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atmosphere. The combination of white walls and steel elements, which is still popular in modern architecture, symbolizes purity.

In this project, simple and environmentally friendly materials are similarly used. Wood is used in the constructions, and the entrance group has a folded structure made of soft polycarbonate. Polycarbonate is created on the basis of salts of carbonic acid, which does not cause any harm to others and nature. Products made of polymer do not injure a person when falling; there is no need to build a heavy massive frame for fastening. The room is ventilated, through the opening roof and ventilation holes.

At each stage of its development, mankind fought against diseases and total epidemics not only by medical means, but also by organizing the environment. The obvious achievement of modern civilization is the concept of sustainable development. In architecture and urban planning, sustainable architecture standards are being developed. Sustainable architecture standards cover not only issues of environmental protection, rational use of resources, etc., but also issues of comfort and quality of the internal and external environment.

The 2020 pandemic has changed daily life and exposed functional gaps in public spaces. Post-COVID modules really meet the needs of the modern world, while remaining simple and convenient to use almost anywhere [Fig.1-3].

Figure 1-2. Post-COVID modules

Figure 3. The plan of Post-COVID modules: Modular design 820

References

1.Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning (branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "TsNIIP of the Ministry of Construction of Russia") / Architecture and the city after the pandemic Proceedings of the scientific conference November 27, 2020 Moscow. – 28 p.

2.Kochurov B.I., Blinova E.A., Ivashkina I.V. 2021. Development of Russian cities after the COVID-19 pandemic. Regional Geosystems, 45(2): P.183–193.

3.Ivashkina I.V., Kochurov B.I. 2019. Urban Ecodiagnostics and Balanced Development of Moscow. Moscow, INFRA-M, 202 p.

4.Kochurov B.I., Blinova E.A. 2020. Assessment of the environmental consequences of the use of polymer products. Theoretical and Applied Ecology,

4:210-215. DOI: 10.25750/1995-43012020-4-210-215.

5.Chernogaeva G.M., Zhuravleva L.R., Malevanov Yu.A., Peshkov Yu.V., Kotlyakova M.G., Krasilnikova T.A. 2020. Review of the state and pollution of the environment in the Russian Federation for 2019. Moscow, Roshydromet, - 247 p.

N.V. Samoilichenko, T.V. Shumilkina, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS AS A

METHOD OF RESTORATION

Recently in our university there was a direction OF RESTORATION. The article is interested in this specialty, because restoration is a science that is engaged in the preservation and restoration of architectural monuments. Restorers study ancient structures according to archival documents. They are immersed in history in order to preserve precious monuments for future generations.

Over the years, the main types of restoration work have been formed, which include:

-Preservation;

-Scientific Restoration;

-Reconstruction with a device;

-The most rare type of restoration is recreation.

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Special interest lies in this area of restoration, namely the recreation of completely lost architectural monuments and other objects of cultural heritage.

Therefore, the purpose of my research was to study examples of recreation of architectural monuments in the period of 20-21 centuries.

In accordance with the goal, the objectives of the study are defined:

1.To study the general methods of restoration works;

2.To analyze the restoration work on the reconstruction of architectural monuments in the post-war period in Europe and the USSR;

3.Identify the features of recreation of architectural monuments at the turn of the 20th-21st century and further prospects for recreation.

In the course of the study, I learned that the most significant reconstruction work in the Soviet Union was carried out after the Great Patriotic War. The war proved to be an important milestone in understanding the tasks of monument protection and restoration. The scale of the destruction was enormous not only in the USSR, but also throughout Europe. All forces were dedicated to the reconstruction of their country.

Among the most destroyed cities in Germany was the city of Dresden, which later became known as the city of ruins. After the war, people began to recreate the lost image of Dresden. The following facilities have been restored: Frauenkirche Church [Fig.1], Residence Castle, Zwinger Palace Ensemble and many others.

Figure 1. Frauenkirche in 1967 and after the restoration

However, if the restoration of the Residence Castle and Frauenkirche was a scrupulous work with maximum historical credibility, then the background development was originally planned as a stylized old-fashioned novel, without attempting to create the illusion of old. In addition, another technique of restoration in Dresden is the preservation of the remaining parts of the building and the selection of new inserts in a different color. We see this on the Frauenkirche building in particular. The same technique was later used in the capital of Germany, Berlin, where the fiercest battles took place.

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The war has caused enormous destruction. It took a long time to recreate such great structures of mankind as the Reichstag, the Berlin Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Red City Hall and many others.

