L/M = 0.3–0.36. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.00.
Prilling tower: installed tower, spray unit, scrubber, pump, sump, ductwork and piping excluding air pollution control devices. PM cost = $14 250 000 for a prilled capacity of 1000 Mg/d with n = 0.57 for the range 300–1200. Factor: include wet scrubber for the vent gas, q 1.22.
Section 9.13
Coating
Costs are very specialized.
Section 10.1
Process Vessels
Vertical cylinder, atmospheric, open tank or flat roof: flat bottom including access hole, one 12 cm nozzle, one 15 cm nozzle and four 5 cm nozzles, excluding foundation, FOB c/s cost $17 000 for volume = 1.5 m3 with n = 0.93 for the range 0.03–7; for a mass = 1.3 Mg with n = 0.51 for the range 0.2–10. L+M* = 2.3. L/M = 0.4. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; aluminum, q 1.4; lead lined, q 1.5; redwood, q 0.5; glass lined, q 4.3; 304 s/s clad, q 1.5, alloy, q 3; 316 s/s clad, q 2.5, alloy, q 2.5; Inconel clad, q 3, alloy, q 5.8; nickel clad, q 3, alloy, q 5.9; Monel clad, q 3, alloy, q 5.1; fiberglas reinforced, filament wound, q 0.75; plus 40 mil vinyl ester coating, q 1.68; plus 6.5 mm rubber lined, q 1.83; plus 6.5 mm chloroprene lined, q 2.04; plus fluorinated polymer lining, q 6.3. Other factors, nonjacketed, q 1; jacketed, q 1.2; no agitator, q 1.00; side-entry mixer including motor, q 1.7.
Vertical cylinder, atmospheric, open, c/s tank for sedimentation or aeration excluding internals and painting. FOB cost $132 000 at horizontal cross-sectional area = 325 m2 with n = 0.49 for the range 60–500 m2.
Vertical cylinder, atmospheric, open, reinforced concrete tank for sedimentation or aeration excluding earthwork and mechanism, installed cost $240 000 at horizontal cross-sectional area = 325 m2 with n = 0.55 for the range 60–325 m2, with n = 0.84 for the range 325–650, with n = 0.74 for the range 650–10000.
D.4 Detailed Equipment Cost Data Based on Equipment Type 435
Pressure vessel, horizontal or vertical: FOB, 1 MPa, cylindrical, dished ends, usual nozzles, access hole, support, excluding internals, c/s, $100 000 for vessel mass of 8 Mg mass with n = 0.58 range 0.4–200 Mg; for the product of (height, m) (diameter, m)1.5 = 20, n = 0.81 for range 0.5–1000; for total internal volume = 20 m3 with n = 0.52 for the range 1–500 m3. Pressure adjustment: 1 MPa q 1.0; 5 MPa q 1.6; 10 MPa, q 2.3; 20 MPa, q 4.35; 30 MPa, q 6.1; 40 MPa, q 7.8. Alloy factors: c/s, q 1.0; 316 s/s, q 3.6; 316 s/s clad, q 2.5; 304 s/s, q 2.75; 304 s/s clad, q 2.5; 310 s/s, q 3.25; 410 s/s, q 2.1; nickel, q 8; Monel, q 6.5; Monel clad, q 4.0; Hastalloy, q 15; titanium, q 8; titanium clad, q 4.2. L+M* = 2.3. L/M = 0.4.
Equalization basin, PM cost including fully installed concrete basin up to a volume of 3000 m3. For larger size use a basin with liner. Cost is for basin only and excluding aeration. Installed cost $270 000 at volume = 800 m3 with n = 0.52 for the range 40–3000; at design flow rate = 16 L/s with n = 0.52 for the range 0.8–6170.
