11059
.pdftrailers – people are ready to wait for a year and a half or more to purchase their own compact but individualized trailer.
The history of caravanning dates back to about 1934, when the first motorhome appeared under the sonorous name Thompson House. As for Russia, we are still gaining momentum in this direction and are focusing on the current trends in Europe and the USA. It is noteworthy, there has been positive development in this field recently, to be more exact, a network dedicated to caravanning has been created there, which suggests an updated list of the companies producing and selling mobile homes, the service centers, the campsites and the travel companies engaged in organizing routes. Therefore, we state that we are not lagging behind in this area – we are catching up with foreign countries. A worthy confirmation of this is the foundation of the Russian caravanners’ club for training the tourists, as well as the fact that the club became a member of the international federation of camping and caravanning.
Generally, the prototype of automobile houses are rightfully considered to be the vans of ancient people, which were made in the form of mobile carts and were used for the needs of cattle breeding and work with horses. To date, the car is no longer like a van, but a bus, with comfortable seats and sleeping places available inside. Of course, there is a bio toilet, a shower, and a washbasin in the cabin. The interest of the population of the Russian Federation in motorhomes began to increase significantly in 2020 – against the background of a pandemic, closed borders and the development of domestic tourism. In the conditions of quarantine, tourists who are used to having a comfortable rest, unfortunately, were driven into an inconvenient framework: COVID-19, compliance with the mask regime, etc. As for caravanning, it was able to provide travelling together with comfort, while not violating the established order.
For the reason that caravanning is well developed abroad, most motorhomes come to Russian tourists from there. However, in recent years, our compatriots have been increasingly interested in this format of trips, which could not but result in the development of production within the country.
The demand among the inhabitants of Europe for travel equipment (motorhomes and residential trailers) stimulates the demand for camping – parking for motorists. According to official statistics, Spain, France, Italy, England and Germany occupy the first places in terms of the number of campsites in the country. As far as the campsites in Russia are concerned, there are no official statistics on the number of campsites in Russia yet.
Thus, for Russia, caravanning can be said to be a new type of tourism. It began to develop rapidly about 3 years ago but nowadays it is possible to observe positive dynamics, namely, the opening of the market for the leading foreign and domestic manufacturers of motorhomes and trailers, the holding of local and international events for caravanners, the activities of companies
1090
contributing to the development of caravanning in our country. Nevertheless, there are still factors slowing down the development of this direction.
On the basis of the work carried out we have come to the conclusion that caravanning in Russia is a developing industry. Now more and more companies in Russia are engaged in the production, sale and rental of "houses on wheels". There are many beautiful tourist destinations – lovely places, mysterious places, and interesting routes. Caravanning will give an opportunity to unite families, gather people together and have an unforgettable journey.
References
1.Kempingi i turbazy` v Rossii [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://www.camping.info/ru/strana/rossiya?adults=2&flex=2 (Access on 10.17.2022)
2.Koshelenko A.V. Faktory` razvitiya karavaninga kak vedushhego trenda v mirovoj industrii turizma // Nauka i biznes: puti razvitiya. 2021. – №6 (120). – P. 113-115. [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: http://globaljournals.ru/assets/files/journals/science-and-business/120/sb-6 (120)-2021-main.pdf (Access on 10.17.2022)
3.Na kolesax: koronavirus podtolknul rossiyan k puteshestviyam na avtomobile [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2020/05/28/13099825.shtml (Access on 10.17.2022)
4.National Association of Automotive Tourism and Caravanning [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://automototravel.com/ (Access on 10.17.2022).
M.S. Lapékhina, I.L. Dmitriéva
Université d’Etat d’architecture et de génie civil de Nijni Novgorod, Nijni Novgorod, Russie
TECHNOLOGIES INNOVANTES DANS LA CONSTRUCTION EN
RUSSIE ET EN FRANCE
La construction est actuellement l'une des industries les plus importantes dans le monde entier. En raison du développement constant de la science, d'autres domaines de la vie des gens se développent également.
Le but de mon travail est d'identifier les caractéristiques communes et différentes des technologies innovantes dans le domaine de la construction en Russie et en France. La pertinence du sujet que j'ai choisi est que, grâce à
1091
l'analyse des innovations dans deux pays, vous pouvez apprendre quelles technologies de construction ne sont pas assez développées dans notre pays et dont le développement et la mise en œuvre doivent être accélérés.
Au début de notre travail, on a décidé de découvrir quelles sont les innovations dans la sphère du génie civil. En étudiant cette question, on a découvert que les nouvelles technologies dans la construction sont introduites plus lentement que dans d'autres domaines. Cela est dû au fait que la construction de bâtiments est un processus très long et que l'expérience de certaines innovations à un rythme rapide ne fonctionnera pas.
En ce qui concerne les innovations, en comparant la Russie et la France sur cette question, on a trouvé de nombreuses similitudes.
