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Figure 2. Ekaterininsky Palace in Tsarskoe Selo

The palace is often referred to as "the blue dream of the Baroque". Rastrelli retained the general composition of the old palace, but completely rebuilt it: he leveled the buildings, turned the galleries into the Great Hall and front apartments. The palace shines with gilding and other decorative elements in the spirit of "baroque": paintings on the ceiling; Atlantean sculptures, vases. It is especially worth visiting the restored Amber Room: the pride of Elizabeth the Great and the admiration of contemporaries.

Tourists come to the "capital of fountains" for parks, fountains and architecture. The majestic Grand Palace was the residence of Peter the Great, who took an active part in its creation. Francesco Rastrelli, on behalf of Elizabeth, added the Church and Armorial buildings to the side galleries, decorated the halls, the gallery and the main staircase with gilding and paintings. He especially succeeded in the Dance Hall in the spirit of Versailles. In total, the palace has 30 halls and an abundance of cabinets (especially interesting are the Chinese and Oak cabinets of Peter I). You should definitely buy a tour to walk around the halls, offices or feel like a guest at a magnificent dance ball.

Another of the "visiting cards" of St. Petersburg is the Smolny Cathedral (formerly the Resurrection Convent).

Like other Italian architects, Rastrelli had a deep knowledge of religious buildings. The main proof of this is the complex of the Smolny Monastery, which neither time, nor the Bolsheviks, nor natural disasters were able to destroy.

The central part of the ensemble is the cathedral of the same name. In it, Rastrelli skillfully combines the geometric regularity of forms and coquettish decorations, well known to lovers of the Baroque style. Unusually bright colors for an Orthodox church attract attention and at the same time make the building especially light, almost weightless. For many, the cathedral resembles a children's toy, it looks so joyfully against the backdrop of the local landscape.

Despite the fact that the Smolny complex was being completed without Rastrelli, the ensemble is fully consistent with the style of the great master. The temple and the buildings adjacent to it look very European and at the same time fully comply with Orthodox canons [Fig.3].

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Figure 3. Smolny Cathedral

Due to the visual separation of the upper and lower parts, the cathedral seems to be directed towards the sky. Decorative elements in the Baroque style organically fit into the overall style. Now it remains an active temple with services.

Among other masterpieces of the architect are Strogonovsky and Anichkov palaces in Saint Petersburg [Fig.4-5]. Rastrelli designed Strogonovsky palace on the private order of the merchant Stroganov. Despite being busy with government orders, the architect took up the design of the building. The palace is richly decorated with marble, columns and paintings. In the design there are elements that are distinctive for the family of merchants. On the façade you can see the coat of arms of the Stroganovs and sables holding a shield with a bear's head. Both facades are decorated with portrait medallions.

Anichkov palace is one of the oldest structures that managed to be preserved in Nevsky Prospekt. Unfortunately, this masterpiece has not been preserved in its original form. However, his images can be seen on many engravings and paintings dedicated to St. Petersburg of the 18th-19th centuries.

Rastrelli did not work on the building from the very beginning; he took over the project from the architect Zemtsov and actively participated in the completion of the palace, worked on the decoration of the chambers and designed the furniture. In connection with the restructuring of the building, much of the work of the architect was lost, the palace became more classical. Balls, weddings were often held in the palace, famous writers gathered.

The Italian greatly improved the appearance of the palace. His best idea was to put huge domes on both sides. This distinguished the house from other buildings in the city, because almost all of them had a single height level.

This creation of Rastrelli was very different from his other works. It did not show the master's craving for massive pediments and decoration of the central parts of the palace. Despite this, the building was recognized as a masterpiece of world architecture absolutely deservedly.

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To summarize, it is necessary to emphasize that F.B. Rastrelli is one of the most outstanding architects of all time. His masterpieces will always gladden peoples hearts.

References

1.Ovsyannikov, Yu. F.B. Rastrelli // Yu. Ovsyannikov. Moscow. 1982. -

240 p.

2.Fomenko, S. Great Architects.V.1. F.Rastrelli // S. Fomenko. Komsomolskaya Pravda pbl. 2018. – 72 p.

3. Ratrelli Bortolomeo Franchesko / [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrelli_Bortolomeo_Franchesko. (Accessed on 10.10.2022)

N.K. Koptelov, E.Yu. Koptelova

School 14, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

BORIS GUDUNOV IN HISTORY

The article is devoted to Boris Godunov – a very remarkable figure in Russian history [Fig.1].

