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M.A. Gordejev, S.R. Sharifullina
MAOU “Gymnasium № 4”, Kstovo, Russia
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
E.N. CHIRIKOV LITERATURE MUSEUM IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD
This year marks the 158th anniversary of the birth of Evgeny Nikolaevich Chirikov, our countryman and a unique person who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a famous playwright, writer and public figure, whose work was followed by all of Russia at that time.
Before the revolution, the writer published a collection of his works in 17 volumes, three feature films were made on his works. Chirikov's plays were staged in theaters in Moscow and St. Petersburg as well as in Nizhny Novgorod. The first stage production took place in the capital of the Volga region in 1902, the play "In the yard in the wing" (Na dvore vo fligele) was a success with the audience and received a positive feedback from theatre critics.
The life and work of Chirikov are closely connected with Nizhny Novgorod region. Evgeny Nikolayevich took an active part in the life of the capital of the Volga region of the pre-revolutionary period.
In 1896 he worked for the newspaper called “Nizhny Novgorod Leaf” (“Nizhegorodskiy Listoc”) which was known for publishing reports and notes about the All-Russian Exhibition.
In the 1900s together with Maxim Gorky and Fyodor Chaliapin he worked on the creation and opening of the "People's House" (“Narodny Dom”).
Despite Evgeny Nikolaevich Chirikov`s popularity in the prerevolutionary period, the name of the writer was forgotten in Soviet Russia.
Nowadays the creature of this wonderful man is gaining popularity again. In 2011 E.N. Chirikov`s Literary Museum was opened in Nizhny Novgorod due to the efforts of the close relatives of the writer. His granddaughter Valentina Georgievna and his great-grandson Mikhail Alexandrovich Chirikov revealed the memory of our famous countryman in the museum they created. In 2022 more than 2000 visitors visited this museum. For such a unique place, the figure is small, but it is just the beginning. The exposition was viewed by schoolchildren, Russian and foreign students, teachers, guests and tourists from Russia, tourists from Prague to Tokyo and participants of international conferences.
Within the walls of the museum, not only the writer, but also other famous persons of the Chirikov dynasty are being told about in great detail. The whole history of Russia can be traced on the example of the Chirikov dynasty. For
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example, there is a room dedicated to the writer's grandfather, a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, where genuine military uniforms, sabers and guns are displayed. In the next room you can get acquainted with the life of the Kamchatka pioneer, the traveler Alexei Chirikov. Besides children can play with the heroes of Evgeny Nikolaevich Chirikov`s works who “live” in the "children's corner". Young visitors also can watch the cartoon "Havryusha" and short films made more than a century ago.
More than a thousand unique exhibits telling us about the life and work of the writer, his family and his contemporaries are presented to visitors. Chirikov's close friends were Maxim Gorky, Fyodor Chaliapin, Marina Tsvetaeva and other prominent figures. Museum visitors can see personal belongings of Chirikov, pre-revolutionary editions of his works, a lot of portraits and photographs of the writer and his family members. The interiors of the St. Petersburg and Prague apartments of the writer have been recreated in the museum.
It goes without saying that the museum is of great significance for Nizhny Novgorod and deserves the status of a state museum. The best location for the museum would be in future the historical centre of Nizhny Novgorod, where the writer's house is located in Gogolya Street 19.
Being at an old age Evgeny Nikolaevich Chirikov made a unique miniature, which opened a view at Nizhny Novgorod with steamboats, slopes and churches. Evgeny Nikolaevich Chirikov died at this very place, next to his Nizhny Novgorod model. His granddaughter I.V. Nikolaeva said about his amazing relative the following words: “It is an incredible thing, how passionately my grandfather loved Russia, loved peasants and had friends among them, how passionately he admired the imposing Volga slopes and even created a Nizhny Novgorod miniature with steamboats, slopes and churches. He died under his own miniature, and there is a photograph of it.”