L'une des technologies les plus populaires est la technologie BIM (Modélisation des informations sur le bâtiment). Grâce à Internet, il permet à plusieurs concepteurs de travailler sur la conception du bâtiment. Cette technologie contient toutes les données sur le projet et permet de modifier sa conception, ce qui réduit le temps de développement du projet, ainsi que l'obtention de données sur l'environnement.
A l'heure actuelle dans la construction les matériaux préférés sont la brique, le béton, le bois. Néanmoins, dans de nombreux pays on a déjà commencé à préférer de nouveaux matériaux de construction tels que: verre intelligent, plaque de céramique flexible, béton cellulaire et d’autres. Ce dernier exemple est utilisé dans la construction de bâtiments de faible hauteur, ce qui permet de réduire la consommation de matériaux lors de la construction de murs.
Au 21ème siècle, dans de nombreux domaines de la vie, l'écologie a commencé à prévaloir, et la construction ne fait pas exception. En Russie et en France, des maisons écologiques – respectueuses de l’environnement – sont activement créées. Ces structures sont construites conformément aux normes de sécurité environnementale. Ils sont complètement inoffensifs pour les humains, la nature et l'écologie. Cependant, ces maisons sont très chères, donc vous ne les rencontrerez pas souvent.
En outre, si l'on considère la construction à plus grande échelle, on peut distinguer une autre caractéristique commune. C’est l'utilisation de la Big Data, ce qui représente le travail avec une quantité massive de données. Dans les temps modernes, il est largement utilisé dans l'urbanisme. Big Data, par exemple, analyse les données sur les habitants de la ville et le trafic, analyse les besoins des gens, ce qui aide à la conception et à la construction de maisons. Grâce à ce système, des cartes intelligentes des villes sont créées.
Dans le monde moderne, l'Intelligence Artificielle n'est plus un mythe. Dans le domaine de la construction, l'Intelligence Artificielle et l'apprentissage automatique sont activement utilisés. L'application de ces innovations facilite
1092
grandement le travail sur le projet, réduit les risques de sécurité et bien plus encore. Grâce à l'Intelligence Artificielle, par exemple, il est possible de suivre les progrès sur le chantier.
Enfin, une autre caractéristique commune entre la Russie et la France est l'utilisation de l'impression 3D. Cette technologie vous permet de construire un objet immobilier en raison de la superposition progressive du mélange de construction sous contrôle automatique. L'avantage est qu'il peut s'agir d'un processus continu au détriment du travail 24 heures sur 24 sans temps d'arrêt. Particulièrement efficace, la technologie a fait ses preuves dans la création de structures géométriques complexes et de formes originales.
Ainsi, à la suite de l'analyse, on a identifié des points communs dans le domaine de la construction en Russie et en France. Cependant, nous avons encore trouvé de telles technologies qui sont utilisées en Europe, mais pas encore si activement utilisées en Russie.
L'une de ces innovations a été l'utilisation de drones. Grâce à eux, il est devenu possible de suivre l'avancement de la construction, de cartographier le site, d'intégrer une simulation 3D du bâtiment vue aérienne. Le drone est assez coûteux mais facile à manipuler et capable d'atteindre des endroits difficiles d'accès pour l'homme. C'est un outil qui contribue à l'optimisation de la sécurité sur le site de construction, permet le diagnostic des structures en temps réel.
Une autre technologie est l'utilisation de la Blockchain. Grâce à elle, dans la construction, il est possible d'améliorer la transparence de chaque type d'accord dans le cadre de la construction.
Et enfin, les doubles numériques. Ces technologies sont utiles à toutes les étapes de la construction. Par exemple, lors de la phase de conception, un modèle informatique du bâtiment est créé, qui prend en compte la manière dont les systèmes d'Ingénierie et les capteurs installés sur le site interagissent. Le double numérique aidera à systématiser les données sur tous les éléments du système et sur les conceptions. Le processus de conception deviendra moins laborieux.
Résumons-nous. On a identifié des points communs entre le domaine de la construction en Russie et en France, ils sont: utilisation de technologie BIM, utilisation des matériaux modernes, bâtiments respectueux de l'environnement, Big Data, Intelligence Artificielle et apprentissage automatique. On s’est intéressé à une autre question importante: ‘Quelles technologies existe-t-il en France, mais pas encore en Russie?’ Maintenant on va les préciser: utilisation de drones, utilisation rationnelle de ressources en énergie, Blockchain, les doubles virtuels.
En comparant les données des pays, on peut remarquer qu’en France ils disposent de techniques de pointe dans le domaine de la construction, la Russie ne reste pas immobile et introduit également des technologies innovantes.
1093
Récemment, dans notre pays, le rythme de développement de l'industrie de la construction a commencé à augmenter. Dans le futur, on voudrait mettre en place plus vite de nouveaux développements dans l’industrie de la construction.