Section 10.2
Storage Vessels for Gases and Liquids
Horizontal pressure bullet: 1.7 MPa, 0.45 m access hole, five 7.5 cm diameter and four 5 cm diameter nozzles. No internals. FOB c/s cost $100 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 70 m3 with n = 0.86 for the range 50–150. L+M* = 1.9. L/M = 0.4.
Sphere: c/s, 0.2 MPa g, ASME construction including supports, ladders, walkways, relief valves, sampling and gauging devices, excluding foundations and dykes, field erected cost $225 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 100 m3 with n = 0.70 for the range 40–1500. L+M* = 1.9–2.85. L/M = 0.35–0.4. Pressure factors: 0.2 MPa g, q 1.00; 0.35 MPa, q 1.1; 0.5 MPa, q 1.2; 0.7 MPa, q 1.3; 1.4 MPa g, q 1.4.
Spheroid: c/s. 0.2 MPa g, including access holes, relief valves, staircase, instruments excluding foundation and dykes, field erected cost $775 000 for volumetric capacity = 4000 m3 with n = 0.73 for the range 1200–5000.
Underground cavity, salt dome, complete cost $3 600 000 at nominal volume
30 000 m3 |
with n = 0.73 for the range 8000–50 000. |
|
|
Underground cavity, mined, complete cost $11 000 |
000 at nominal |
volume |
|
30 000 m3 |
with n = 0.58 for the range 13 000–100 000. |
|
|
Small, low pressure tank: vertical cylinder with usual nozzles, FOB |
c/s cost |
$14 000 at tank volumetric capacity = 20 m3 with n = 0.71 for the range 4–70. L+M* = 2.3–2.9. L/M = 0.4. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; fiber glass open top, q 1.6; rubber-lined, q 1.5; lead-lined, q 1.6; s/s, q 2.0.
Cone roof API, I 100 m3: API flat bottom, fixed cone roof, including access hole, one 10 cm nozzle, one 15 cm nozzle, four 5 cm nozzles, staircase excluding foundations and dyking, FOB c/s $32 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 10 m3 with n = 0.32 for the range 3–100. L+M* = 2.3–2.9. L/M = 0.4. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; aluminum, q 1.4; rubber-lined, q 1.5; lead-lined, q 1.5; glass lined, q 4.3; s/s, q 2.0.
436 Appendix D: Capital Cost Guidelines
Cone roof API, i 100 m3: API flat bottom, fixed cone roof, including access hole, one 10 cm nozzle, one 15 cm nozzle, four 5 cm nozzles, staircase excluding foundations and dyking: field erected c/s $560 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 4000 m3 with n = 0.58 for the range 300–40 000. Alloy cost factors: c/s, q 1.0; rubberlined, q 1.5; lead-lined, q 1.6; 304 s/s, q 3.2; 316 s/s, q 3.5; nickel, q 5.9; inconel, q 5.8; Monel, q 5.1.
Vertical cylinder, API movable roof: c/s atmospheric pressure, lifter type, 1.5 m lift, liquid seal, including access holes, relief valves, roof supports, glide slides, spiral staircase, ladder, usual flanged connections excluding foundation and dyking. Field erected cost $700 000 for tank volumetric capacity = 4000 m3 with n = 0.63 for the range 1000–12 000. Factors, pontoon, q 0.85; 3 m lift, q 1.3.
Section 10.3
Bins and Hoppers for Bulk Solids
Bin/surge/catenary/pebble storage: FOB c/s cost $350 000 for solids working volume = 350 m3 with n = 0.65 for the range 10–10 000 m3. L+M* = 1.4–2.5. L/M = 0.23. Factors, purchased new, q 1.00; used, q 0.3–0.4.
Conical hopper: FOB c/s cost $500 for a working volume = 2.8 m3 with n = 0.91. L+M* = 1.4–2.5. L/M = 0.23.
Vibrating bin activator: FOB $27 000 for an activator of 13.5 cm diameter with n = 1.07 for the range 8–13.5 and n = 1.66 for the range 13.5–30 cm. L+M* = 1.8.
