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6.Indeksy` izmeneniya smetnoj stoimosti stroitel`no-montazhny`x rabot na 1 kvartal 2022 goda po ob``ektam stroitel`stva (Nizhegorodskaya obl.)

7.Nikiforov A.N. E`konomika, ocenka i upravlenie nedvizhimost`yu: ucheb.-metod. pos. / A.N. Nikiforov, P.A. Ovchinnikov, I.V. Tabunov. Nizhnij Novgorod: NNGASU, 2019. – 88 p.

8.Sborniki ukrupnenny`x pokazatelej vosstanovitel`noj stoimosti zdanij i sooruzhenij (UPVS) [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://upvsonline.ru (Accessed 19.10.2021)

9.Sbornik 28 Zhily`e obshhestvenny`e I kommulnye zdaniya [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://upvs-online.ru/upvs-sborniki- ukrupnennyh-pokazatel/sbornik-28-zhilye-obshhestvennye-i-kommunalnye- zdanija-bytovogo-obsluzhivanija/ (Accessed 19.10.2021)

A.V. Mishinova, O.V. Orelskaya, A.V. Lisitsina, E.B. Mikhailova

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

THE PROJECT OF THE PARKING GARAGE IN OLGINO

A garage for cars is an industrial building that includes three groups of rooms: a parking, production and storage rooms and administrative and household rooms. A modern garage building must answer the requirements of economic development and modern technologies, as well as the modern needs of each individual citizen and society as a whole. The rapid growth of the level of motorization raises the problem of modern cities associated with providing parking for an increasing number of cars. The most acute problem is the parking of personal cars in the courtyards of residential areas. Drivers who do not have parking places start to leave their car on the side of the road, lawns, playgrounds or fire passageways and do not think about consequences. In connection with these problems, there is a need to create multi-storey garage complexes in large cities, located on territories next to residential buildings. Such complexes should be connected to urban communications, and the garage must have lighting, water supply, sewerage, heating and ventilation. A modern building for a parking garage should be created taking into account all the requirements established for the design of such institutions.

The advantages of all multi-storey garages are reliable security and good service, so necessary for car owners. Car washes, technical inspection stations and minor technical repairs, auto parts stores are provided here.

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The subject of the research is a parking garage for 250 cars located on the territory of Nizhny Novgorod region in the countryside of Olgino. The purpose of the research is to create and design a garage on a designated site and perform the following tasks:

-maximum use of the plot within the limits of the land acquisition;

-taking into account the urban situation of the construction area;

-rational organization of entrances and exits to the territory, taking into account the traffic patterns of urban transport on streets;

-consideration of planning restrictions and sanitary and hygienic gaps;

-organization of the terrain of the site;

-landscaping of the designated area.

In the process of creating the garage, the examples of domestic and foreign architecture served as inspiration. The main source of inspiration was the example of a garage in the USA by Paul Rudolph, made in the architectural style of brutalism; garages in Moscow by K. Melnikov in the style of constructivism [Fig.1-3].

Figure 1. Garage in the USA by Paul Rudolph

Figure 2-3. Garages in Moscow by K. Melnikov

First, the town-planning and territorial features of the garage location were determined: the building was located in a previously designed microdistrict in the countryside of Olgino, Nizhny Novgorod region [Fig.4].

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Figure 4. Project of microdistrict

In the microdistrict, the garage is located on the outskirts of the microdistrict. Parking placement is determined by SP 42.13330.2011. Since a place was chosen near residential buildings, a distance of 15 meters from residential buildings was maintained. On the territory of the garage there is a water tower and a checkpoint with a security guard.

The space is organized in such a way that tire service, maintenance, washing, storage facilities are located on the ground floor, an administrative block is also carried out in a separate volume, including the director's office, his secretary, accounting, a buffet, a locker room with a shower and toilet for staff, and parking is occupied on the other three floors. The organization of the space on the ground floor is organized so that the garage has 3 entrances and when the car enters the garage, the driver can drive to one of the two car washes, and then to service the car or immediately onto the ramp and drive to the parking lot. A double-track round ramp is designed as a vertical connection of the floors. In the center of the ramp there is a ventilation chamber, which is carried out with a cylindrical volume upwards, ending with an oblique cut. In addition, the architectural expression of the garage should be simple and at the same time expressive. Since the garage is an industrial building, the finishing of the building is rough plaster, and to highlight some elements of the facade it is painted white. Lighting does not matter much in the storage areas of the cars, so the size of the windows is minimized there.

In conclusion we can say that the result of research and design was a parking garage, fully equipped with all conditions for comfortable and efficient storage and maintenance of cars. The exterior and interior appearance of the garage meets the aesthetic and functional requirements associated with the design of a modern public building [Fig.5].

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Figure 5. Project of parking garage

References

1.Gel`fond, A.L. Arxitekturnoe proektirovanie obshhestvenny`x zdanij i sooruzhenij: Uchebnik / A.L. Gel`fond. – M.: «INFRA-M», 2016. – 368 p. [16] s. czv. Il.