It is difficult to convey the scale of destruction that occurred in Soviet cities after the Great Patriotic War, but the desire to revive one's homeland became the main task of Soviet people. Priority was given to the provision of first aid and the strengthening of monuments. The Soviet Government drafted an interim instruction on basic rehabilitation, which included:

-field survey of the monument

-Priority strengthening and protection activities

-development of restoration and restoration project.

Cities on the approaches to Moscow, as well as Leningrad about its neighborhood were especially affected. Immediately after the end of the war, the problem of reviving the world-famous monuments and palace and park ensembles of the city arose. At the end of the war in Leningrad, more than 200 objects were restored at the same time, and all works were of a restoration nature. These are the most famous monuments: the Russian Museum, the Yusupov Palace, the Engineering Castle, the Menshikov Palace and, of course, the suburbs of Leningrad. Today we remember the feat of Leningrad restorers, who at the cost of their lives revived the city. Thanks to their talent and dedication, today we have the opportunity to touch the great masterpieces of world architecture.

At the same time, the Leningrad Restoration School is becoming an example for many European specialists who refer to restoration as a serious science designed to preserve historical monuments for future generations as carefully and carefully as possible. Golden hands of restorers lifted from ruins palaces and cathedrals, including monumental painting of the St. Isaac's Cathedral, decoration of halls of the Winter palace, ensembles of the Pavlovsky palace and Peterhof.

During the war, the surroundings of Leningrad – Novgorod and Pskov – were also badly damaged.

The war gave great experience in restoration, but the real reconstruction of completely lost buildings began in Russia at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. This is, of course, due to the appeal to one's national culture and the spiritual renewal of society.

The reconstruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was a national event. It was originally built on the banks of the Moscow River at the end of the 19th century in memory of the victory of the Russian army in the war of 1812 according to the design of the architect Konstantin Ton. The temple was built for almost 44 years, but was destroyed during the Soviet period. In September 1994, the Moscow government decided to re-create the Cathedral of

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Christ the Savior in the former architectural forms. The temple was built in less than six years. The recreated temple is reproduced as close as possible to the original.

Objects such as the resurrection gate in Moscow, Kazan Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow and Kolomna palace in the village of Kolomensky near Moscow was also reconstructed.

In the course of the study, it was revealed that in Nizhny Novgorod there is also an example of recreating an architectural monumentthe Zachatiev Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.

The Conception Tower was built in the 16th century, at the same time as the Kremlin. The Conception Tower was destroyed as a result of landslides due to groundwater.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the idea of reviving the tower arose. The Nizhny Novgorod architect Svyatoslav Leonidovich Agafonov, analyzing the ancient sources of the 16th century, recreated the historical appearance of the tower in drawings. In 2011, the authorities of Nizhny Novgorod, using Agafonov's designs, decided to restore the ancient structure. This work was completed by Irina Agafonova, the daughter. After the restoration, the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin received a closed loop of walls [Fig.2].

Figure 2. Reconstruction of the Zachatievskaya Tower

Newly created objects for the 800th anniversary of N.Novgorod in the Kremlin: Cathedral of the Savior and Transfiguration Bell Tower, Church of Semion the Stolpnik.

As a result of the study, the following conclusions were reached:

1.It is established that in the post-war period in the Russian and European practice the basic concepts of scientific restoration were formulated.

2.The peculiarity of the European School of Recreation became the consideration of the monument not as a separate subject, but as an element of the urban planning structure in the historical environment.

3.It is revealed that the recreation of architectural monuments, which arose in Russia at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries, allows to revive the historical appearance of ancient buildings and preserve them for future generations.

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4. It is established that the process of recreation of the lost objects of architecture received active development in Nizhny Novgorod.

References

1.Der Zwinger zu Dresden, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, 1981

2.Joachim Fait, Klaus G. Beyer Deutsche Kunstdenkmaler: Bezirke Cottbus, Frankfurt/Oder, Potsdam und Berlin, Edition Leipzig, 1971

3.Agafonov S.L., Agafonova I.S. The thirteenth tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin //Problems of studying Ancient Russian architecture. – St. Petersburg. – 1996. – P.158-159

4.S. L. Agafonov. Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Architecture, history, restoration. Bitter. Volga-Vyatka Book Publishing House, 1976

5.Yu.P. Spegalskii and the historical and cultural heritage of the Pskov land. Materials of the scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Yu.P. Spegalsky (June 2-3, 2009). Pskov, 2009

6.Pilyavsky V. I., Tic A. A., Ushakov Yu. S. History of Russian architecture: [Textbook for architectural specialties of universities]

7.I. A. Kiryanov, "Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin" Volga-Vyatka Book Publishing House, Gorky, 1968

8.Barakhovich A.Ya., Sokolov V.A. Towers of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.- Nizhny Novgorod, RI "Behemoth", 2003

D.V. Vasileva, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF THE SURSKY FRONTIER IN THE HISTORY OF

RUSSIA

80 years have passed since the Chuvash Republic unfolded its large-scale front, which became one of the symbols of labor heroism and a special event in the history of the people of Chuvashia. It can be said that time imperceptibly moves forward, but the further the terrible years of the war go from us, the stronger the events of those heroic days acquire significance.

