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own thoughts or to enjoy the company of loved ones for a quiet conversation, walking through the green spaces inside the city. Thus, spending time in nature, even just sitting or walking, it has a positive effect on people’s state of mind and mood. Thus, having more green spaces and spending time outdoors correlates with having a better mental health.

On the other hand, there is a therapy, called “garden therapy”, which includes using vegetation and natural elements as part of rehabilitation. This technique has long been used to recovery of patients and in monasteries. So, garden therapy helps to develop and improve the next qualities: coordination of movement; concentration of attention; memory; ability to empathy, that improves socialization and social skill; self-belief and feeling of self-love; ability to resist aggression and stress; responsibility for plants.

Garden therapy also can be directed to healthy people, who need to support their energy, want to take off stresses and blocks interfering with their creative expression. [1]

Undoubtedly, landscape architecture solves a lot of ecological issues. Especially during summertime, hot days are alleviated thanks to shade from trees. Green spaces, protecting the soil and the surfaces of the walls of buildings from direct solar radiation, protect them from severe overheating and from an increase in air temperature. For example, the air temperature in Moscow over the lawn is 4 degrees Celsius lower than over the asphalt pavement. The air temperature inside the green area is on average 2-3 degrees Celsius lower than inside the city block. [2] Pocket parks come to the rescue here, being the perfect solution to small surroundings, providing not just shade, but also a quiet and peaceful resting place.

Also, the quality of air has worsened because of trees cutting. Green spaces can be successfully used to clean the urban environment from dust and gas and make the air fresher and clearer. It has been found that many plants retain a large amount of dust particles on the plates of their leaves. Even the lawn prevents the formation of dust. Dustiness among green spaces is 2-3 times less than among buildings. The Botanical Garden of Lomonosov Moscow State University in Moscow reduces the dustiness of the air in the summer by 30-40 percent. [3]

In conclusion, it should be said that landscape architecture definitely influences people's lives in many aspects. By creating functional spaces inside the city, landscape architecture gives a modern person the opportunity to regularly recover physically and mentally, while keeping the ecological situation in the city that is important for people's health.

References

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1.Nikitina, E. Sadovaya terapiya kak sintez landshaftnoj arkhitektury` i reabilitologii // E. Nikitina. Sad v gorode: mif i real`nost`: Sbornik materialov mezhdiscziplinarnogo seminara, Pskov, 20–22 sentyabrya 2012 goda / Pod redakcziej A.G. Razumovskoj. – Pskov: Pskovskij gosudarstvenny`j universitet, 2012. – P. 79-92.

2.Rol` zeleny`kh nasazhdenij v gorode [Electronic resource] – URL access mode: http://www.sdelaemsami.ru/landdiz09.html (Accessed on 9 September 2022)

3.Rol` zeleny`kh nasazhdenij goroda v formirovanii gorodskoj sredy` [Electronic resource] – URL access mode: https://baurum.ru/_library/?cat=greenery_territory&id=4157(Accessed on 7 September 2022)

О.V. Fursa, N.V. Patyaeva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

THE USE OF DOME STRUCTURES IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION

Architectural and structural features of dome buildings are not sufficiently studied and little analyzed. As a consequence, the study of this topic contributes to new construction experience and the use of the latest technology.

Today dome buildings are considered to be the most economical. Like every frame structure, the dome is a fairly light structure. It does not require a massive, expensive foundation. A domed house can withstand all kinds of weather conditions. It blends easily into any landscape area, without disturbing its harmony. Dome-shaped buildings have a number of advantages over conventional parallelepiped houses. Such buildings are energy efficient, require less expenditure for ventilation, and have higher resistance to wind loads. It is recommended to erect these houses in seismically hazardous areas.

The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the use of dome structures in modern construction.

The methodology and methods of research are based on generally available methods of analysis, generalization, systematization and comparison of theoretical and design existing works on this topic.

There are two basic constructions of domes: geodesic and stratodesic. Let's consider each of them in detail.

