Table of Contents
Chapter-1. Comparison between Technical Regulation and Technical Guideline of ash handling
facility.....................................................................................................................	1
Chapter-2. Each Items of Guideline...................................................................................................	3
Chapter-3. Reference International Technical Standards..................................................................	58
Chapter-4. Reference Japanese Technical Standards........................................................................	64
Chapter-5. Reference TCVN ...........................................................................................................	65
Chapter-6. Referenced Literature and Materials ..............................................................................	66
List of Tables
Table- 1: Comparison between Technical Regulation and Technical Guideline of ash handling
facility .....................................................................................................................	1
Table- 2: Chemical composition of ash ...............................................................................	5
Table- 3: Distribution of particle size .................................................................................	6
Table- 4: Improvement technology for high resistivity dust..................................................	11
Table- 5: Chemical composition of ash .............................................................................	22
Table- 6: Processing method ............................................................................................	32
Table- 7: Typical composition of gypsum..........................................................................	33
Table- 8: Quality standard for cement ...............................................................................	33
Table- 9: Quality standard for plaster board.......................................................................	34
Table10: Terms related ash in JIS standard......................................................................	35
Table11: Classification depending on generation point .....................................................	35
Table12: Classification by products................................................................................	35
Table13: Type of classifier ............................................................................................	36
Table14: Fly-ash landfilling system................................................................................	48
Table15: Effluent standard of effluent from ash pond .......................................................	50
Table16: List for advantage of fly-ash ............................................................................	52
Table17: Quality standard of fly-ash (JIS A6201-1999) ....................................................	52
Table18: Efficient use of coal ash ..................................................................................	53
Table19: Off-premise transportation system ....................................................................	56
Table20: Reference international technical standards........................................................	58
Table21: Reference Japanese technical standards .............................................................	64
Table22: Reference TCVN ............................................................................................	65
List of Figures
Fig- 1: Flow of coal ash generation from coal-fired power plant............................................	3
Fig- 2: Balance of coal ash generation ................................................................................	4

Fig- 3: Particle size distribution of fly-ash ..........................................................................	7
Fig- 4: Relation between current resistivity and gas temperature of fly-ash.............................	8
Fig- 5: Electrical resistivity of fly-ash ................................................................................	9
Fig- 6: Electrical resistivity vs. dust collection efficiency of EP ............................................	9
Fig- 7: Back corona phenomenon .....................................................................................	10
Fig- 8: Normal situation..................................................................................................	10
Fig- 9: Wet type EP ........................................................................................................	13
Fig10: Cyclone and multi-cyclone..................................................................................	15
Fig11: Circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB) .................................................................	15
Fig12: Fluidized bed boiler (Foster Wheeler) ..................................................................	16
Fig13: CFB boiler and ash treatment system (SHI) ..........................................................	16
Fig14: Principle of air conveying system ........................................................................	17
Fig15: Dense ash conveying system (KHI)......................................................................	18
Fig16: Vacuum conveying system (KHI).........................................................................	18
Fig17: Dense phase pneumatic transportation system .......................................................	19
Fig18: Combination of airslides and pressure vessel system..............................................	20
Fig19: Particle size distribution of clinker ash .................................................................	23
Fig20: Classification of the treatment method of clinker ash .............................................	25
Fig21: Basic flow of dry type clinker ash treatment system...............................................	26
Fig22: Arrangement of flow of dry type clinker ash treatment system ................................	27
Fig23: Cross section of dry clinker conveyor...................................................................	27
Fig24: Basic flow of water seal chain conveyor treatment method .....................................	28
Fig25: Cross section of water seal chain conveyor ...........................................................	29
Fig26: Submerged chain conveyor systems .....................................................................	29
Fig27: Submerged chain conveyor systems .....................................................................	30
Fig28: Basic flow of water and ash ................................................................................	31
Fig29: Clinker hopper (W type) .....................................................................................	31
Fig30: Scheme of electrostatic separator .........................................................................	37
Fig31: Ash classifier .....................................................................................................	38
Fig32: Ash classifier .....................................................................................................	38
Fig33: Ash transportation facility for bulk carrier ............................................................	40
Fig34: Aeration equipment ............................................................................................	40
Fig35: Aeration equipment ............................................................................................	40
Fig36: Aeration equipment ............................................................................................	41
Fig37: Bridge breaker...................................................................................................	41
Fig38: Coal ash handling system....................................................................................	46

