Evolyutsia_koreyskogo_goroda_Formirovanie_gorodskogo_prostranstva_i_transformatsia_arkhitekturnoy_formy

ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ ɜ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟ Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɚ Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɲɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɯɨɞɚɦɢ Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɞɜɟɪɢ-ɜɯɨɞɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ

ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɣ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɧɞɭɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪ Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɫ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɸɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ > @

ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠ ɞɚɥɚ ɨɫɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ > @ ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠ ɧɵɦ ɋɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɫɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɦɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɗɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜɫɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɠɚ ɧɚɦ ɨɧɢ ɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɨɫɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɡɚɪɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨ ɤɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɰɚɪɫɬɜ ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɐɢɧɶ ɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɐɢɧ ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ-ɨɫɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɟɣ

Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ ɧɢɸ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɸɝ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢ

ɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɩɢɫɵ ɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ Ɂɚɩɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɪɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ > @

232

ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɒɚɧ-ɂɧɶ ;9,, ;, ɜɜ ɞɨ Ɋɏ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɛɨ ɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ -ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ ȿɝɨ ɫɭɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧ ɧɚɧɢɡɵ ɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢ ɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɚ ɨɫɶ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɸɝ ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɫ

ɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɨɫɨ ɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢ ɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ > @

Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɋ ɡɚɩɚ ɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ɍɚɧ

ɝɝ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ > @ ɇɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥ

Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ

ɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ ɬɚɥɢ ȿɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɣ Ɇɢɧ (1368- ɝɝ ɢ ɐɢɧ (1644 ɝɝ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ

ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɟɣ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɹ ɩɟɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɲɷɧɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ Ƚɭɝɭɧɵ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɵ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɟ ɪɢɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɦɢɧɫɤɨɦ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧ ɜ Ƚɭɝɭɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɫɨɛɨɪɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜ ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɪɚɬɭɲ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɝ ɋɢɟɧɚ ȼ XIII XIV ɜɟɤɚɯ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɬɨɜɳɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɹ ɫ Ɏɥɨ

ɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ɍɨɫɤɚɧɢɢ ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨ

233

ɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɨɪ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɞɜɨɪɰɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɥɚɰɰɨ ɉɭɛɥɢɤɨ Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɋɢɟɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɨɛɨɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɚɬɭɲɧɵɣ Ɉɞ ɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɋɢɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɞɟɥɶ Ʉɚɦɩɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡ ɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ

Ɋɢɫ ɋɚɦɵɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ

ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɞɟɥɶ Ʉɚɦɩɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɝɭ ɯ ɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɚɦ ɮɢɬɟɚɬɪɨɦ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɚɥɚɰɰɨ ɉɭɛɥɢɤɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɛɚɲɧɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɪɚ ɚɪɯ ɛɪɚɬɶɹ Ɇɢɧɭɱɱɨ ɢ ɞɢ Ɋɢɧɚɥɶɞɨ ɉɚɥɚɰɰɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɗɬɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɥɢɰɵ ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɶɹɰɰɚ ɞɟɥɶ Ʉɚɦɩɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɞɶɸ ɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɧɢɪɨɜ ɩɪɨ ɰɟɫɫɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɡɪɟɥɢɳ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɢ ɷɜɨ ɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɣ Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨ ɧɢɡɦ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟ ɧɢɹ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɝɢɛ ɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ

234

ɌȿɊɆɂɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɅɈȼȺɊɖ

Ⱥɧɛɚɧ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɚ ɫɦ ɫɷɪɚɧɛɚɧ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɤɪɵɥɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɫɦ ɚɧɱɯɷ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɠɟɧɟ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɚ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹ ɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɟɺ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɨɣ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢ ȼ ɧɟɺ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ Ɋɚɞɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦ ɧɚɬɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɠɟɧɵ ɟɺ ɞɨɱɟɪɟɣ ɢ ɤɭɯɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɋɷɪɚɧ ɛɚɧ ɢ ɚɧɛɚɧ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɧɨɱɶɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɟɪɶɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɚɯ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɜɢɥɶɨɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɭɝɚ

Ⱥɧɱɯɷ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ

ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɵɥɚɫɦ ɫɚɪɚɧɱɯɷ ȼ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɱɯɷ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɥɢɰɟ

Ȼɚɦɛɭɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɵɲɟ ɦ ɉɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɢɫɬɨ ɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɛɚɦɛɭɤ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɤɨɤɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɥɶɦɨɣ ȼ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɛɚɦɛɭɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɢɢ ɜɨ

ɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɬ ɞ

235

Ȼɨɯɚɣ ɫɦ ɉɚɪɯɷ

Ȼɭɞɞɢɡɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɂɧɞɢɢ ɜ

Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɦ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɸ ɢɡ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɸ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ

ȼɨɧɫɢ ɫɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɛɵɬɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɣ ɑɨɫɨɧ Ʉɨɱɨɫɨɧ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɄɇȾɊɥɟɬ ɞɨ Ɋɏ II ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɟ ɞɨ Ɋɏ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɸɠɧɨɤɨ ɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɨɤɨɥɨ - ɥɟɬ ɞɨ Ɋɏ.