Section 10.4
Bagging Machines
Valve fill, single spout bagging machine at 5 bags per minute with 20–50 kg bags: FOB with auger fill including bag hangers, scales but excluding pant-leg hopper, conveyor $75 000. Factor for other feeder: auger fill, q 1.00; air pack, q 1.3; gravity, q 0.53. L+M* = 2.0. Factors, electrically operated, q 1.0; mechanically operated, q 0.58.
Extra scales, FOB $100 000; automatic bag placer: FOB $150 000.
Bag sealer for kraft bags with polymer liner, FOB including preheater but excluding vacuum attachment to remove dust, cooler, conveyors and kiln section: $85 000 at 65 heater length along the direction of bag movement, cm; n = 0.52 for range 40–180 cm.
Bag vibrating packers: FOB $7000 at maximum bag width = 50 cm with n = 1.0 for the range 30–100 cm. For rigid container vibrating packer, q 2.0. Automatic bulk weighing scales: for free flowing material, not dust enclosed, up to 2 weighings/min and capacity up to 0.06 m3/s e 1 %, FOB cost $28 000 for volume/weighing = 0.5 m3 with n = 0.42 for the range 0.2–0.9 m3.
Index
a
AAI (adhesion angle index) |
21, 290 |
|||||
Abrasion |
5, 54 f, 59 f |
|
||||
ABS see: Polymers |
|
|
||||
Absorber gas |
|
27, 107–113, 397, 435 |
||||
Absorption see: Absorber |
|
|||||
Acceleration |
|
338, 344 |
|
|||
– |
see also: Centrifuges |
|
||||
Accuracy |
7, 23 f |
|
|
|||
Acetal extrusion |
306 |
|
||||
Acetaldehyde |
|
219, 375 |
|
|||
Acetic acid |
208, 237, 375 |
|
||||
Acetic anhydride |
279 |
|
||||
Acetone |
107, 219, 375 |
|
||||
Acetone-butanol |
278 |
|
||||
Acetoxidation |
200 |
|
||||
Acetoxylation |
221 |
|
||||
Acetylation |
200, 217, 221 |
|
||||
Acetylene |
222 |
|
|
|||
Acid demister see: Demister |
|
|||||
Acidic conditions/corrosion |
5 |
|||||
Acids 132 |
|
|
|
|
||
Acrolein |
218, 222 |
|
||||
Acrylamide |
|
277 |
|
|
||
Acrylates |
224 |
|
|
|||
Acrylics |
127, 210, 306 |
|
||||
Acrylonitrile |
|
201 f, 222, 266 |
||||
Activated sludge reactor 254, 274 f, 426 |
||||||
– |
see also individual types |
|
||||
Activated alumina/carbon |
118 f |
|||||
Activation energy (E) 189–194, 224 |
||||||
Active species for catalysts, |
199–205 |
|||||
Active, mentally |
23 |
|
||||
Activity coefficient |
4 |
|
||||
Activity, catalyst see: Catalyst |
||||||
Adhesives |
210, 323 f |
|
||||
Adiabatic temperature rise |
188 f, 211, 229 |
|||||
Adiabatic operation |
|
|||||
– |
compression |
46 |
|
|||
– |
reactors |
|
188 ff, 229 ff, 242 ff, 261, 276 |
Adipic acid |
219, 154, 167 |
|
|||||
Adsorbents |
118 f |
|
|
||||
Adsorbers see: Absorption |
|
||||||
Adsorption |
47, 54, 118 ff |
|
|||||
– |
backwash |
|
289 |
|
|
||
– |
capital cost |
399 |
|
||||
– |
see also individual types |
||||||
Aeration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
– |
agitators |
17, 256 f |
|
||||
– |
capital cost |
421, 428 ff |
|||||
– |
diffuser |
17, 237 |
|
||||
– |
mixing |
282 f |
|
|
|||
– |
oxygen per cell mass |
207 |
|||||
– |
oxygen transfer rate |
12 |
|||||
– |
sparging |
17, 254, 283 |
|||||
– |
surface |
262, 275 |
|
||||
– |
see also: Bubbles |
|
|||||
Aeration tanks |
|
238, 262, 274 f, 421–426 |
|||||
Aerobic terms see: Biological reactors |
|||||||