The object of my research remains relevant at all times. In connection with the international situation, it should be recalled how the home front workers were able to create a defensive line under inhuman conditions.

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The purpose of the article is to study the history of the Sura defensive line and evaluate the contribution of the Chuvash people in the construction of defense on the Sura River.

German invasion, which began in June 1941, required decisive measures from the top political and military leadership of the USSR, all state, public, central and local governments to stop the onslaught of the enemy. The most important task of the time was the construction of numerous defensive lines in the front-line areas and in the depths of the country.

The construction of this frontier was due to several reasons. Firstly, in view of the fact that by September 1941 the enemies had carried out a rapid movement across the territory of the European part of the USSR, it was necessary to stop him on the outskirts of the Volga. Secondly, in the event of an unsuccessful development of defensive operations for the Soviet troops and the capture of Moscow, prevent the Germans from advancing to the Ural industrial region and detain the enemy on the outskirts of a new frontier.

The general plan of work was as follows - to build a large number of ditches, trenches, firing points, dig dugouts for soldiers, build pillboxes and bunkers. Also, no one cancels the tasks of performing small engineering works, such as: mining bridges and roads at the approaches of the enemy, building wire and anti-tank barriers, delivering and extracting building materials, laying mines, building shelters, etc. All this amount of work will have to be done by people, most of whom have never faced such tasks before the start of construction. The work was carried out without a single day off for the entire construction period, without interruption even in the most severe frosts, which on some days reached -40º. Add to these the short winter days, so most of the work had to be done at night.

The remoteness of the frontier, its weak population made it difficult to accommodate people and complicated the delivery of food and fodder. People worked in the most difficult conditions, manually digging up the frozen ground with a crowbar or a shovel without the use of explosives, while there was an acute shortage of tools. Medical care was not provided at the construction site, and doctors did not visit the construction site either. People froze their limbs, fell into ditches, there were cases of collapse during excavation.

Decree of the State Defense Committee № 782 «Ob oboronitel'nom stroitel'stve» [1], it was planned to build the borders by December 10, 1941. But the planned amount of work was not completed by the deadline. Despite numerous difficulties, the construction of the Sursky defensive line on the territory of Chuvashia was completed on January 20, 1942.

In fact, the history of the construction of defensive lines on the territory of Chuvashia had not yet ended after the construction of the Sursky line had been completed. More precisely, the history of construction is over, but the next

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chapter of the great history of frontiers immediately begins. Now they had to be protected and maintained in a state of combat readiness. Speaking about the figures it is vital to mention 380 km of total length, 2347 firing points (gun and machine-gun bunkers, armored caps and artillery platforms), 1970 dugouts.

Three commandant's offices were organized for their protection. At first, the protection was carried out by horse-bicycle troops, later the plots were assigned to village councils and collective farms. On March 9, 1942, a special “Instruction for the protection and maintenance of the structures of the Sursky field defensive line in a state of combat readiness” was approved, which set the task for responsible persons to “systematically monitor the complete safety of both individual structures and the entire line as a whole.” In accordance with the directive of the Military Council of the Volga Military District of March 5, 1944, further protection and maintenance of rear defensive structures on the territory of the Chuvash ASSR were terminated. Bunkers, shelters, barracks and dugouts, suburban for vegetable stores or field camps, were recommended to be transferred to collective farms, the rest to be dismantled, and the materials to be spent on the needs of the national economy.

The creation of defensive lines has become a truly nationwide affair. In Chuvashia during 1941-1944. Tens of thousands of people were involved in their construction and further maintenance. It was a truly national feat, manifested in the unity of the army and the civilian population. At the cost of incredible human effort, the frontiers were built in the shortest possible time, but, fortunately, they never served their intended purpose.

Thus, the construction of a defensive line on the Sura River requires not only one's own assessments, but also memory. In no case should we forget the heroism of the home front workers who contributed to the Victory over the enemy. The Germans did not reach, the defensive line did not become a battlefield, but it showed people's unity in the face of danger. This is what we must remember.