List of Photos
Photo- 1: Fly-ash..............................................................................................................	5
Photo- 2: Fly-ash particle ..................................................................................................	5
Photo- 3: Test powder type JIS 1-5.....................................................................................	6
Photo- 4: Test powder type JIS 1-10 ...................................................................................	6
Photo- 5: Dence phase pneumatic transporter ....................................................................	17
Photo- 6: Dence phase pneumatic transporter ....................................................................	17
Photo- 7: Transport vessel ...............................................................................................	19
Photo- 8: Transport vessel ...............................................................................................	19
Photo- 9: Fly-ash transporter ...........................................................................................	20
Photo10: Air slide conveyor ..........................................................................................	20
Photo11: Micrograph of clinker ash(X300) .....................................................................	23
Photo12: Real photo of clinker ash.................................................................................	23
Photo13: Water seal chain conveyor...............................................................................	28
Photo14: Ceramic liner pipe ..........................................................................................	31
Photo15: Coal ash slurry pipe........................................................................................	31
Photo16: Photograph of electrostatic separator ................................................................	37
Photo17: Ash classifier .................................................................................................	38
Photo18: Ash classifier .................................................................................................	38
Photo19: Fly-ash silo....................................................................................................	39
Photo20: Fly-ash silo....................................................................................................	39
Photo21: Fly-ash silo....................................................................................................	39
Photo22: Fly-ash silo....................................................................................................	39
Photo23: Fly-ash silo....................................................................................................	39
Photo24: Fly-ash silo....................................................................................................	39
Photo25: Ash ship loader ..............................................................................................	41
Photo26: Self unloading bulk carrier ..............................................................................	41
Photo27: Fly-ash loading facility ...................................................................................	42
Photo28: Fly-ash pack train...........................................................................................	42
Photo29: Fly-ash loading facility ...................................................................................	42
Photo30: Fly-ash loading facility ...................................................................................	42
Photo31: Fly-ash transporter .........................................................................................	43
Photo32: Jet pack trailer ...............................................................................................	43
Photo33: Fly-ash dustless chute .....................................................................................	43
Photo34: Fly-ash dustless chute .....................................................................................	43
Photo35: Wet ash transporter .........................................................................................	44
Photo36: Conditioner ...................................................................................................	44

iii

Photo37: Conditioner ...................................................................................................	44
Photo38: Conditioner ...................................................................................................	44
Photo39: Ash Disposal Pond .........................................................................................	49
Photo40: High Density Slurry Disposal ..........................................................................	49
Photo41: Low Density Slurry Discharge .........................................................................	49
Photo42: Low Density Slurry Discharge .........................................................................	49
Photo43: Wet ash for landfilling ....................................................................................	57
Photo44: Landfilling by ash ..........................................................................................	57
Photo45: Landfilling by ash ..........................................................................................	57
Photo46: Coal ash pond ................................................................................................	57

	List of Acronyms/Abbreviations

AE	Air Entering

ASTM	American Society for Testing and Material

BF	Bag Filter

CAT	Chloride Amine Triaging

CFB	Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler

EP	Electric Precipitator

ISO	International Organization for Standardization

JIS	Japanese Industrial Standard

KHI	Kawasaki Heavy Industry

NOx	Nitrogen Oxide

SHI	Sumitomo Heavy Industry

SOx	Sulfur Oxide

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