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Figure 3. The scheme of the shell with n concentrated masses: а) The general view of the shell (support bracings are conditionally hided) b) The concentrated mass with indication of

degrees of freedom (yi – rectilinear freedom degrees, φi – angular freedom degrees

In order to obtain reliable and accurate results the dynamic calculation was performed in the SCAD software and computing complex. The calculation of dynamic characteristics was held for two mutually perpendicular directions of the wind load action [Fig.4]

Figure 4. Directions of wind accepted for calculations

According to the code [5], the value of the wind load is defined as the sum of static and pulsation components (the method for determining the wind load components is described in [5]). However, due to the unique geometric characteristics of the shell, the regulatory documentation does not provide an accurate method for determining the pulsation component of the wind load, which must be taken into account when designing.

The value of wind load pulsation component in accordance with the claim 11.1.8 [1] is determined as follows:

Where is – the average component of the wind load, determined in accordance with clause 11.1.3 [1];

–the coefficient of wind pressure pulsation, determined by the formula

11.6[1] at the values of the equivalent height 10≤:

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=, where the values and are taken according to Table 11.3 [21];

– coefficient of spatial correlation of wind pressure pulsations.

To determine the dynamic characteristics of the system, the results of static and dynamic calculations in the SCAD were used. The results of the calculations are shown in Table 1:

Table 1 The result of the system calculation in the SCAD Office

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Legend:

ω1 – wave circular frequency of system;

ƒ1 – technical vibrational frequency of system; T1 – pitch of systems vibrations;

-logarithmic oscillation decrement;

-the equilibrium position of the system;

-amplitude position of the system.

Based on the result presented in Table 1, the pulsation coefficient varies in the range (0,66-0,99). Consequently, the wind load pulsation component does not exceed the static one over the entire spectrum of the shell’s self-vibration frequencies. It is confirmed by a number of other researches. Thus, for conducting preliminary estimation calculations intended for initial assignment of stiffness and determination of the stresses in the elements at early iterations it is possible to use pulsation coefficient = 1.

References

1.Panovko, Ya.G., Gubanova I.I. Ustoychivost’ i kolebaniya uprugikh system. Sovremennyye kontseptsii, paradoksy i oshibki.[Stability and oscillations of elastic systems. Mod-ern concepts, paradoxes and errors] Moscow: Nauka, Ch. editor of physics and mathematics literature. 1987. – 352 p.

2.Khazov, P.A., Molodushnaya, N. I., LAMPSI (jr.), B. B., J.D. Shchelokova, A.M. Anushchenko Sravnenie dinamicheskikh raschetnykh modeley pri opredelenii chastot i form sobstvennykh kolebaniy bol’sheproletnoy stal’noy fermy pokrytiya zdaniya velodroma [Comparison of dynamic computational models in determining the frequencies and natural vibration forms of the large-span steel covering truss of the velodrome building] Privolzhskiy nauchniy zhurnal [The Privolzhsky Scientific Journal] NNSUACE, N. Novgorod, 2019 – No 2 – p. 16-24.

3.Coulbourne, W. L., Stafford, T. E. Wind Loads Guide to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-16 /– ASCE Press, 2020 – 180 p.

4.Szaniec, W., Zielinska, K. Harmonic analysis of bar domes subjected to wind loads / International journal for computational civil and structural engineering / Publishing House ASV, LTD – Moscow, 2014 – V.10 № 4 – p. 130-134.

5.SP 20.13330.2016 Nagruzki i vozdeistvya. Aktualizirovannaya redaktciya SNiP 2.1.07-85* [Loads and effects. Actualized redaction of SNiP 2.1.07-85*]- Moscow: Minstroy Rossii, 2016. – 80 p

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A.S. Teterina, E.M. Fedotova

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

ARCHITECTS` HOUSES: A REFLECTION OF CREATOR

A private house reflects personality living there. The way people create the world around them, necessary stuff in it and relationships with subjectspatial environments is a result of communication and impact of personal as well as public interests. A human uses materials and techniques ruled by nature. It is particularly revealed when the profession of a person is to make a living space comfortable for others. Architects, designers, decorators, artists and other creative people are responsible for developing aesthetically pleasing look, coziness and convenience of human private living space.

Nowadays extraordinary skills and talent can make people notable and famous and it is realistic to quickly produce a career takeoff in the area of design. The article carries the description of houses of some genius architects. The essential thing lies in the fact that a private house has played a huge role in the evolution of the style of the architect, life and architecture in general.

People have always been inclined to form the most comfort for their living space. The article is focusing on observation of two unique architects in the modern world: one of them makes odd buildings, the other follows canons and traditions in architecture.