References
1. Evgeny Chirikov i “Volzhskij vestnik”/ I.V. Karpov. Kazan, 1997. – 57
p.
2.Evgeny Nikolaevich Chirikov: vozvratshenije k chitatelju/ E.V. Kurbakova. // 2 Kulturologisheskije chtenija “Russkaja Emigratsija XX veka”. Moskva, 2008. – P. 24.
3.Pisma M.I. Zvetajevoj k L.E. Chirikovoj / E.I. Lubjannikova. Moskva, 1997. – 166 p.
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E.P. Simonova, E.V. Kartseva
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CHURCH OF ST. BARBARA ON
VARVARSKAYA STREET
The architecture of the city is an integral part of the human environment, which has been created for many centuries. The loss of historical objects entails a time gap. Preserving the past in architecture is the main task of historical cities. Currently, there is also a problem of preserving priceless architectural monuments in Nizhny Novgorod. The urgency of this problem becomes especially acute when the city celebrated eight hundred years old.
Since many religious buildings were destroyed during the Soviet period, the purpose of this article was to develop the concept of recreating the lost Church of St. Barbarians in Varvarskaya Street.
This church attracted attention with a stylistic structure characteristic of its era. In this church, the austerity of the facades, the verified proportions, and the grandeur of the towering domes were admired. During the Soviet period, the church was lost. However, the significance of this building for the city is very great, because it was in honor of it that Varvarskaya Street was named [Fig.1].
We were tasked with recreating the lost object as the main dominant of the square. The main concept of the project was to restore the former appearance as accurately as possible, preserving all the characteristic features.
Figure 1. The Barbarian Church, photo 1925-1940, M.P. Dmitriev M.P.
Varvarskaya Street was designed perpendicular to the site of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin on Blagoveshchenskaya Square (now Minin and Pozharsky Square) to the left of the Dmitrov Tower. [1] The street got its name from the church that stood on it in honor of the Holy Great Martyr Barbara. (Now the
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building of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Nizhny Novgorod region is located on this site).
The stone single-domed single-domed Church of St. Barbara was built in 1757 by the "care" of the deacon Denisov and the Stroganov employee Shushpanov. The building can be described as a classicizing Baroque. The main throne was in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The porch and the low bell tower were decorated with columns, on the bell tower there was a high spire.
Figure 2. Drawing of the Northern facade of the church, made by the author according to archival drawings of the Provincial engineer
The church building was a uniaxial three-part structure organized by the main volume (the temple part with an altar), a refectory and a bell tower. The main volume occupies a dominant position in the composition "eight on four"[Fig.2]. An equilateral octahedral volume rises above the two-light quadriFilateral base, overlain by a faceted closed vault of parabolic crosssection. Of particular value was a silver gilded altar cross with relics, donated in 1737.
In 1958, the building of the "former church on Varvarskaya St. due to its emergency condition" was demolished.
During the development of the church restoration project, a number of problems were identified and analyzed. The main task was to recreate the appearance of the church according to the surviving drawings, as well as to recreate the structural system of the building, relying on historical sources that have been preserved.
The task was set to develop an urban planning situation and ensure the improvement of the territory, based on the analysis of the territory on which the architectural object is located.
Analogues of the projected object were studied and historical photos. Based on the historical materials studied and identified, a project of the
modern appearance of the building was developed.
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An important task in this project was to recreate the lost architectural details. The reconstruction of the lost elements was carried out with the help of photographs, analysis of analogues, as well as preserved drawings of the Provincial Engineer.
In conclusion, it is necessary to conclude that the restoration of lost architectural objects is an important task for the return of the historical appearance of Nizhny Novgorod.
References
1.Khramtsovsky N. I. A brief outline of the history and description of Nizhny Novgorod / N.I. Khramtsovsky. – Nizhniy Novgorod: Provincial printing house, 1859. – P. 20–26.