The geodesic dome is a framework of triangles of different shapes. [Fig. 1] The uniqueness of this technology - the convergence of a large number of beams in one point at which they are fixed with special devices - connectors. They reliably connect the elements of the supporting system. Bearing elements

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of the geodesic dome are made of wood or metal, mineral wool or polyurethane foam is used as a heater. The geodesic dome may have any number of windows. Without reducing the strength characteristics, you can do and full glazing of the dome, but the full glazing of the geodesic dome - an expensive pleasure, since the windows are triangle-shaped and made to order. [1]

Figure 1. Geodesic dome construction

The stratodesic dome is based on a framework represented by stiffening ribs bent at a specific angle. [Fig. 2] The stratodesic dome has axial symmetry. The frame must be clad as the struts are installed. That is, the second row is installed after the first one is clad, the third row after the second one, etc. This is because without sheathing framework is very unstable to torsional stresses. But after the edges are sheathed, it becomes strong, reliable and stable. Doors and windows of the stratodesic dome building have standard dimensions, unlike the geodesic dome. But the cutting of sheet material for a stratodesic dome leaves more scraps than for a geodesic dome, which increases the cost of materials. [1]

Figure 2. Construction of the stratodesic dome

Let's take a look at a few representative examples of modern domed buildings.

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Danish architecture and design practitioners CEBRA and Glifberg+Lykke designed a multifunctional park and cultural center for street sports in southern Denmark. [Fig. 3-4] StreetDome is an extensive and unique urban landscape for outdoor activities and entertainment, including a 4,500 square meter skate park, street basketball, parkour, canoe polo, etc. There is also a 30-meter climbing tower nearby.

Figures 3-4. StreetDome skate park, 2014

The design of the public space is represented by a stratodesic dome, the stiffening ribs of which are made of wood. Daylighting replaces electric light, which is why the building's 40-meter roof was designed with a large number of windows. [2]

La Seine Musicale is a music and performing arts center located in the western suburbs of Paris, France. [Fig. 5]

In July 2009, Jean Nouvel was named chief coordinating architect for the project, although individual buildings were subsequently commissioned from a number of international architectural firms. The complex of buildings on the island opened in April 2017 and was designed by the architectural team of Shigeru Ban and Jean de Gastines.

The facilities include an elevated balloon-shaped theater designed primarily for classical music, a larger concert hall that hosts pop stars, rehearsal rooms for musicians (Riffx Studios), seminar rooms, a press center, restaurants and an expansive rooftop garden. Most of the facility's daytime energy needs are provided by the large mobile array of curved solar panels that covers the small auditorium. The fourth floor offers a circular view of the surroundings.

The structure of the theater is represented by a geodesic dome with wood ribs and reinforced concrete ceilings.

The centerpiece of this project is a giant "sail" consisting of solar panels and partially covering the spherical hall of the Musical Seine. According to the architects, the "sail" is a symbol of the triumph of XXI century technology, as well as respect for nature. [3-4]

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Figure 5. La Seine Musicale Center, Paris, 2017

Thus, we reviewed the main types of dome structures, compared them, showed the use of such structures in modern construction. Having analyzed the most well-known examples of dome-shaped buildings, we came to the conclusion that they are mainly used for public houses. This can be explained by the fact that domed structures give the building expressiveness, uniqueness, which is typical for social buildings. Also, domes easily fit into any landscape without disturbing the harmony of already built - up environment.

