11104

EVOLUTION OF THE BUSINESS CENTER

We will trace the process of forming a multifunctional building on the example of a business center as the most demanded type of public structure at the present time. The business center has a wide range of typological features: a diverse set of functions, planning and composition schemes. This is due to the socio-cultural dynamics of business relations, which led to the complex evolution of the building on the basis of diverse historical prototypes. It is necessary to identify, what features of each of these structures formed the basis of modern business center structure studying the patterns of public building architecture in which the business function was present.

931

ROME

933

ROME

934

SOCIAL AND BUSINESS CENTERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES

935

NIZHNY NOVGOROD KREMLIN

936

Explication*

Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (ensemble), XVI-XX centuries:

1.Walls, 1500-1511. Towers:

2.White beginning. XVI c.

3.Borisoglebskaya, recreated in 1972-1974.

4.St. George's Square, nach. XVI c.

5.Dmitrievskaya, nach. XVI century, rebuilt in 1895.

6.Ivanovskaya, nach. XVI c.

7.Storeroom, beginning. XVI c.

8.Koromyslova, nach. XVI c.

9.Nikolskaya, nach. XVI c.

10.Gunpowder, beginning. XVI c.

11.Severnaya, nach. XVI c.

12.Tainitskaya, nach. XVI c.

13.Sentinel, beginning. XVI c.

14.Zachatskaya, nach. XVI c.

Objects of cultural heritage of federal significance located on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin Ensemble:

15.Arsenal, 1841-1843 (Kremlin building 6)

16.Mikhailo-Archangel Cathedral, 1672 (Kremlin)

17.House of the Vice-governor, 1825-1827 (Kremlin, building 9, letter A)

18.Military Governor's House, 1837-1841. (Kremlin, building 3)

19.House of Soviets, 1931 (Kremlin, building 5)

20.Public offices. The pilot Nesterov P. N.,1782-1785,1831-1834, was born in this building in 1887. (Kremlin, building 2, letters A, A1, B)

21.Obelisk erected in honor of the leaders of the people's militia in 1612, Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, 1828 (Kremlin)

22.The grave of Kuzma Minin, one of the leaders of the people's militia 1612, died 1616. (Kremlin, Archangel Cathedral)Objects of cultural heritage of federal significance located outside the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin Ensemble:

23.The building of the City Duma, 1901-1904 (Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street, 1 letter A)

24.Academic building, 1843-1846 (Varvarskaya Street, 3 letters A, A1)

25.Evenius Pharmacy building, 1789-1792 (Varvarskaya Street, 4 letters A, A1)

26.Cast-iron fountain, 1840s (Minin and Pozharsky Square)

27.Monument to Kuzma Minin, 1989 (Minin and Pozharsky Square)

28.Seminary building, 1824-1828 (Minin and Pozharsky Square, 7 letters

A)

29.Monument to V. P. Chkalov, 1940 (Minin and Pozharsky Square)

Symbol name

•the border of the protected area-the territory of the monument of history and culture of federal significance-the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (approved by the decree of the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region of 11.09.2000 No. 232)

Note

*- the numbering of the towers is given in accordance with the List of objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of thecity of Nizhny Novgorod (as of 01.01.2005)

937

ROLDUC MONASTERY, NETHERLANDS

938

940

GRENOBLE, FRANCE