Références
1. Zoom sur l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies dans la construction. [Ressource électronique]. – URL: https://www.fedconstruction.fr/actualites/zoom-sur-l-utilisation-des-nouvelles- technologies-dans-la-construction (Access on 10.15.2022)
2.Building information modeling (BIM): notre guide complet 2020-2021. [Ressource électronique]. – URL: https://batiadvisor.fr/bim/ (Access on 10.15.2022)
3.Nouvelle technologie du bâtiment: quelles implications? [Ressource électronique]. – URL: https://www.planradar.com/fr/nouvelle-technologie-du- batiment-en-2021-quelles-implications/ (Access on 10.15.2022)
V.A.Chvala, Е.M.Fedotova
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
DESIGNER ROLE IN PRODUCT WORKFLOW
The most important part of making a successful online product is to allocate time and tasks in a team. This is where product workflow helps. It is a way of organizing product creating process without falling into chaos.
1094
Figure 1. Product workflow roadmap
Product workflow is a way of organizing product creating process without falling into chaos. The process rarely starts with "ideas". Instead it begins with understanding the business, the users (or potential users), the problems, and often opportunities. At this stage you are trying to figure out what problems customers or potential customers are having.
Once you figure out the problems, you move on to finding solutions. This stage can be complex and, depending on the problem you're trying to solve, can take as long as the creation stage.
Once you have good confidence that the solution will resolve the problem, then it's time to start building your product. This is when the team begins to work through the requirements discussed in the solution phase.
The cycle doesn't end with launching what you've built. You need to measure it and collect feedback. Whatever you build needs to move business metrics. Otherwise, why would you build it. As soon as a few users begin to experience your new product, it's time to get feedback and measure the business impact.
The designer role appears at all stages of workflow. In the first phase, it is the product designer on the team who is responsible for the research that will identify problems and opportunities. This research is put into a special report, which is used to look for solutions to problems. Once the solutions are found, the designer builds wireframe based on them.
Later on in the Build phase, it is the designer who deals with the visual part of the product and makes UI Design and System based on the wireframes, and gives them to the development team.
In the same way, product designers always stay after the launch of the project to update and add elements depending on the metrics. That means that design processes are present at all stages of product development, from start to finish.
In the beginning of the product workflow there is more UX design, while the UI design starts towards the end.
UX-design (User Experience) is responsible for how the interface works. This is how the user interacts with the product. Whether his goal (for example, to buy a product in an online store) is achievable, how easy or difficult it is to do.
UI design (User Interface) is responsible for how the interface looks. This is everything a person interacts with when using a digital product, from the color of the icons to the soundtrack or animations.
One part cannot exist without the other. Now it is hard to imagine that you can design an interface and not think about how it will look, and you can't design UI in isolation from the design of UX.
1095
References
1.Hines E. Mastering your product delivery: a guide on workflow management : 2018, URL — https://www.mindtheproduct.com/mastering-your- product-delivery-a-guide-on-workflow-management/
2.Cagan M. — “Inspired: How to Create Tech Products Customers Love”: Wiley Publishing, 2017, P. 120 -148.
3.Gonzalez C. (2017). “The Product Book: How to Become a Great Product Manager”: Product School, 2017, P. 87 -112.
S.E. Semenyak, E.M. Fedotova
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS OF ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENT IN
THE MODERN WORLD
The paper is devoted to the analysis of the past and present architecture and prediction of new trends in the nearest future.
The article considers the history and main features of architecture trends of the 20th century.
Functionalism is consciousness and awareness. The form should correspond to the function – this is the motto of the direction of architecture, which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in Europe.The prerequisite for the revolution in architecture was a breakthrough in construction technologies, or rather the appearance of reinforced concrete. Moving away from massive brick walls and simplifying the structural scheme to the frame.
Unlike functionalism, constructivism has a wide variety of architectural forms: cubes, parallelepiped, window circles.
Expressionism originated after the First World War. The form had to correspond to a certain mental state.
Brutalism did not last long, collapsed as a model of bad taste. The name comes from the French "beton brut" - raw concrete. The structures are heavy and crude.
Metabolism emerged in Japan. The building can have as constant as organically changing elements over time.
Alongside this our research includes modern architectural styles. Often new aesthetic trends do not find a response either in the hearts or minds of
1096
people. The same fate befalls modern architectural trends, which often remain misunderstood, are not accepted for a long time and are denied by society. However, after some time, any creation finds its fans, and the initially condemned stylistic trends are firmly inculcated in our lives.
The leading architectural styles of our time are also embodied in the projects.