2.Ivanov D.I. “Garazh stoyanka na 250 avtomobilej”. Nizhij Novgorod, 2020. – 28 p.

3.SP 42.13330.2011. Svod pravil. Gradostroitel`stvo. Planirovka i zastrojka gorodskix i sel`skix poselenij.

4.SP 113.13330. 2016 Stoyanki avtomobilej. Aktualizirovannaya redakciya SNiP 21-02=99*.

O.D. Krylova, O.A. Yudina

Nizhny Novgorod state university of architecture and civil engineering, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

NEW HEAT SUPPLY TECHNOLOGY WILL REDUCE BOILERS SIZE

AND AMOUNT OF HARMFUL EMISSIONS

Heating of dwelling was always very important for people since the beginning of 19th century some systems of central heating appeared. It’s well known that the basic element of any the central heating system is the boiler, since that time the construction of the boilers has been improved. In Russia the scientists have developed a new eco-friendly and economical method of heat supply to residential buildings and industrial enterprises. It is based on the use of

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application of equipment burning fuel with the help of special hard and durable porous metal-ceramic materials, unlike the usage of burner torches of classical boilers. The engineers have managed to reduce the metal consumption of the boiler three times and significantly decrease emissions of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere.

Lately a number of installations was created using the method of burning fuel in porous materials. This method allows to produce more heat with lesser emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. At the same time special boilers have smaller volume and weight. Thanks to the special climatic conditions of different territories, it was necessary to create a new method of the heat supply using modern equipment.

Natural resources of some regions are not evenly distributed on the territory and the density of population is rather low. These territories are rich in coal, oil and gas, that’s why to develop this deposits a large quantity of energy is necessary. Therefore, the development of new boiler installations and new burner devices, as well as new investigations in this field will be very important

To use the boilers of small sizes are very convenient for industrial enterprisers and residential buildings. However, such boilers are made only abroad and they are rather costly.

— Considering this factor, compact installations effectively burning fuel and giving people necessary heat were developed. And these systems don’t discharge excessive heat into the atmosphere.

The new method is based on the burning of fuel in a porous composite material, which is a high-strength sponge made of cermet. A fuel-air mixture passes through the sponge and burns out in this material causing a strong glow and emitting a large amount of thermal energy and converting the heat of the fuel combustion into thermal energy with maximum efficiency and without harmful influence on the environment.

Due to this thermal energy, the metal consumption of the boilers was diminished almost three times. This is a significant reduction in cost and increases availability of equipment for people. Emissions of nitrogen oxide formed during the combustion of fuel are much lower than in classical boilers which are based on the flare principle of combustion and it makes the process environmental friendly

The most difficult thing was to ensure that the porous core of the boiler did not crack when heated. The sponge is an alloy of metals, which retains high ductility when heated and this technology is patented now and is ready for mass production.

The main competitive advantage of this technology is that the volume and mass of such boilers are three times less having the same heat transfer and moreover there is a strict world environmental emission standards.

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This up-to-date method of application of cermet sponge for burning fuel is an interesting achievement from the point of view of its advantages.

It’s very important to get the reduction in the metal consumption of heat supply boilers, as well as to minimize the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere during the combustion process. It is necessary to choose the correct ratio of air and gas in the fuel-air mixture to ensure combustion. If the fuel does not burn out, the amount of carbon monoxide will increase. In addition, it is also important that the furnace should have the optimal size. The use of ceramic materials can significantly reduce its size, which also helps to prevent atmospheric pollution.

A new method of creating heating boilers using porous composites can be widely used throughout the country and abroad, and not only in areas with severe climate. Different Chinese and Japanese companies are greatly interested to get and to adopt this technology.

In the result of this research we may conclude that the boilers with infrared burner differ from the classical boilers by their environmental friendliness and low cost. Their high heat efficiency is relevant only for cold climatic conditions, that is why their application is not advisable in the Nizhny Novgorod, as we live in a temperate climate. According to our calculations, the heating efficiency of such equipment exceeds the needs of our region. However, the technology employed in this boilers is being improved now and in future it will be possible to use this new models in our region because heat efficiency of new types of boilers will be lower and it will be suit our climate. It is entirely possible that this technology is a big step in the development of heating systems.

References

1.Digest of news of the Russian Science Foundation. Russian Science Foundation (2019). [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://www.rscf.ru/upload/iblock/cd8/cd82e33cef93e7470f2e1574d1e19430.pd f (Accessed 2 September 2022).

2.Project card. Russian Science Foundation (2019). [Electronic resource].

-URL access mode: https://rscf.ru/project/17-79-10283/ (Accessed 2 September 2022).

3.Advanced infrared burner will warm Siberian homes. Russian Science Foundation (2019). [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://www.rscf.ru/news/presidentialprogram/usovershenstvovannaya_infrakrasnaya_gorelka_obogreet_sibirskie_do ma/ (Accessed 2 September 2022).