Affinity adsorption |
|
|
|||||
see: Chromatographic separation |
|||||||
Afterburners |
138, 142 |
|
|||||
Agar |
154 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agar-agar |
323 |
|
|
|
|
||
Agarose-based gels |
136 |
|
|||||
Agenda |
35, 38 |
|
|
|
|||
Agents 87, 30 |
|
|
|
|
|||
Agglomeration |
|
302 f, 433 |
|
||||
Agitated falling film, GL |
247 |
||||||
– |
see also: Evaporation |
|
|||||
Agitated vessel: see: Stirred Tank |
|||||||
Agitated pan dryers see: Dryers |
|||||||
Agitator |
280–289, 371, 427 f |
||||||
AI (arching index) |
20, 59 ff, 289 ff, 331 |
||||||
Air cyclone classifiers see: Classifiers |
|||||||
Air pulse |
290 |
|
|
|
|
||
Air cooled heat exchangers |
|||||||
see: Heat exchangers |
|
||||||
Air leaks into vacuum 49 |
|
||||||
Air |
46, 129 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rules of Thumb in Engineering Practice. Donald R. Woods
Copyright c 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31220-7
438Index
–see also: OTR, Absorber gas
Air lift reactor see: Bubble reactor 208 Air classifiers see: Classifiers, air
Air compressors see: Compressors
Alcohols |
203 f, 222 |
|
|
|||||
Aldehydes |
130, 218 |
|
||||||
Aldol condensation |
200, 219 ff |
|||||||
Algae |
28, 122 |
|
|
|
||||
Alginate |
107 |
|
|
|
|
|||
Alkali earth metals |
199 |
|
||||||
Alkanes |
|
222 |
|
|
|
|
||
Alkyl compounds |
218 |
|
||||||
Alkylate |
219, 222 |
|
|
|||||
Alkylation |
200, 217, 222 |
|
||||||
– CSTR |
263 |
|
|
|
||||
– |
hazard |
187 |
|
|
|
|||
– |
separation |
145 ff |
|
|||||
– |
supercritical |
209 |
|
|||||
Alloy, Materials of construction |
||||||||
Ally chloride |
267 |
|
|
|||||
Alum |
301 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
Alumina |
125, 199, 250 |
|
||||||
Aluminum |
146 ff |
|
|
|||||
Aluminum chloride |
222 |
|
||||||
Aluminum oxide |
154 |
|
||||||
Aluminum sulfate, |
323 |
|
||||||
Amination |
187, 197–209, 217–222 |
|||||||
Amine |
|
6, 28 f, 263 |
|
|
||||
– |
absorption |
111 ff |
|
|||||
– |
decanters |
147 ff |
|
|||||
– |
fouling factor |
72 |
|
|||||
Aminoacids |
216, 219 |
|
||||||
Ammonia |
46, 69, 113–117 |
|||||||
– |
equilibrium reaction |
195 |
||||||
– |
reactor conditions 202, 218, 222 |
|||||||
– |
vapor pressure |
375 |
|
|||||
Ammonium metal borate |
28 |
|||||||
Ammonium nitrate |
323 |
|
||||||
Ammonium polysulfides |
15, 114 |
|||||||
Ammonium sulfate |
104 f, 167 |
|||||||
Ammoxidation reaction |
201 |
Anaerobic reactors see: Biological reactors Anchor mixer see: Agitator
Angle of repose 21 Aniline 200, 204, 218, 223 Animal cells 257, 278 Animal fat 323
Anionic exchangers see: Ion exchange
Antibiotics |
208, 216, 257 |
Antioxidants |
323 |
Antiswirl lug see: Vortex breaker
API separator see: Decanters
Approach temperature 72 f
Apron feeders see: Feeders
Archimedes number (Ar) |
266, 361, 367 |
||||
Archimedes screw pump |
385 |
||||
Area per unit volume |
11–19, 70, 146, 234 |
||||
Area of application (equipment) 2 |
|||||
Area |
336 |
|
|
|
|
Aromatics |
130 |
|
|
||
Arrhenius number (Arr) |
188 f, 361 |
||||
Arsenic |
107 |
|
|
||
Asphalt |
323 |
|
|
||
Asphaltenes |
28 f, 239 |
|
|||
Assertiveness 35 |
|
|
|||
Assessment |
39 |