References

1.Spherical (domed) houses: designs, peculiarities of planning [Electronic resource] – URL access mode: https://stroychik.ru/strojmaterialy-i- tehnologii/kupolnye-doma (Accessed on 03 March 2022)

2.Skate Park in Denmark [Electronic resource] – URL access mode: https://www.admagazine.ru/architecture/skejt-park-v-danii (Accessed on 03 March 2022)

3.La Seine Musicale [Electronic resource] – URL access mode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Seine_Musicale (Accessed on 03 March 2022)

4.Music Arena in Paris designed by Shigeru Ban [Electronic resource] – URL access mode: https://www.admagazine.ru/architecture/muzykalnaya-arena- v-parizhe-po-proektu-sigeru-bana (Accessed on 03 March 2022)

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E. A. Dolganova, N.V. Patyaeva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIRCUS

ARCHITECTURE

The circus is a unique art form; it can accommodate a variety of amazing performances in one show that are unlike any art. The circus space should be structurally convenient for the activities of all circus workers, as well as for the animals that live there. Also, in addition to the difficult constructive task, the circus building should have special architecture corresponding to the activities of the circus.

All these tasks rest on the shoulders of architects and designers. In order to fulfill these tasks, to design such a unique building, you need to study and analyze existing, erected and newly designed circus buildings. There lies the relevance of the work - to study circus buildings in order to identify their best structural and architectural solutions, so that to use them further in future projects.

The purpose of the study is to study and analyze the history of the development of circus buildings, their architectural and structural solutions, using the example of specific circuses.

Research methodology and methods are based on publicly available methods, including analysis, generalization, systematization, and comparison of existing buildings of this kind.

The circus is one of the oldest types of mass spectacles. Previously, the word “circus” was used to call a round or oval open building, where various spectacles were held: gladiator fights with each other or with animals, horse racing, sports, etc. However, the Circus as we imagine it now appeared much later, around the 18th-19th centuries.

It is generally accepted that the art of the circus began in 1766, when Philip Astley and his young wife began performing on a small site in London. Later, in 1786, on the same site, near Westminster Bridge, he built a three-storey wooden building with images of horse and acrobatic arts, an extension with stables and an arena with lodges for spectators. The building looked more like a theater than a modern circus building. But it can be called the first building in the world to begin the procession of buildings for circus art.

F. Astley did not stop at construction of one circus building, he erected several more structures in London, improving each new building compared to the previous one.

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The appearance of specialized circus buildings in France can be called the second stage in the history of construction of buildings for circus performances. The first Parisian wooden building of the winter circus was built on the initiative of the Englishman F. Astley and was named the English Amphitheater [1].

In 1827, the Olympic Circus with the most modern equipment at that time was built on the Temple Boulevard (Paris). The circus was not like a classic building in the understanding of a modern architect and engineer, because it had a rectangular plan, more like a theater than a circus [Fig.1].

Figure 1. Olympic Circus on the Boulevard Temple, Paris, France, 1827

In December 1852, a winter circus was inaugurated in France, the architect of which was Jacques Ignace Hittorf [1].

The diameter of the circus building is 42 meters, the diameter of the selfsupporting dome is 27.5 meters. 40 windows are located along the entire perimeter of the building, two within each of 20 sections. The total area of the building is 1300 m2. The building has a capacity of 1600 people. The structure of the coating consists of 20 wooden half-trusses resting on a steel supporting contour-truss. The interior and exterior decoration was created by famous sculptors of the second half of the 19th century: Jean Jacques Pradier, Francois Joseph Bosio, Edmund Gosse and Louis-Ernest Barria.

The Winter Circus building still adorns the streets of Paris with its exquisite facade. [Fig. 2]

Figure 2. Cirque d'Hiver, Paris, France 876

After France the construction of specialized buildings for circus performances began in Germany, which marked the beginning of the third period. The Circus Krone in Munich was founded by Carl Krone in 1905 [Fig. 3]. The building has a tent covering for a hall with a capacity of 3,000 seats and an area of 3000 square meters. The dome has a height of 18 meters. The auditorium is covered with wooden beams resting on the main support contour. The design is completed by a light-aeration canopy with a diameter of 9 m. [2].

Figure 3. Crone Circus, Munich, Germany.

Interesting is the Sarrazani circus in Dresden [Fig. 4]. Max Littmann was invited as the circus architect. The building was put into operation in 1912.