2.Dobrovolsky M.V. A brief description of Nizhny Novgorod churches, monasteries and chapels, Government / M.V. Dobrovolsky. – Nizhny Novgorod: Printing House of the Provincial, 1895. – 153p.
3.Photo and information source : Lost churches of Nizhny Novgorod [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://aprelskiyvepr.livejournal.com/1169.html – Access on: 29.09.2022).
A.A. Baksheeva, E.V. Kartseva
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
THE CONCEPT OF RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING OF THE
NARKOMFIN’S HOUSE IN MOSCOW
The Narkomfin’s House is one of the main Moscow monuments of the Soviet avant-garde. The house was designed by Moses Ginzburg and Ignatius Milinis in the 1930s. The authors wanted to embody in their project not just the idea of a commune house, but to create something new. This building was supposed to help rebuild the life of a Soviet person to an exemplary communist way.
Architecture researcher S.O. Khan-Magomedov notes that the Narkomfin’s House corresponds to the five principles of Le Corbusier: "The Narkomfin’s House became one of the first implementations of all five principles of modern architecture that were put forward by a European master, there are pillars, a flat roof, and horizontal windows" [Fig. 1].
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Figure 1. Drawing of the Narkomfin’s House made by M.Ginzburg
The house is very dilapidated due to the lack of repair work. And it was included in the "World monuments watch list of 100 most endangered sites" in 2006.
Fortunately, the reconstruction was carried out. Alexey Ginzburg (a grandson of architect Moses Ginzburg) managed the restoration project.
Restoration of the Narkomfin’s House is a scientific project. The main goal is to restore exactly the original appearance of the building. First of all, all the late structures were dismantled that hid the true a ship - like silhouette. The original plan of the whole complex, including the garden area, was recreated. There was active work with color on the facades of the building and in the interiors of the house.
One of the main tasks was the complete restoration of the color schemes developed by Moses Ginzburg together with Professor Hinnerk Scheper of the Bauhaus School.
The stained glass windows and the spiral staircase on the roof were restored according to historical analogues. Historic radiators, kitchen elements, plumbing, lighting, windows and doors were restored inside the building. And a modern elevator was made in the historical boiler room pipe.
According to A. Ginzburg, the future owners of the apartments will be the biggest threat to the restored building with their monstrous repairs. Therefore, the concept of adapting the Narkomfin’s House has consistently changed from a residential building to temporary housing. But it was fundamentally important to keep the residential function of the house after the restoration. Only in this case, the whole structure of the building will work as it was conceived by its authors. As a result, they decided to create an art-hotel. The Art-Hotel is a hotel whose main distinguishing feature is its location in the historic building. The worldwide fame of the Narkomfin’s House and the growing interest to the culture of the Soviet avant-garde would ensure the success of this idea.
The cells of the residential building would have turned into hotel rooms without changes. The first floors of the communal building would be used for
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their intended purpose as a cafe, and a multifunctional hall for public events would be located on the floor above.
However, at the last moment, the historical residential function was returned to the building. There are only 44 apartments in the house: residential cells, a penthouse apartment and dorm rooms. There are storage rooms for residents in the basement. In addition to apartments for permanent residence, the architects provided two hotel rooms of the "suite" category, located on the 7th floor. Anyone can rent them.
The residential area is from 30 to 120 m2. All apartments in the Narkomfin’s House are two-storey. Rooms for different uses have different heights. The height in the bedroom is 2.3 m and the height of the living rooms can be up to 4 m. Of course, these unique layouts of each cell apartment are saved.
Apartments-cells of type "F" with an area of 37 m2were designed for the living of one or two people. A kitchenette and a living room are located on the first floor, a bedroom and a bathroomare located on the second floor.
Apartments-cells of type "2F" are a double version of apartments "F". Apartments-cells of type "K" with an area of 78 to 100 m2 were designed
for a large family. A corridor, a kitchen and a living roomare located on the first floor, two bedrooms and a bathroom are located on the second floor.