|
|
||
Atomizers |
293 |
|
|
||
– |
see also: Spray |
|
|
||
Attapulgite |
169 |
|
|
||
Attending |
|
34 |
|
|
|
Autoclave |
174, 216, 260 |
|
|||
Autothermal reaction |
230, 261 |
||||
Avogadro’s number |
358 |
|
Axial fans see: Fans
Axial compressors see: Compressors Azeotropic distillation see: Distillation
b
B, target solute transport coefficient 131 Backmix reactor see: Stirred tank reactor,
CSTR, Fluidized bed reactor
Backmixing |
363, 370 |
|
||||
Backwash |
|
|
|
|
||
– |
fluidization |
289 |
|
|||
– |
IX |
121 |
|
|
|
|
– membranes |
133 f |
|
||||
– |
adsorption |
119 |
|
|||
– |
rotating microscreen |
159 |
||||
– |
deep bed filters |
171 |
|
|||
Bacteria |
122, 131, 208, 237 f |
|||||
Baffles |
72 ff |
|
|
|
|
|
– |
GL quenchers, |
80 |
|
|||
– |
GS separators |
402 ff |
|
|||
– |
L mixing |
281 |
|
|
||
– |
LL direct contact heat exchange 79 f |
|||||
– |
scrubbers/absorbers |
109, 143 |
||||
– |
separators |
137 |
|
|||
– |
SS classifier |
180 |
|
|||
Bag filters see: Filters |
|
|||||
Bagging machines |
332 f, 436 |
|||||
Baker’s yeast |
237 |
|
|
|||
Ball mills see: Crushing/grinding |
||||||
Ballast trays see: Trays |
|
|||||
Banbury mixer see: Blenders |
||||||
Band see: Coalescence |
|
|||||
Bar screens see: Screens |
|
|||||
Bare module costing (BM) |
3, 21 f, 376 ff |
|||||
Barite |
169, 332 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
439 |
Barium sulfate |
122 |
|
|
– |
reactor conditions |
195, 216, 223 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
Barium sulfide |
250 |
|
|
– |
spray |
239 f |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Barometric condensers |
81, 391 |
– |
STR |
223, 255–262 |
|
|
||||||||||||
Bartles-Mozley tilting tables see: Tables |
– |
tank |
273 f, 276 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Batac jig see: Jigs |
|
|
|
|
– |
thin film contactor |
248 |
|
|
|||||||||
Batch operations |
11 |
|
|
– |
tray column |
241 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
Baum jigs see: Jigs |
|
|
|
Biomass gasifiers |
266 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
Bauxite |
248 |
|
|
|
|
|
Biomass |
208 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Bayonet heaters see: Heat exchangers |
Bioprocessing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Bd see: Bodenstein number |
– |
adsorption 118 ff |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
BDI bin density index |
20, 59, 63 |
– |
bag |
332 f |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Bed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
– |
capital cost |
402 |
|
|
|
||||
– |
adsorbers |
118 ff |
|
|
– |
cell disintegration |
295 |
|
|
|||||||||
– |
chromatography |
136 |
– |
chromatographic separation |
135 f |
|||||||||||||
– |
ion exchange |
|
121 |
|
– |
deodorize |
113 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
– |
packed beds |
|
54 |
|
|
– |
desolventize |
153, 156 |
|
|
||||||||
– |
reactors |
215, 258 |
|
– |
dialysis |
129 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
– |
space velocity |
215 |
|
– |
drying |
151, 154 f, 158 |
|
|
||||||||||
Beer |
237 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
– |