4.Nedyuk M.Y. Even warmer. Izvestia Journal, 2019. [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://iz.ru/768764/mariia-nediuk/eshche-

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teplee-novaia-metodika-teplosnabzheniia-umenshit-kotly-i-vybrosy (Accessed 5 September 2022).

E.A. Smirnova, O.A. Yudina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

STUDY ON GAS BOILERS OF LOW CAPACITIES

Heating of residential and industrial buildings is one of the main needs of people living in regions with severe climatic conditions. The task of heating dwellings to optimize cost and to increase the environmental sustainability of these systems.

In modern individual heating systems gas boilers prevail. To produce water heating system traditional conventional boilers are being mainly used because they have lower efficiency in comparison with condensing boilers. This paper deals with the results of the experimental study of energy-ecological parameters of the work of a traditional conventional boiler working with a nominal loading and condensing boiler working with nominal capacities.

In the countries of the Europe, heating systems and hot water supply systems are the main consumers of energy especially the residential sector, and their share in the total energy balance of buildings is 70 and 14%, respectively. For this reason, it became necessary to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in order to reduce annual energy consumption.

During the last decade, several new domestic heating systems have been suggested and studied in order to reduce energy consumption and environmental impact.

Among different individual heating systems, 79% of the market is occupied by boilers running on gas fuel, but condensing type of boilers occupy only less than 10%, since traditional combined boilers are mainly used.

The construction of a traditional combined boiler is shown in [Fig. 1].

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Figure 1. Construction of a traditional combined boiler (Viessmann Vitopend 100) running on gas fuel: 1 - smoke pump, 2 – heat exchanger, 3 – combustion chamber, 4 – modulated burner, 5 – hydraulic module, 6 – control panel

Figure 2. The principle of operation of the combustion chamber of the condensing boiler

Now condensing type boilers are widely used and they form 85% of the energy balance of heating, air conditioning and hot water supply systems, but their share in carbon dioxide generation is 67%. Condensing boilers have a higher efficiency due to the "deep" utilization of the heat of the exhaust gases (Fig. 2). The water vapor generated during the combustion of gas fuel are condensed, returning the latent heat of vaporization and increasing the boiler's productivity on 10-12%. The temperature of the exhaust gases in a traditional combined boiler is high and it leads to significant heat losses with the releasing gases. In condensing gas boilers, the latent heat of vaporization is used by means of a secondary heat exchanger providing heating of water from the return pipeline of the heating network [Fig. 2]. The greater the difference of the temperature in the supply and return pipelines of the heating system, the higher the efficiency of the condensing boiler. If the water temperature at the boiler

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inlet exceeds the dew point temperature of the releasing gases, then the boiler operates in usual schedule.

The construction of a condensing boiler is shown in [Fig. 3].

Figure 3. The construction of a condensing boiler (Viessmann Vitodens 100) running on gas fuel: 1 - heat exchange surfaces, 2 – modulated cylindrical burner, 3 – capacitive storage, 4 – expansion tank, 5 – burner fan, 6 – pump, 7 – plastic heat exchanger for hot water, 8 – liquid crystal touch screen display

The development of new types of boilers having higher energy efficiency and lower emissions of harmful substances is a promising field of research, for example, the work on recycling of flue gases and condensed water is under way.

The purpose of this research is to make comparative analysis of two types of boilers running on gas fuel, and to assess their energy and environmental indices, and to work out the recommendations for the optimal conditions of their operation.

The research was carried out on wall-mounted boilers running on liquefied natural gas. One of them is of the traditional combined type, and the second is of the condensation type. All boilers were used for heating private houses, having different construction and heating loads.

The experiments were carried out on boilers of two models: Viessmann Vitopend 100 [Fig. 1] and Viessmann Vitodens 100 [Fig. 3] – if they operate at full compacity. In the houses where the boilers are installed, underfloor heating, wall and floor radiators were applied as heating systems. The research was carried out with the help of the gas analyzer (Testo 350) and the necessary measurements were conducted in coaxial flues of the boilers through technological openings. The results obtained are shown in Table 1. The technical characteristics of the boilers declared by «Viessmann» company are presented in Table 2. If you look at the screen, you will see the first and second comparison tables.

Table 1

The main results of the energy survey of gas boilers

Boiler brand

The results of the energetic observation showed that the efficiency of the condensing boiler is more than 10% higher than the efficiency of a traditional combined boiler, which is primarily due to the presence of the secondary heat exchanger that provides "deep" cooling of the exhaust gases. In addition, the thermal pollution of the environment from the condensing boiler is much lower. Considering the "fragility" of Arctic ecological systems, gas condensing boilers should be used for heating low-rise buildings in the North Arctic region where the average temperature of the coldest five days -34 оС. Since Nizhny Novgorod is located in the temperate climatic zone with average winter temperature -27 оС, the boilers of this type can be used both in low-rise private houses and in apartment buildings. Also, the condensing boiler is used for new constructions and modernized existing engineering systems.

References

1. European commission, EU-directive 2010/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Recast) // Strasbourg (France). Available at: https://eur-

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