Due to the meridional location of the building, the windows of each apartment face out to the west and east. As a result, all bedrooms face out to the sunrise, living rooms and kitchens face out to the sunset.
A zone for owners and renters of apartments with sun loungers is on the roof of the residential buildingas in the 30s. A museum dedicated to the history and restoration of the Narkomfin’s House opens in the lobby. Cafes, bookstores and event venues are available in the communal building. There is a green walking area with viewing platforms around the buildings.
At first glance, the restoration of the Narkomfin’s House is a simple task. But it is not true. Firstly, it was difficult to find investors. Secondly, due to the residential function, the house had many owners, which complicated the renovation process.
The most important thing is the attitude to the avant-garde period. Sometimes you can meet ideological opponents who believe that constructivism is some kind of erroneous architecture. Fortunately, there are fewer and fewer such people every year. The attitude to the avant-garde is changing for the better and more and more people are interested in constructivist architecture.
The avant-garde is one of Russia's main contributions to the world culture, when we did not follow fashion, but dictated it.
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References
1.Khan-Magomedov, S. O. Architecture of the Soviet avant-garde: In 2 books: Book 1: Problems of shaping. Masters and currents. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1996. – 709 p.: ill. – ISBN 5-274-02045-3
2.Ginzburg, A.A. The building of the Narkomfin’s House. Restoration 2016-2020. – Moscow: Velkam print, 2020. – 140 p.: ill. – ISBN 978-5- 9909015-4-4
3.Cheredina, I.S. Constructivism, socialist realism, modernism. / / Moscow Heritage. – 2014 – No. 6 – 128 p.
4.Photo and information source: Restoration and adaptation of the cultural heritage object "The building of the Narkomfin’s House " (2017-2020) [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://archi.ru/projects/russia/16413/restavraciya-i-prisposoblenie-obyekta- kulturnogo-naslediya-zdanie-doma-narkomfina-(Access on: 30.09.2022).
E.V. Kartseva E.V., A.S. Tsoy
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
RESTORATION OF HOUSES FROM HISTORICAL QUARTER IN NIZHNE-VOLZHSKAYA EMBANKMENT IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD
One of the problems in contemporary city is preservation of historical quarters and adaptation of architectural monuments to new functions. There are many beautiful old streets in Nizhny Novgorod and restoration architects try to save it for future generations.
The relevance of this work is that the considered quarter is an important part of one of the oldest streets in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizne-Volzhskaya embankment. This place is visited by many tourists and forms the appearance of the embankment.
For this work were used different research methods such as the analysis of archive documents and comparison of analogues of architectural details, plans, structure and others.
The considered quarter includes two buildings and is limited by few streets (Nizne-Volzhkaya embankment, Rubny and Kozhevennyi lanes, Torgovaya Street). The structures were constructed in the early eclectic style. Such a conclusion can be done because of the architectural elements and time of construction. In the study it wasn’t possible to know the author of the project, but archival drafts were found. Besides, thanks to the archival documents the
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subsequence of construction was determined. Thus, we can see how many changes the quarter has. The first house is 4 and the second one – 5. The whole quarter was built in the second half of the 19th century [Fig.1].
Figure 1. Site development analysis
Nizhne-Volzhskaya embankment from ancient times has been known as a trading street. That is why the first stores of these houses were shops. Over time due to the extensions the courtyards appeared inside the quarter. As part of this work it was decided to preserve this and to give it a new function.
Unfortunately, the buildings do not have a status of objects of cultural heritage but take a significant place in the historical part of the city. In this work the author made a try of restoration of facades and reconstruction plans with preservation of the main walls. Also as part of the study the quarter will be adapted as a cultural complex.
One of the important things in architectural study except archival documents are old photo. Because of it we can see that house 5 had a bay window, for example. It goes without saying these sources cannot give information about small details like profiles of cornices, cover plates and others. That is why sometimes it is necessary to find analogues from the same period [Fig.2].
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