The study of the Sursky frontier continues, and every year new sources are revealed as well as documents that carry new questions, grains of historical knowledge.

References

1.Postanovleniye Gosudarstvennogo komiteta oborony «Ob oboronitel'nom stroitel'stve» № GKO-782 ss., October 13, 1941. // RGASPI. F.

644.op. 1. D. 12. L. 113p.

2.Andreyev, O. V. Den' pobedy priblizhali kak mogli. Chuvashiya v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny / O. V. Andreyev, M. A. Shirokova. – Cheboksary: Chuvash book publishing house, 2020 – P. 91-92.

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3.Gazeta Respublikanskiy patrioticheskiy vestnik «Soldat» № 6 (73), September 12, 2020. // Stroiteli Surskogo rubezha [Electronic resource] – OAO «Tipografiya «Ruzayevskiy pechatnik» – URL access mode: https://goo.su/nFfzt7 (Accessed on: 20.09.2022)

4.Andreyev, O. V. Podvig truzhenikov Chuvashii: stroitel'stvo Surskogo i Kazanskogo oboronitel'nykh rubezhey / O. V. Andreyev, Ye. V. Kasimov, F. N. Kozlov, M.A. Shirokova. – Cheboksary: Chuvash book publishing house, 2021.

–P. 32-127

5.Solov'yeva, T.A. Stroitel'stvo Surskogo oboronitel'nogo rubezha i Kazanskogo obvoda v Chuvashskoy ASSR / T.A. Solov'yeva, M. M. Alekseyeva [Electronic resource] // State historical resource of the Chuvash Republic – 2017 [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stroitelstvo-surskogo-oboronitelnogo-rubezha-i- kazanskogo-obvoda-v-chuvashskoy-assr (Accessed on: 26.09.2022)

P.D. Bakina1, M.S. Aleshugin2

1Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

2Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics,

Moscow, Russia

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION

It is impossible to imagine the modern world without the use of information technology. People use gadgets every day: at home, at work, on the street, anywhere. To facilitate tasks at work, people are introducing new different ways using IT. Nowadays, information technologies also do not bypass the construction sector. IT allows you to speed up the workflow of designers, engineers, architects and many other specialists in the field of construction.

To begin with, we should find out what information technology and construction are as separate industries?

Information technologies are processes that use a set of means and methods of collecting, processing, accumulating and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process, phenomenon, information product, as well as the dissemination of information

Construction is the creation of buildings, structures. The products of construction are completed and prepared for commissioning new or reconstructed buildings and structures. In a broad sense, construction also

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includes capital and current repairs of buildings and structures, as well as their reconstruction, restoration and renovation.

The purpose of our project is as follows: To determine how information technology affects the construction industry

The task of the project: To study the relationship between information technology and construction, to find out with what resources this interconnection is carried out and to consider them in detail.

The use of IT in construction began with solving computational problems. Now these are the most complex systems for managing complex projects. Starting from the design of buildings and structures and ending with the management of objects of state supervision

Computer-aided design systems (CAD) are used to implement information technologies in construction. With their help, you can perform: architectural planning; solutions to project planning tasks; design solutions; calculate the mechanical characteristics of structures (strength, rigidity, stability, etc.); creation of documentation, design and estimate; management of the construction process itself.

It is significant to list the most popular programs in construction. They are BIM; AutoCAD; ArchiCAD; Allplan; nanoCAD; Revit; "Compass"; SCAD Office; etc.

The fastest growth in the use of IT in the construction industry has occurred in the field of internal or external communication networks for information exchange. The ability to exchange data and information between all participants of a construction project depends on communication networks. When the flow of information improves, teamwork and coordination can be improved. For example, it may be easier for the evaluation department to work with site management through a communication network so that their subcontracting estimates can be monitored and compared with actual trade figures. Instant access to the price of the goods (for example: concrete, steel, wood), an order can be made online. Moreover, the data of the previous built project can be shared internally and externally.

Considering the introduction of information technology in construction on the example of BIM modeling it is possible to note that BIM is a digital model of a building that contains the characteristics of all elements, from load— bearing walls and roofs to ball valves in a heating unit. In the BIM model, you can view materials, prices, and work schedules, while the model is simultaneously available to all construction participants. After the construction is completed, the model is transferred to the operator, and even after many years he can understand what technical solutions are used.

What problems in the field of construction are solved with the help of BIM modeling:

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