ɂɦɯɷɱɠɨɧ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɉɨɥɭɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɫɨ 101 ɝ ɢɦɟɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɣ ɬɟɪɪɢ

ɬɨɪɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɨɜ Ʉɚɧ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ

ɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚ ɥɨɫɶ ɨɬ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɫɦ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɫɦ ɱɨɤ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹ ɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɟɦɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɱɨɤ (210 ɫɦ Ʉɚɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨ ɢ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɉɪɢɲɥɚ ɢɡ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɬɚɦ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɹ ɰɡɹɧɶ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɪɟɣɰɟɜ ɩɨɩɚɥɚ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɸ ɝɞɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɟɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɟɧ ɨɬ ɫɦ ɞɨ ɫɦ

Ʉɺɧɯɢɝɭɧ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Ʉɺɧɯɢ ɜ ɋɟɭɥɟ (ɏɚɧɶɹɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ

ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɹɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɉɨɧɟɫ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɧɟɤɫɢɢ ɢ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫɟ ɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ȼ ɝ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɧ

Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ Ʉɺɧɞɠɭ ɋɚɪɨ ɋɨɪɚɛɨɥɶ Ʉɵɦɫɨɧ Ɍɨɧɝɺɧ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɋɢɥ ɥɚ ɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɨ ɥɢɰɵ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɲɚɹ ɧɚ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɑɨɦ ɫɨɧɞɷ. ɋ ɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ

ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚ ɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɭɡɟɟɜ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɧɟɛɨɦ

Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɝ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ ɝ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɟ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɤɨɝɭɪɺ ɢɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɢ Ⱥɦ

236

ɧɨɤɤɚɧ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ əɥɭɰɡɹɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ ɟɬ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɢ ɄɇȾɊ ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɜ 550-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦ

Ʉɨɞɷ ɫɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɄɇȾɊ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ - ɝɝ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɸɠɧɨɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ

ɤɨɜ ɫ ; ɜ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ ɞɨ ; ɜ ɧ ɷ Ʉɨɪɺ (936- ɝɝ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢ

ɧɢɜɲɟɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɢɢ ȼɚɧ ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ʉɨɪɺ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ

Ʉɨɱɨɫɨɧ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɣ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɪɟɣɰɵ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɢɬɚɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɝ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ ɨɬ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɏɚɧɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɷɦɢ ɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɏɨɧɫɸ ɫɦ ɑɨɫɨɧ .

Ʉɭɤɯɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɝ ɜ ɝ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ ɜ Ʉɨɪɟɟ

Ʉɭɪɺɧɱɯɺɧ ɪɟɤɚ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɞɪɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɟɣɰɟɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ʉɵɦɝɚɧɫɚɧ.

Ʉɵɦɝɚɧɫɚɧ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ Ⱥɥɦɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨ-ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɝɨ ɪɢɣ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɟ-ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɫɹ ɱɬɨ ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ Ʉɵɦɝɚɧɫɚɧ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɭ, ɚ ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ Ʉɵɦɝɚɧɫɚɧ ɦɭɠɫɤɭɸ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɭ.

Ʉɵɧɞɷ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɄɇȾɊ - ɟ 1920-ɟ ɝɝ

Ʉɵɧɫɷ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɸɠɧɨɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɫ ;,9 ɜ ɩɨ -ɟ ɝɝ

Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ Ʌɭɱɟɡɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ - ɝɝ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤ ɜ ɋɟɭɥɟ (ɏɚɧɶɹɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɱ ɧɵɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɑɨɫɨɧ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɢɫɶ

ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɪɨɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ

237

Ʌɨɹɧ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ɍɚɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɰɨɜ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɑɚɧɴɚɧɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɣ ɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ Ʉɺɧɱɠɭ

Ɇɚɞɚɧ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɟ ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɦ ɫɵɯɷɸɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɧɤɚ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɟ ɦɚɞɚɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɚɞɚ Ⱦɜɨɪ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɭɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɳɟɧ

ɇɚɦɞɷɦɭɧ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɜɴɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɝɫɦ Ɍɨɧɞɷɦɭɧ).

ɇɨɛɢ ɪɚɛɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɩɟ ɪɢɨɞɚ Ʉɨɱɨɫɨɧ ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ

Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɵɟ ɧɨɛɢ ȼ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɧɨɛɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢɦɟ ɥɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɨɛɢ

Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɫɦ ɋɢɥɥɚ.