expel |
175 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Belt dryers/tables etc. see: Dryers/Tables etc. |
– |
extrusion (food) |
306 ff |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Belt, chilled |
323 f |
|
|
|
– |
filter |
171 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Bendelari jigs see: Jigs |
|
|
– |
flakers |
323 f |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Beneficiation |
175 |
|
|
|
– |
foam |
292 f |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Bentonite |
|
332 |
|
|
|
|
– |
IX |
120 f |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Benzene |
219, 223, 278, 375 |
– |
leach |
173 f |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Benzoic acid |
219, 323 |
|
– |
membranes |
125, 128, 133 |
|
|
|||||||||||
Bernoulli’s principle |
45, 139 |
– |
pelleting |
304 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
Beryl saddles packing see: Packing |
– |
precipitation |
107 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
BFB (bubbling fluidized bed) see: Fluidization |
– |
solvent extraction |
115 ff |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Bins |
290, 330 ff, 436 |
|
|
– |
tablet |
304 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Biodegradability |
209 |
|
|
– |
tempered heat exchange 85 |
|
|
|||||||||||
Biofilter |
242 f |
|
|
|
|
|
– |
zone refining |
102 |
|
|
|
||||||
Biological fouling |
|
28 |
|
|
– |
see also: Biological reactors |
|
|
||||||||||
Biological reactors |
|
207–213 |
Biot number (Bi) |
362 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
– |
agitation |
282 |
|
|
Bird number (Bir) |
181 ff, 362 |
|
|
||||||||||
– |
air lift |
237 |
|
|
|
|
Black peppers |
332 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
– |
anaerobic |
207, 278 |
Blast furnace |
250 ff |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
– |
biofilm area |
|
18, 242 f |
Bleacher see: Adsorption |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
– |
bubble column |
223 |
Blenders |
290 f, 429 f |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
– |
capital cost |
419–426 |
Blood 154 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
– |
carbon removal |
242 f |
Blowers |
45 ff, 381 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
– |
CSTR series |
|
254 |
|
Blown film |
305, 308 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
– |
Da no. |
365 |
|
|
|
|
Blowout of lines |
54, 63 |
|
|
||||||||
– |
extractive |
256, 278 |
|
BM (bare module) cost estimation |
3, 21 f, |
|||||||||||||
– |
fermenter |
424 f |
|
|
376 ff |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
– |
fluidized bed |
|
267 |
|
BOD5, relationship–BODu 209, 237, 242, |
|||||||||||||
– |
GL biosolids |
|
248 |
|
254, 274 f |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
– |
GL, oxygen transfer rate 11–16, 208 |
Bodenstein number (Bd) |
224, 253 f, 260, 363 |
|||||||||||||||
– |
GLS contactors |
18 |
|
Boilers |
67 f, 72–78, 83 ff, 388 ff |
|
|
|||||||||||
– |
immersed column |
240 |
Boiling temperature see: Vapor pressure |
|||||||||||||||
– |
inoculation tank |
424 f |
Boiling phenomena |
72 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