Figure1. Boris Godunov

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Boris Fedorovich was born in 1552 in the family of Fyodor Ivanovich Godunov, in the Vyazemsky district. The Godunovs were middle-class landowners and additionally carried out local service to the sovereign, owned a small estate in Kostroma.

A new life began with Boris Godunov after the death of his father. In 1569 he began to live with the family of his uncle, Dmitry Godunov. The lands in the Vyazma region, which Dmitry Godunov owned, went to the oprichnina possessions, and the not very noble Dmitry Godunov orientated himself and entered the oprichnina corps. Here he very quickly rose to the high rank of head of the Bed Order.

The fate of Boris Godunov is also taking shape. First, he becomes a guardsman, and already in 1571 he was a friend at the wedding of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. In the same year, he became related to Malyuta Skuratov himself, marrying his daughter Maria Grigoryevna Skuratova-Belskaya. In 1578, Boris Godunov granted the title of a boyar.

Boris Godunov was always distinguished by a cautious character, kept in the background, but gradually his role at court increased. Together with B. Ya. Belsky, he became especially close to the king.

On March 28, 1584, Ivan the Terrible died, his third son, Fyodor Ioannovich, became his successor. Ivan Vasilyevich himself believed that Fedor was a bad state leader. The new king really did not have any inclinations to rule the country, he was in poor health and required constant help. Given these circumstances, a regency council of four people was created.

On the day of the wedding to the kingdom, May 31, 1584, the role of Boris Godunov under the young tsar increased significantly. He received the rank of equestrian, the title of a close boyar and governor of the Kazan and Astrakhan kingdoms. The struggle of boyar groups for power brought its results. Boris Godunov took the main place near the tsar. As a result, all the years of the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, in fact, Boris Godunov ruled Russia. Here it is necessary to take into account the family relations of Boris Godunov with the young tsar. His sister Irina was the wife of Fyodor Ioannovich. Being in the shadow of the new tsar, Godunov did a lot to strengthen the statehood. It was thanks to his efforts that the first patriarch was elected. They became the Moscow Metropolitan Job.

It was a time when common sense and calculation were more taken into account in domestic politics. The country began large-scale construction of fortresses in the Wild Field. The safety of navigation on the Volga was strengthened. The first outpost of Russia appeared in Siberia - the city of Tomsk. The authorities began to treat builders and architects with great respect.

Moscow was turning into a powerful fortress. Additionally, towers and walls of the White City were erected around the city, and another line of defense

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was built on the site of the Garden Ring. Water supply appeared in the Moscow Kremlin. All this soon paid off. In the summer of 1591, the troops of the Crimean prince Giray were unable to storm the city, and already during the retreat they suffered heavy losses.

In accordance with the law of succession to the throne, the main candidate for royal power during the life of Fedor was to be his younger brother Dmitry, the youngest son of Maria Nagoi, the seventh wife of Ivan the Terrible. But on May 15, 1591, tragic events took place in Uglich, as a result of which Tsarevich Dmitry died under unclear circumstances. It is customary to blame Boris Godunov for the murder of the young prince, since Dmitry stood in his way to power. But there is no clear evidence for this.

With the death of Fyodor Ioannovich, there are no other direct heirs of the Rurik dynasty. There were proposals to elect the widow of the deceased tsar, Irina, as queen, but they did not find general support, and as a result, the Zemsky Sobor settled on the candidacy of the tsar's brother-in-law, Boris Godunov. This took place on February 17, 1598. On September 1 of the same year, he was crowned king.

Boris Godunov continued his policy, which he began as the chief adviser to the tsar. They began to invite foreigners to the Russian service even more actively. In Moscow, overseas merchants, doctors, industrialists, military men, and scientists no longer surprised anyone. All of them received positions and salaries, land with peasants.

Godunov's attempt to create a university in Moscow failed. This was opposed by the clergy, who were more afraid of any heresies than knowledge. Elements of European culture more and more actively penetrated into the Russian state. First of all, this concerned clothing, housing, secular ceremonies. For the first time, sending Russian people to study in Europe began to be practiced.

Boris Godunov felt very well the precariousness of his position due to the fact that he was not a Rurikovich. Suspicion and incredulity pursued him everywhere. In this he was very much like Ivan the Terrible. Gradually, he began to settle scores with the boyars, whose sincerity he doubted.

