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characteristics of panels used in the construction of spacecraft. However, in traditional cellular spacecraft panels, soldering is very expensive due to slow thermal radiation. Soldering these plates costs ten times cheaper.

The modules are fastened together using special bolts. Since all communications are connected in advance, after the assembly it remains only to connect electricity and water supply, and then an owner can move into his apartments.

The project cost $3 million. According to the initiators of the campaign, it is possible to erect buildings of various purposes in this way, including skyscrapers hundreds of meters high.

To demonstrate the seriousness of its intentions and to test the technology in action, Broad Group in 2012 erected a 30-storey structure in the same district of Changsha in 15 days [3].

As for the technology itself, which was demonstrated in 2021, they intend to promote it further, because in the future it will allow to construct buildings of 10-30 floors and higher in hours, which can significantly change the real estate market.

Despite the fact that the CTS plates are made of new materials, the strength calculation and calculation of the structural system comply with generally accepted construction standards, including the Chinese standard, as well as US and EU standards, which allows them to be used in construction worldwide in the future [6].

Thus, the widespread opinion that it is impossible to build a good and high-quality house in an extremely short time is a thing of the past. Builders in China have proved to the whole world that it is possible and necessary to build quickly and efficiently.

References

1.Broad Group: [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: http://en.broad.com/m/ProductDetail-76.aspx (Accessed 06.10.2022)

2.Russian-Asian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Electronic resource] – URL: https://raspp.ru/business_news/top-chinese-technologies/ (Accessed 10/06/2022)

3.TV channel "Science": [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://naukatv.ru/news/v_kitae_postroili_10etazhku_za_28_chasov (Accessed 07.10.2022)

4.Guo, Qinghua. Chinese Architecture and Planning. Ideas, Methods, Techniques/ Qinghua Guo. - Sungnam, Korea, 2005. - 166 p.

5.Core Tubular Stainless Steel (CTS) Slabs. Applications in Residential System - Mar.20, 2018 R&D Dep – Privacy level Public.

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6. Problems and prospects of the Chinese construction industry. To cite this article: L G Rudykh et al 2021. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. sci. 751 – IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.

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N.N. Darenkova, E.K. Ozhegina

Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES OF DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART STUDIED BY STUDENTS OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITIES

The formation of professional competencies of students is the main one in the educational process of the university. During the training, students of forestry universities receive professional knowledge, skills and abilities [1].

For example, some students of the landscape architecture faculties study decorative art.

Decorative arts include

- monumental and decorative art (stained glass windows, statues, mosaics,

etc.);

-decorative and applied art (household art products);

-design art of museum expositions, exhibitions, etc. [2].

One of the types of decorative art is mosaic. In Russia, the first mosaics appeared in the XI century (St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev: mosaic image of the Mother of God "The Indestructible Wall and "The Lord Almighty").Wooden and mosaic goods were mainly foreign, but their production was established in some regions of Russia. For example, in the village of Maklakovo, Nizhny Novgorod province, wooden mosaic products were produced (caskets, tables, etc.). Natural and painted multicolored plaques or plywood were used for mosaics [3].

Mosaic is a pattern of pieces of wood, glass, ceramic tiles, etc. It is used to decorate the interiors of public buildings, monumental structures, easel paintings, furniture, musical instruments, weapons, etc. The mosaic has several varieties. A special place is occupied by wood mosaic (inlay, block mosaic, intarsia, marquetry).

Inlay is the decoration of the object by embedding into its surface shaped pieces of other materials that form a pattern that does not protrude above the surface. It was widely used in ancient Greece and ancient Rome to decorate wood products. Wood inlay is a decorative technique when thin single–layer plywood (1.6-3.2 mm thick) of various colored wood species is glued to the frame of furniture. This technique was popular in England for the manufacture of wardrobes in XVII century.

Block mosaic is a technique when blocks of multicolored wooden blocks or plates are glued together, then cut across into many thin plates with the same pattern. The plates are inserted into the recesses or glued. This technique was invented in the Ancient East.

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Intarsia is an inset in a certain pattern into the background veneer of pieces of a different breed or a different color. It was invented in Ancient Egypt.