– |
packed column |
15 |
|
Boltzmann constant |
358, 363 |
|
|
|||||||||||
– |
PFTR with recycle |
274 f |
Bond energy |
216 ff |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
– |
pipe contactor |
225 f |
Bond number (Bo) |
363 |
|
|
440Index
Bone char 248
Books coatings |
324 |
Booster ejector see: Ejector |
|
Boot, part of separator 149 |
|
Boron trifluoride |
29 |
Boussinesq number 363 |
|
Bowl centrifuge see: Centrifuge |
Breaking, emulsions/dispersions see: Dispersed phase
Breaking foams see: Foams Breakup of films see: Thin films Bridge cranes see: Cranes Briquetting 303, 433 Bromination 195
Brownian movement 298 Bubble cap tray see: Tray
Bubble columns |
236 ff |
||
– |
bioreactor |
208 |
|
– |
capital cost |
421 f |
|
– |
GL contactor |
12–18 |
|
– |
Hatta number/d+ values 198 |
||
– |
reactors |
212, 222 ff, 236 ff |
|
Bubbles 17, 174 ff, 236 f |
|||
– |
foam fractionation 123, 237, 292 f |
||
– |
capital cost |
421, 428 |
Bucket elevators see: Conveyors/bucket Buckman tilting tables see: Tables Bulk–film volume ratio (d+) 11–16, 198,
239–247, 262 ff
–STR 255
–foam fractionation 123 Burke-Plummer equation 251 Burner 67, 211, 222–226 Butadience 202, 218
Butane 69, 375 Butanol 219 Butanone-2 202 Butene 375 Butene diol 219
Butyl acetate 219
c
C4–C6 94
Ca see: Capillary number
CA (cellulose acetate) see: Polymers
Cage mill (pulverizer) see: Crushing/grinding
Cake |
168 f |
|
Calandrias see: Boilers |
||
Calcination |
267, 250 |
|
Calcium ion |
115 |
|
Calcium sulfate 28, 122 |
||
Calcium carbonate 154, 170 |
||
Canola |
173 ff |
Capillary number (Ca) 325 f, 364
Capital cost see: Cost, capital Caprylic acid 375 Carbides 199
Carbon dioxide
– absorption 108, 111
– heat capacity ratio 46
–permeance 129
–vapor pressure 375
Carbon 118 f, 125, 199, 248
Carbon black |
332 |
Carbonic acid |
122 |
Carbonylation |
201, 217, 222 |
Carboxy methyl cellulose 107, 154 Carousel filter see: Filters
Carousel leacher see: Leaching, French basket
Carrogcenan |
107 |
|
|||
Cast sheet |
305 |
|
|||
Catalyst |
199–207 |
|
|||
– |
crush strength |
230 |
|||
– |
diameter |
18, 277, 229 f, 244 |
|||
– |
porosity |
20, 199 |
|||
– |
reactor conditions 190, 201 f, 205 f |
||||
Cat cracking see: Cracking, catalytic |
|||||
Cations/IX |
121 |
|
|||
Caustic dihydrate |
105 |
||||
Caustic wash |
227 |
|
|||
Caustics |
323 |
|
|
||
Cavitation |
|
6, 11, 53 ff |
CCD (counter current decantation) 151, 163, 174, 409 f
Cell Disintegration 295, 430 Cellulose acetate see: Polymers Cellulose triacetate 219 Cellulosic see: Polymers Cement 250, 332
Centrifugal classifiers/blowers/Pumps see: Classifiers/Blowers/Pumps Centrifuges 150–151, 163–168, 410 f
– |
sedimentation 145, 404 f |
– |
see also individual types |
CEPCI Chemical Engineering process
cost index |
3, 376 |
|
||
Ceramics |
125 f, 152 f, 306, 309, 434 |
|||
Cereals |
306, 309 |
|
||
CFB (circulating fluidized bed) |
||||
see: Fluidization |
|
|||
Change management |
39 f |
|||
Charcoal |
249 |
|
|
|
Chloral |
222 |
|
|
|
Chloride |
199 |
|
|
|
Chlorinated polyesters |
210 |
|||
Chlorination reaction |
195 f, 217 |
|||
– |
reactor conditions |
201, 222 |
||
– |
selection |
212 |
|