Like many European circuses, the Sarrazani Circus building is a multifunctional structure with a dome diameter of 46.5 m. It is considered to be one of the largest European circuses, having modern engineering equipment and an arena that is transformed into a pool. The height of the building was 36 meters, the height of the dome space was 28.95 meters. An additional block for a menagerie and a stable with a capacity of 130 horses adjoins i [1].

Figure 4. Sarrazani Circus Building, Dresden, Germany, 1912

Madrid survived the fall and rise of interest in specialized circus buildings four times. Now Price's Circus is Madrid's only stationary circus. This modern building has a capacity of 2,000 people. Price's multifunctional circus theater has an area of 17,300 square meters and serves as a theater, cultural, educational

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and exposition center. The hall is designed for 2254 seats and is easily transformed [Fig. 5]. Its construction was started in 2002 according to the project of architect Mariano Bayon. The complex consists of four buildings of different shapes: an exhibition building, a central building with a round circus arena, an auxiliary building with loading and unloading platforms and an administrative building. In the basement there are technical rooms, and in the open space between the buildings there are workshops [3].

Figure 5. Teatro Circo Price, Madrid, Spain

The spread of the construction of special circus buildings throughout Europe can be called the fourth stage of evolution in the construction of circus buildings. Now every metropolitan or major European city builds specialized facilities to welcome circus performers from around the world.

It should be noted the most outstanding modern circus buildings, these are the Moscow State Circus, Shanghai Circus, Turkmen State Circus, La Nouba Circus in Disney Springs.

Thus, we briefly examined the history of the development of circus buildings in different countries and analyzed changes in space-planning solutions. As we can see, over time circus buildings became more perfect, bright in architectural style, and also became a separate typological view of public buildings.

References

1.Sysoeva, E.V. Evolution and prospects for the construction of circus buildings in Europe/E.V. Sysoeva//Innovations and investments. – 2017. – №

12.- P. 258-263. – EDN RPDFZY.

2.Krone Circus, Munich in 2022 [Electronic Resource] – URL access mode:https://www.turizm.ru/germany/freistaat_bayern/munich/places/cirk_kron e/ (Access on: 15.09.2022).

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3. Semina, A. A. On the Principles of Designing Circus Buildings at the Modern Stage of Architecture Development/A. A. Semina//Days of Student Science: Collection of Reports of the Scientific and Technical Conference on the Results of Research Work of Students of the Institute of Construction and Architecture, NRU MGSU, Moscow, March 02-05, 2020. - Moscow: MISI Publishing House - MGSU, 2020. - P. 116-118. – EDN LARJSA.

D.P. Shvetsov, N.V. Patyaeva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MODERN RESIDENTIAL

COMPLEXES OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD

Every year, housing construction in Nizhny Novgorod region is steadily growing. Thus, in 2021 1590.5 thousand m² of new housing were put into operation, whereas in 2017, this figure amounted only to 1308.1 thousand m2. Thus, over 5 years, housing construction increased by 282.4 thousand m2 per year. In total, during this period, 7 136.8 thousand m² were put into operation, of which the bulk falls on apartment buildings.

The construction of a modern apartment building is a large–scale project, which, in addition to the building itself, includes landscaping of the surrounding area, providing its residents with everything they need, including transport and social infrastructure. Recently, such projects have been given the "fashionable" name "residential complexes", even if this complex includes only one house.

There are more than a hundred different residential complexes in Nizhny Novgorod [4]. They differ from each other in size, location, level of improvement, as well as a number of other important parameters. Thus, we can say that most residential complexes in Nizhny Novgorod have their own distinctive features. Such residential complexes became the object of this study.

The purpose of the work is to study and identify the characteristic features of the construction of modern residential complexes in Nizhny Novgorod.

To fulfill the purpose we set the following tasks:

1.to study the list of residential complexes under construction in Nizhny Novgorod;

2.to visit the selected complexes and study their features;

3.to systematize the data obtained during the study and identify the design features most characteristic of the development of residential complexes in Nizhny Novgorod.

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