Marquetry is a type of mosaic on wood, when a mosaic set consists of pieces of veneer of different types of wood, sometimes other materials are added (mother–of-pearl, semi-precious stones, etc.). Marquetry appeared in the second half of the XVI century after the invention of a machine for the production of sawn veneer. The veneer became valuable wood species: black, red, rose trees. They lined furniture made of inexpensive rocks.

Currently, the marquetry technique is widely used, as this technique is simple and does not require complex tools. The process of manufacturing mosaic parts can be mechanized, which allows to organize serial production of products. But a different set of colors in one drawing makes each product original.

In the marquetry technique, students can create furniture decorations, souvenir decorations, complex thematic compositions, mosaic paintings [4].

Since the marquetry technique is simple and does not require complex tools, it is most often used in university classes.

In the classroom, after studying the theoretical foundations of the marquetry technique, students master the process of designing an art object, which begins with the development of an idea and concept.

The marquetry technique consists of several stages

-an ornament is drawn, then it is divided into separate elements (painted in different colors);

-the drawing is cut into elements and transferred to sheets of the required color. A special knife is used to cut out the desired part;

-details fill the voids cut in the background sheet;

-every detail is fastened with gummed paper, a single sheet is formed;

-the parts are fixed on flat wood surfaces, put under the press;

-the ready surface is varnished.

The following tools and materials are needed in the work:

a knife, 2 particle boards, veneer, masking tape, PVA glue, varnish, paint brushes and stationery buttons.

The use of laser technology could improve the quality of goods, apply new design solutions, increase productivity and flexibility of production. With the help of laser technology, it is possible to produce small parts of a very complex shape [5].

Studying traditional techniques of decorative and applied art of Russia and foreign countries, students learn to design, work with color and shape, use traditional innovative tools and materials [6].

The acquired knowledge and skills of using traditional techniques of decorative and applied art relate not only to general cultural competencies, but

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also to general professional ones that students should possess. With a large number of competencies, students will be able to respond to the demands of the labor market in a timely manner, adapt faster to the constantly changing living conditions.

References

1. Bogdanov, I.V. Technology for creating a wooden mosaic in the style of marquetry / IV Bogdanov // Service in Russia and abroad. - 2007, - No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/(Accessed on 20.10.2022).

2.Vinogradov, V.Yu. Precision laser cutting of sliced veneer for inlaid furniture / V.Yu. Vinogradov, E.P. Chubarov, V.V. Sedykh// Forestry bulletin. - 2000. - No. 4, - [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/(Accessed on 20.10.2022)

3.Kosogorova, L.V. Fundamentals of arts and crafts: a textbook for students of institutions of higher professional education./L.V. Kosogorova, L.V. Neretina. – M.: Ed. Center "Academy", 2012. – 224 p.

4.Saltykova, G.M. Methods of teaching design in teaching students of the direction of training "design" / L.V. Kosogorova // Scientific notes of the Oryol State University. Series: Humanities and social sciences, 2021. No. 3 (92). – P. 289-291.

5.Sinitsyna L.A. Formation of ideas and design stages on the example of a book layout / L.A. Sinitsyna, E.Yu. Rukavishnikova.// Concept, 2014. - spec. issue #06. – [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: http://e- koncept.ru/2014/14571.htm (Accessed on 19.10.2022)

6.Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron, 1890-1907. [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: http://rus-brokgauz-efron.slovaronline.com (Accessed on 19.10.2022)

F. Sh. Bekmurzaeva

Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University named after S.M. Kirov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD: CONCEPT STUDY

Each language reflects the mentality of the people, that is, «a certain way of perceiving and organizing (conceptualizing)» the world. This system of views, necessarily inherited by all native speakers, reflects naive ideas about the

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inner world of a person. It accumulates the experience of dozens of generations [11].

According to G.A. Brutyan, the linguistic picture of the world is knowledge fixed in words and phrases of languages [3]. That is, the linguistic picture of the world is the conceptualization of the surrounding reality. The concept, in turn, is the basic unit of the linguistic picture of the world. All concepts are intertwined and form a single organism – the conceptual picture of the world. It is important to note that in a language a concept can be represented by a different number of verbal means at different levels of the language. For example, a concept медведь is represented in Russian by different words relating to different parts of speech and phrases: мишка, косолапый, слон в посудной лавке, мишутка, миша, хищник, косолапый, Михайло Иванович,

хозяин леса, умка, неловкий, гризли etc. The same thing happens in other languages: in English, for example, the concept horse is represented by such lexemes as courser, racer, stallion, steed etc. [1], in Spanish, the concept lobo is conveyed by the word colmilleja.