Frank Gehry proves his fame by showing numerous projects which are sure to be a success. The dawn of his glory stands together with the birth and dawn of modern style called deconstructivism. Being unknown, the architect bought a house which was fated to be called “the first deconstructivism building”. In the new place he made an extension, constructions which are facing the street (residence of Frank Gehry in Santa Monica [Fig.1]: extension built in 1978, the rest of house – in 1920s). The installation looks like a combination of broken edges, embedded shapes, crumpled paper. Frank Gehry used unusual erection materials to construct his dwelling. Cold and rough chainlinked net, corrugated steel, glass frames became a physical expression of an idea. This extension was a sort of a bold experiment of a creative person. His neighborhood was standing aside from the unusual and unattractive construction but exactly this one had a historical meaning in architecture. This residence in Santa Monica shows the author and the owner as a person who has a lively passion for experiments producing extremely new shapes and impressions.

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Figure 1. Residence in Santa Monica

Russian architect Mikhail Philippov is also believed to be a success. He has made a number of projects for living quarters. Mikhail Philippov represents modern classicism and successfully uses classic canons in urban states. He personally has chosen a quiet place in the countryside. His interest, his remarkable features in projecting reflected in his house (Kratovo, 2006) [Fig.2] as well. Circular layout, arch-like house remind Roman traditions of housing. Making his residence Mikhail Philippov paid attention to details. He has used classic Roman architecture stone – travertine, - set sculptures in a spacious garden. This architect has inspired the contemporary world with strict and solid but attractive and memorable canons and rules.

Figure 2. Garden in the residence in Kratovo

As it can be concluded, the creators follow their own style even planning their private living spaces. It is an important slice of learning about architecture

– own housing. Loyalty to flow you are in shows a talent to evolution as creating something new you have to support your idea but not becoming a cliché. Thereby erecting a private house in a style witnesses used to associate architect, designer or other creative person proves stability, confidence and applicability of interests and ideas in ordinary life.

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References

1.Revzin, G. I. Philippov`s Manifest. – Text : digital // Project Classica: cite. – [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: http://projectclassica.ru/m_classik/22_2007/22_classik_02.htm (Accessed: 10.10.2022).

2.Gehry Residence / Gehry Partners. – Text : digital // Archdaily : cite. – [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://www.archdaily.com/67321/gehry-residence-frank-gehry (Accessed: 13.10.2022).

3.House of architect neoclassic Mikhail Philippov. – Text : digital // Houzz: cite. – [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://filippovm.ru/inhouzz/ (Accessed: 08.05.2022).

V. A. Mazhorov, A.V. Schegoleva

Nizhny Novgorod state University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia

CONSCIOUS CONSUMPTION: YOUR INVESTMENT IN EARTH’S

FUTURE

Due to the fact that in Europe ecological topic became much more popular in Russia recently. Increasingly we hear about waste sorting, shopping planning, reducing plastic consumption etc.

However, is this problem so serious or not? Should we pay attention to such unattractive problem? Let us try to figure out. Is garbage a global problem?

Scientists discovered a new kind of crustoceans in Mariana Trench in March 2020. They found plastic pieces inside. The researches called this kind as Plasticus to pay attention to this problem.

Earth's population produces more than 2 billion tons of waste every year [1]. For comparison: this is the weight of 4 thousand Burj Khalifa skyscrapers. The speed of this production always increases. Being so speedy, we will have produced such an enormous quantity of garbage by 2050 that can fill half of Baikal by a year.

Moreover, waste is quite dangerous for people and the Planet. Landfills exude colossal quantities of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere, which enter our lungs in the end. These gases as well speed up the global warming process. Discharge from dumps get into bodies of water.

Garbage in Russia

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The average Russian produces more than 400 kg of rubbish every year, and according to forecasts, this indicator will only grow up. 90% of garbage are going to landfills, 3% are burning and only 7% get to recycling. [2]

What are we able to change?

As you can see, the waste problem is a real huge menace for the nearest future of the Earth. The situation in Russia is rather bad. However, what can ordinary people change? There is a list below of simple and effective measures, which help invest in this big general thing.

1. Develop a habit to sort your garbage

A lot of things that are thrown out as rubbish, can be useful: bottles, packages, pens, plastic covers, batteries, cans and glass, all of these might be recycled. Start small: try not to mix organic waste and other types of rubbish. Try to collect all glass and plastic bottles separately and throw it out in a special rubbish bin. If there is no such a bin in your yard, you can use a website «Recyclemap» made by Greenpeace and find the nearest sorting station.

Garbage sorting has some difficulties. There are materials and types of garbage that canot be recycled. Try to find out about this question.

2. Reduce your consumption

We do not ask you to refuse your favorite things but you should think about reducing your waste.

1 million. This is how many packages uses the humanity in only one minute. Do not buy new plastic and paper packages at the checkout. It would be much better if you will get a special reusable bag called «shopper». Use your own packages when you weigh fruits and vegetables in a supermarket.