If the reign of Boris began quite successfully, then gradually a series of opals gave rise to despondency, and after a double crop failure, a real disaster erupted - famine began. Food prices have risen 100 times. Boris Godunov did his best to help the starving by arranging mass distributions of bread. But some problems gave rise to others.

The result of all the problems was a major uprising led by Khlopok (1602–1603), in which peasants, serfs and Cossacks took part. Unrest swept 20 districts, and, having united, the rebels moved to Moscow.

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In a fierce battle near Moscow, the rebels were defeated. The commander of the troops, Basmanov, was killed in battle. Cotton was badly wounded and later executed.

A new problem for Boris Godunov was the spread of the rumor that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive. This rumor was actively coming from Poland, where, under the leadership of False Dmitry, forces began to prepare for a campaign against Moscow. All this worried Boris Godunov very much. In January 1605, government troops repulsed the first attack of the impostors, and they were forced to withdraw to Putivl, where they continued to gather forces.

Another problem was the state of health of Boris Godunov, complaints about which appeared already in 1599. It didn't get better over time. On April 13, 1605, the king became ill, he lost consciousness and soon died at the age of 53.

Today we know Boris Godunov as a talented diplomat. Thanks to his efforts, under a peace treaty that ended the Russo-Swedish War of 1590-1595, the lands lost as a result of the Livonian War returned to Russia.

References

1.Bokhanov, A. Boris Godunov // A. Bokhanov. ISBN: 978-5-9533-5679- 4 Veche pbl. 2012. - 252 p.

2.Kozlyakov V. Boris Godunov. A tragedy about a kind tsar // V. Kozlyakov. ISBN: 978-5-235-03415-0 Molodaya gvardia pbl. 2017. - 320 p.

3.Boris Godunov / [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Godunov. (Accessed on 07.10.2022)

E. A. Kostina, D.A. Loshkareva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

UNIQUE PECULIARITIES OF ALEXANDER KHARITONOV

ARCHITECTURE

The role of architects in creating the human environment is exceptional, but the face of the creator usually remains unknown. In Nizhny Novgorod there are only two streets named after architects: A.A. Betancourt and A. E. Kharitonov. The architectural forms of the past and the present intertwine in the city, while they are in complete harmony with each other. The city welcomes its guests not only with monasteries ensembles, the ancient Kremlin, individual architectural monuments, a diverse historical environment, but also with interesting modern forms that fit perfectly into the urban space. The basis of this

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tradition was partly laid by Alexander Evgenievich Kharitonov. He managed to update the language of architecture, to revive its uniqueness instead of the monotonous typical development. On the outskirts and in the center of the city, the houses were like twins, identical panel boxes rose everywhere - typical design, typical building. There were no soul in that architecture, there were only its functional purpose. Under his leadership, buildings with their own unique features, one might say characters, appeared. No wonder people began to give them their names: "the Titanic" [Fig.1], "the Bull House" [Fig.2], "the Pagoda House"[Fig.2], "the Saw" [Fig.3], "the Waterfall Building"[Fig.4]. Under his supervision Nizhny Novgorod was called the capital of Architecture.

The object of the research is the heritage of architect Alexander Evgenyevich Kharitonov. The subject of research is Kharitonov's design method. The research objective is to identify the distinctive features of Alexander Kharitonov's design.

A. E. Kharitonov said, “We will no longer build boxes… The construction of standard buildings is unnatural. If we talk about the city center, then only individual projects will be implemented here – beautiful, corresponding to the significance of the center… It is necessary to preserve the historical image and structure of the city and transform it into a modern city”. Kharitonov embodied these ideas in his own work. The houses appeared completely different from each other.

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The first project that the architect drew attention to was the house on Strelka [Fig. 5], it was the reconstruction of old houses that survived from the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. The project was carried out at the time when it never occurred to anyone to restore such houses. As a result, we see three volumes connected together, which repeat the rhythm of the main fair house [Fig.6]. A distinctive feature that attracts attention is that in a strictly symmetrical building, the asymmetry of the windows is clearly traced.