Ɉɧɞɨɥɶ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɨɥ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɞɵɦ ɨɱɚɝɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɵɦɨ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɤ ɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɦ ɬɪɭɛɭ ȼɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɩɟ ɪɢɨɞ Ʉɨɪɺ -1392 ɝɝ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɝ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ

668 ɝ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɚ

ɱɚɧɝɝɚɧ ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɢɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɨɤɚɭɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɪɦ ɢ ɡɚɠɢɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚ ɜ ɨɧɞɨɥɶ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɨɥ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɤɨɦɧɚ ɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɚ ɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɞɟɧɢɹ

ɉɚɝɨɞɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɚɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɞɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɬɤɨɜ ɫɭɬɪ

ɉɚɪɯɷ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ȼɨɯɚɣ, 698- ɝɝ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɢ ɬɭɧɝɭɫɨ-ɦɚɧɶɱɠɭɪɫɤɢɯ

ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚɦ Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ ɪɢɸ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ɇɚɧɶ ɱɠɭɪɢɢ Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɢɜ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɀɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ

238

ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɥɢɜ Ȼɨɯɚɣ Ȼɨɯɚɣ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ Ȼɨ Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɉɚɪɯɷ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɤɨɝɭɪɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ

ɉɨɧɞɚɧ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɦ ɫɦɟɠɧɨɟ ɫ ɤɭɯɧɟɣ ɉɯɟɧɶɹɧ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɄɇȾɊ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ

ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟɣ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ Ʉɨɱɨɫɨɧ ɢ ɞɨ XII ɜɟɤɚ ɜ V-VII ɜɜ ɛɵɥ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɰɟɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ.

ɉɯɭɧɫɭ ɫɦ ɮɷɧɲɭɣ.

ɉɷɤɬɭɫɚɧ Ȼɟɥɨɝɨɥɨɜɚɹ ɝɨɪɚ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ Ɇɚɧɶ ɱɠɭɪɨ-Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɵɫɨ

ɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɦ ɉɷɤɬɭɫɚɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɭɥɤɚɧ ɪɚɫ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɄɇȾɊ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ əɧɝɚɧɞɨ ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɹɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ ɐɡɢɥɢɧɶ

ɉɷɤɱɟ (18 ɝ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ ɝ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ

Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɫɵɧɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ Ɉɧɞɠɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝ ɋɟɭɥɚ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɚɦɯɚɧ. ɑɟɪɟɡ

ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɸɡɧɨɟ ɪɨɞɨɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ əɦɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧ ɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɨɫɢɡɦ ɢ ɛɭɞɞɢɡɦ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢ ɛɭɞɞɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ ɜ VI ɜɟɤɟ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɫ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟ

ɪɢɟɣ Ɍɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɜ ɝ ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɣɰɟɜ ɧɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ

ɉɹɬɶ Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɑɨɫɨɧ (1392 1910 ɝɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ XIV XVI ɜɟɤɚɯ ɜ

ɋɟɭɥɟ Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ Ʉɶɟɧɛɨɤɤɭɧ ɑɚɧɞɨɤɤɭɧ Ʉɺɧɯɢɝɭɧ ɑɚɧ ɝɺɧɤɭɧ ɢ Ɍɨɤɫɭɝɭɧ ɗɬɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

Ɋɚɧɝɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɢɥɚ ɜ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɧɨɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ

239

ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɟ ȼ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɥɚɯ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɹ ɡɚ ɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɩɬɢɰɵ

ɋɚɦɯɚɧ Ɍɪɢ ɯɚɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ Ɇɚɯɚɧ I ɜ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ -III ɜɟɤ ɧ ɷ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɑɢɧɯɚɧ , ɜ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ - IV ɜɜ ɧ ɷ ɢ ɉɺɧɯɚɧ ɉɺɧɱɢɧ I-IV ɜɜ ɧ ɷ

ɋɚɪɚɧɱɯɷ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ

ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ȼ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚ ɰɢɢ ɫɚɪɚɧɱɯɷ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫɦ ɚɧɱɯɷ).

ɋɟɥɚɞɨɧ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɚɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɟɮɪɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɢɦɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɤɨɪɺɫɤɚɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ X-XIV ɜɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ

ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɋɟɭɥ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ʉɨɪɟɹ Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɨ

ɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɏɚɧɫɨɧ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɋɟɭɥ ɫɬɚɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ʌɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɑɨɫɨɧ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɋɟɭɥ

ɛɵɥ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɭɳɟ ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɬɪɚɦɜɚɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɋɟɭɥ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɫɦ ɏɚɧɶɹɧ ɏɚɧɫɨɧ).

ɋɢɥɥɚ ɋɚɪɨ ɝ ɞɨ ɧ ɷ ɝ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ ɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ ɤɨɧ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɚɦɯɚɧ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ Ɍɚɧ ɫɤɨɝɨ Ʉɢɬɚɹ Ʉɨɝɭɪɺ ɝ ɢ ɉɷɤɱɟ ɝ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɋɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɞɨ ɝ

ɋɨɤɛɢɧɝɨ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɪɨɡɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɨɛ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɤɨɪɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɥɺɞ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥ ɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɥɟɬɨ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɜɤɨɩɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɵɩɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɬɪɚɜɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɋɬɟɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ

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