Nowadays it is hard to imagine modern architecture without hi-tech. The main characteristic feature of the style is the use of high technologies and the advanced materials in construction, a clear structuring of the construction of objects. The hallmark of high-tech buildings is metal and glass. Metal in the structure allows you to erect buildings of bizarre shapes and raise them to an incredible height, and panoramic glazing completes the decorative appearance and makes the style easily recognizable (Norman Foster's City Hall and Renzo Piano's The Shard skyscraper.
One of the branches of the hi-tech style is bio-tech or organic (bionic) architecture. The idea of such architecture, according to which buildings should resemble a living organism, was expressed in the 1st half of the 20th century by the British architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Although construction bionics seems to be crazy today.
Currently many structures have already been built that imitate certain natural forms: caves, mountain slopes, sea waves or even living creatures. Deconstructivism is one of the most fashionable and expressive styles in architecture, among its characteristic features are broken shapes and lines, complex structures and some visual aggressiveness. One of the most famous buildings is the facade of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto by Daniel Libeskind.
Blob is sure to be the youngest modern style, not yet fully formed, but rapidly gaining popularity. Blob-style structures have special fluid, floating forms, as if changing at different angles. A typical representative of this style is The Kunsthaus Gallery of Modern Art in Graz.
The next style the paper concerns is modernist style. The building forms of modernity are asymmetrical, the structures are large, there are no straight lines, the abundance of decor components is even superfluous. During modernism, the construction of high-rise buildings had an extensive spread.
Minimalism. Nothing superfluous. The components of the decor are minimized, the search for perfect ratios, the latest color combinations. Highquality steel dominates, curved shapes.
Architecture today is not only about building design. It is about the environment, people, the composition of materials and even virtual space. A mixed approach to architecture, combined with other disciplines, will be in trend for the next 10 years.
1097
The introduction of neural networks and other types of machine calculations will affect all areas related to architecture and urban planning. The use of neural networks will optimize both the construction of buildings and the design of structures, and the production of materials.
Architectural structures have many performance indicators. One of the main ones is weight. It needs to be reduced to minimize the cost of structures and the ecological footprint, while increasing the speed of construction. This problem can be solved with the help of biomimetics, which studies natural objects, living organisms and their waste products to search for principles that can be transferred to design.
Architects come up with ways to produce materials in synthesis with biological forms. This, in turn, allows you to create growing, self-regulating or even self-producing architectural structures. For example, experiments with constructive materials based on fungal mycelium are now actively underway (figure1). The possibility of using blue-green algae and bacteria to regulate the internal atmosphere, illumination and electricity generation is also being considered.
Figure 1. Biodegradable pavilion made of mushroom mycelium
In 21th century we have to appeal to modern technologies, not only for relaxing and having fun, but for extremely important parts of our life.
VR and AR are the superimposition of virtual elements in reality. Virtual reality technologies have long ceased to be a lot of the entertainment industry. They penetrate into serious areas: medicine, industry, construction.
VR is most often used in architecture for concept presentations. It can be difficult for architects to explain their ideas in words. With the help of VR, a specialist can show the customer an option that is as close to reality as possible. Also, the development of the project itself requires less time. Plus, making edits and checking them is also much faster. At the same time, the reduction of the time spent absolutely does not affect the quality of work.
Nowadays 3D printing is used not only for design, but also directly for the production of buildings. There are companies that print them. 3D printing concept - the printer squeezes out a layer—by-layer liquid mixture, level by level, creating a structure based on a three-dimensional model. The prepared
1098
mix of concrete, filler, plasticizer and other components is loaded into the hopper of the device and fed to the printhead. The mixture is applied to the surface of the pad or to the previous printed layers.
A two-storey mansion in Beckum in Germany is the first 3D-printed residential building with an area of about 80 square meters (figure 2). The building is a structure with three-layer hollow walls filled with insulating mass. Installation of hollow pipes and connections during printing was carried out manually.
For architects, new means of production are not only related to construction technology, but also give them the opportunity to create a new aesthetic language.
Robots are currently used in design and construction, but what is even more interesting is the robotization of the architecture itself. This allows you to create adaptive and iterative constructions that change over time.
Experiments are continuing, in which many robots come together, creating architectural volumes. Everything is still at the experimental stage, but close to implementation.
Figure 2. Two-storey mansion in Beckum, Germany
In conclusion, it is worth saying that architecture is undergoing changes towards modernization and automation. It follows the path of technological progress, drawing a lot of ideas from there, which not only greatly facilitates the creation of new buildings and structures, but also gives freedom to the creative potential and inspiration of architects.
References
1.Goldberger P. Why architecture matters // P. Goldberger. - Moscow, 2017. 264 p.
2.Brook D. A history of future cities // D. Brook. - Translated from English — M.: Strelka Press, 2016. 436 p.
3.Hollis L. Cities for your benefit: The Genius of the metropolis // L. Hollis. - Translated from English — M.: Strelka Press, 2015. — 432 p.
1099