More than 32 million trees are cut every year only to produce coffee cups. Buy your own beautiful reusable cup for a favorite drink. The same about plastic water bottles.

Plan your shopping before you go shopping. You should buy only necessary things.

3.Save what you have. If possible, use packaging and containers several times. People should not throw out unnecessary but good quality clothes. You can give it to those who are in predicament or take it to a special shop where you can even receive some money for it.

4.Save food. According to HSE Russians throw out more than 17 million tons of food every year [3]. It is a giant number. Thrown food not only does not give benefits to people but also can do harm by decomposing and exuding harmful gases to the atmosphere. Follow the rules of storage. Buy only the food that you want and can eat. You can give fresh but unnecessary products to your neighbors or people in need.

To sum up, at first sight, these actions above can seem ineffective. However, a complex of such simple measures when becoming a habit will be

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your own big investment in the Planet’s future. Share your success with your relatives, friends and then these common efforts of many people will make a visible result.

References

1.Solid Waste Management: article / Moscow. [Electronic resource] URL Access mode: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste- management (Accessed on 7 October 2022).

2.How much garbage the Russian produce [Electronic resource]: article / St. Petersburg. URL access mode: https://journal.tinkoff.ru/garbage/ (Accessed on 8 October 2022)

3.Experts calculated how much food the Russian throw out by a year [Electronic resource]: article / Moscow. URL access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/business/04/10/2019/5d94824e9a7947147992cf07 (Accessed on 8 October 2022)

A.O. Korovina, O.N. Korneva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,

Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AND PROCESSES IN LIFE

Like all sciences, physics is in a state of continuous development. Scientists are constantly discovering new phenomena and processes. Let us consider a few of them.

Everywhere we are surrounded by sounds, let us figure out what they are. Consider a sound wave in air. It is a regularly alternating compression and rarefaction of the air, starting from the sound source. Such waves are called longitudinal - the particles make wavering that goes along the direction of the wave (moving forward, the particles create compression in the wave, and moving back rarefaction).

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Figure 1. Spread sound wave

Figure 2. Spread sound wave within a certain corner a

Air molecules waver along the arrows, and the sound wave comes from the light source in all directions [Fig. 1]. Using a loud-hailer, it is possible to provide the motion of a sound wave within a certain corner a [Fig.2]. In expanse, the main direction of sound energy - it is called the direction of the sound ray. Also the compression and expansion of air at any fixed point in space are very fast so that the heat exchange between the compressed and less dense areas does not have time to happen (adiabatic compression and expansion). The

where R is the gas constant (R=8.31 J/(mol.K)), M - molar mass (for air M = 2.9 kg / mol), T - air temperature.

The speed of sound in air increases with increasing temperature. In liquids and solids spread as longitudinal (compression-rarefaction waves) and transverse waves. In a transverse sound wave, particles waver orthogonally to the direction of wave propagation.

The speed of propagation of sound waves in liquids and solids is much greater than in air. Thus, in water, sound attains at a speed of 1400 ... 1500 m /s, in granite and marble about 4000 m /s. In various tree species sound attains speed from 3000 m/s to 5000 m/s. As in air, the speed of sound in water increases with increasing temperature.

The process of cloud formation begins with the certain mass of wet air rises up. As you rise, the air will expand. This expansion can be considered adiabatic, because the air rises quickly and with a large volume. Heat exchange in the environment does not have time∆„to=happen} + eduring the rise.

(2)

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The formula for the first law of thermodynamics. It represents the law of conservation of energy for a mass of gas. The process of adiabatic expansion going on without heat exchange with∆„the=environment,+e therefore:

(3) Now the internal energy (U) is less than 0, which means the temperature of the gas decreases. The rising wet air will be cooled. When the temperature of

the cooling air drops to the dew point, the process of condensation of vapor contained in the air becomes possible. If there are enough condensation nuclei in the atmosphere, this process begins. If there are few condensation nuclei in the atmosphere, condensation does not begin at a temperature identical to the dew point at lower temperatures. So, on height H, the rising wet air will cool (as a result of adiabatic expansion), so much that water vapor begins to condense.

Figure 3. Lower cloud border (H)

Figure 4. Cloud spread above the border (Н)

Height H is the lower border of the forming cloud (Fig. 3). The air that continues to flow from below passes through this border and the process of vapor condensation will be already above the specified border - the cloud will begin to develop in height (Fig. 4).

The article described physical phenomena and their explanation with the help of physical processes. In conclusion we’d like to say that in the surrounding world, all processes are interconnected, and every natural phenomenon can be explained with the help of physics.

References

1. Tarasov, L.V. Physics in nature / L. V. Tarasov. – Text: direct // Book for students. – 1988. – S. 66-67, 177-178. – [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://fizika.tomsk.ru/sites/default/files/docs/Books/fizika_v_prirode/ (Accessed on 15.10.2022)

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