Classification according to the source and period of borrowing
period |
source |
VIII-XI |
Scandina |
AD |
vian |
XI-XIV |
French |
AD |
(Norman) |
examples
Sk-: ski, sky, skin. Husband, window, to call, to take, to die
Administrative terms: state, government
Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime
Military terms: army, war, soldier
Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library
Common words: table, plate, dinner, supper
Classification according to the source and period of borrowing
period 
source
Renaiss Latin ance
Renaiss French ance Parisian
Different Italian
periods
Spanish
Dutch
Russian
examples
Intelligent, to create, to elect, phenomenon, philosophy, etc.
Ballet, machine, matinee, scene, technique, police
Piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel
Negro, comrade Cook, skipper, deck
Droshky, knout, shchee, sputnik, pryzhok
Specific types of borrowing
Translation loans (calques, loan translations) - borrowing by means of literary translating words (usually one part after another) or word combinations
Etymological doublets - two or more words originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonetic shape and in meaning
Doublets come into existence in different ways:
Native+borrowed: shirt (N) - skirt (Sc)
Borrowed, different source: senior (Lat) – sir (Fr)
Borrowed, different period: cavalry (Norm Fr) – chivalry (Par Fr)
Borrowed, different dialects: captain (North Fr) – chieftain (Central Fr)
From one OE word:
sceadu (OE) – sceadu (Nom Case) – shade sceadwe (Dat C) - shadow
Shortening: history-story, fanatic – fan, defence - fence
International words - words borrowed by several languages
Names of sciences: Biology, Mathematics
Terms of art: portrait, marine
Political terms: democracy
Scientific and technological terms: television
Sports terms: hockey
Names of fruits and foods: banana
Assimilation of loan words - adjusting to the norms of the
recipient language
Phonetic adaptation (assimilation) - adaptation of a word to the phonetic system of the new language
Grammatical adaptation - a complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed word
Semantic adaptation - adjustment to the system of meanings of the vocabulary