Alexander Evgenyevich Kharitonov could bring a new meaning to an unremarkable composition without destroying it. So there were two blocks on Gorky Street - white and red parallelepipeds, Kharitonov connected them with a curved wall that resembles a dam and a waterfall of white stone breaks through it [Fig.4]. The most famous project for Nizhny Novgorod residents is the building of the "Garantiya" bank on Malaya Pokrovskaya Street, 7 [Fig.7]. The state bank is made in V.A. Pokrovsky neo-Russian style. This is one of the few examples in modern architecture when a new object fits harmoniously into the historical environment. The building delicately pulls back into the quarter, carefully preserving the century-old linden tree. The impression is that this building has always stood in this place. Its neighbors - rich noble, merchant mansions have parted, they look at their new “brother” with respect, recognizing its dominance. The building looks like a fabulous chest house. Flowing curves of revived poetics, tiles, a patterned arch over the main entrance, firebirds, round windows, like girlish mirrors. In 1998, the “Garantiya” bank building was named the best building in Nizhny Novgorod by both independent professionals and local residents. In honor of this, a cake was created in the form of this structure. Perhaps that is why it was imprinted in memory as a "delicious" architecture [Fig.8]. The word "delicious" was favorite adjective in Alexander Kharitonov's dictionary, according to his contemporaries. Therefore, when you hear the phrase "delicious architecture" you can not help thinking about him.

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It is worth noting that the architect has always studied the history, the concept of the construction site, thereby continuing it. With a complete variety of styles in this architecture, there is something in common that allows us to see the unique hand of the master.

The following design features are revealed:

1.Contextualism, the relationship with the urban environment;

2.Adopting the architectural history of the place;

3.Search for forms that are relevant outside of time;

4.Attention to details.

Architectural critic M. Ignatushko noted: "Alexander Kharitonov managed to prove that, despite the time and circumstances, architecture can exist in one particular region." Alexander Kharitonov managed to find forms that are relevant and timeless. He managed to create a society of architects who continued his tradition. The buildings and structures made under his leadership are unique, they fit seamlessly into the fabric of the city. Images are observed in them, associations are born. Kharitonov managed to prohibit the construction of standard projects in the historical zone at the legislative level. In his own way, he managed to revive architecture.

References

1.O. V. Orelskaya, «The architectural duet Alexander Kharitonov and Yevgeny Pestov». il.,- (Mastera nizhegorodskoj arxitektury`Nizhny Novgorod, 2001. – 224 p.

2.X 20 Xaritonovskie chteniya. Nizhnij Novgorod. 2021 – N. Novgorod: OOO «BegemotNN». il., Sostaviteli: A.A. Xudin, O.V. Orel`skaya, 2021 –186 p.

3.Xudin A.A. E`klektika Seriya «Stili v arxitetekture Nizhnego Novgoroda» Vy`pusk 1, – N. NOVGOROD: OOO «BEGEMOTNN», 2017. – 256 p.

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A.A. Shabalina, L.V. Uryavina, D.A. Loshkareva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

RUSSIAN FEDERATION CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS: GOST R AND

NATIONAL CERTIFICATION SYSTEM

Conformity assessment of products and other objects with the requirements of technical regulations, standards and other regulatory documents is one of the main opportunities to ensure the safety and quality of different types of products. Certification system regulates the rules for the certification work performance, its participants and other requirements for the certification procedure [1].

The most famous certification system in the Russian Federation is the GOST R certification system, which was approved by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia No. 11 of March 17, 1998 [2]. Mandatory and voluntary certification was carried out within the framework of this system. The GOST R conformity certificate was to be obtained for products included in the Unified List of Products subject to mandatory certification, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 23, 2021 No. 2425 (last redaction) [3]. Over time, when new technical regulations began to be actively developed and adopted, the mandatory certification of products in the GOST R system for a larger number of product types was replaced by mandatory certification already within the framework of the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Later it became obvious that the GOST R system was largely outdated and needed to be updated. On December 29, 2016, the National Certification System was created by Order of Rosstandart No. 2033 to raise consumer confidence, carry out full and reliable product tests and ensure transparency of certification. This system abolished mandatory certification in the GOST R system. This was an important step in reforming voluntary conformity assessment in Russia. Also, Rosstandart terminates eight of its voluntary certification systems by order No. 3358 of December 26, 2019, including the GOST R certification system. Thus, it turns out that the GOST R system is gradually being replaced by the voluntary "National Certification System". However, it cannot be judged that the mandatory system has been replaced by a voluntary one. Within the framework of the GOST R system, the customer independently chose the assessment parameters and the regulatory document for which certification was carried out. After the procedure, the customer received the right to apply the label on the product packaging, which indicated that the requirements of the state standard were met (but, in fact, just a

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