Many scientists agree that concept is the basic unit of mentality, which «is implemented within the boundaries of a verbal sign in particular and language in general and appears in meaningful forms as an image, as a notion and as a symbol» [6]. In other words, concept is a multilevel complex structure that contains the experience of generations at all stages of its development.

The multilevel structure of any concept begins with motivating signs – the first signs. A concept nomination etymology is revealed with the help of etymological dictionaries. According to N.M. Shansky’s Etymological Online Dictionary of the Russian Language, медведь literally means «honey eater». The word is a euphemism that replaced the Indo-European name for the bear [13].

The analysis of explanatory dictionaries and language material reveals the notional structure of concepts. Thus, in the Small Academic Dictionary of A.P. Evgenieva, медведь is defined as a large predatory, omnivorous mammal with a large heavy body covered with thick hair and short legs [9]. There are many studies in the scientific community devoted to notional signs: A.B. Bodrikov «Conceptual features of the term pobeda (victory): a cognitive and linguoculturological analysis» [2], M.G. Yurchenko «On the formation of conceptual features in the structure of the mentor concept in the 20 – 21 centuries» [14], etc.

The figurative component of the concept structure is found in the language material (А утром, видно, встав не с той ноги, медведь, как сломанная кукла, плакал… С.В. Петров. Сибирская элегия; «Полгода с гаками природу корчевали»; По-кошачьи белый медведь, слюня лапу, моет скулу… Н.А. Клюев. «Я постороил воздушный корабль…»). Figurative

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signs are also presented in many scientific works: R.P. Kuzmina, F.Sh. Bekmurzaeva «Ethnic, linguistic and cultural concept "olen": image signs in the Russian and Even linguistic worldviews» [8], O.A. Plakhova «The role of perceptive component in the structure of mythological concept» [10] and others.

The symbolic component of concepts is found both in dictionaries of symbols and in language material. A bear, appearing in the spring from a winter den with a teddy bear, is a symbol of resurrection, new life. In heroic myths, it is a solar symbol. It is the emblem of the Kingdom of Persia and Russia [12]. A bear as a symbol of solarity and resurrection is brightly represented in K. Chukovsky's fairy tale "The Stolen Sun". In this fairy tale, grandfather bear returns the sun that was stolen (… Ну, спасибо тебе, дедушка, за солнышко! К. Чуковский. «Краденое солнце»). Works devoted to symbolic component of concepts are also numerous: A.A. Kasymova «Symbolic concepts of сын and son in Russian and English linguocultures» [5], etc.

The linguistic picture of the world is characterized by ethnic originality. Wilhelm von Humboldt claimed that nothing else could bring closer to unraveling the mysteries of human being and the character of peoples like their language. It is possible to reveal national specifics through comparative studies of concepts of different linguistic pictures of the world. There are many examples of such studies in the scientific community that contribute to the disclosure of the originality of different peoples’ way of thinking: F.Sh. Bekmurzaeva "Linguistic picture of the world in animalistic aspect" [1], N.V. Zhdanova «Comparison of the linguocultural concept "communication" in English and Russian languages» [4], N.A. Krasavsky «Emotional concepts in German and Russian linguocultures» [7], etc.

Thus, linguistic picture of the world correlates with a concept – conceptual picture of the world. Being a verbalizer of the conceptual picture of the world, the linguistic picture of the world has an important role to play in the process of conceptualizing the surrounding reality and reflecting the existential, everyday – naive vision of the world.

References

1.Bekmurzayeva F.Sh. Linguistic picture of the world in animalistic aspect: monograph / F. Sh. Bekmurzayeva. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2022. – 241 p.

2.Bodrikov A.B. Conceptual features of the term pobeda (victory): a cognitive and linguoculturological analysis // International Scientific Research Journal, №2 (116), Part 3, 2022. P.130 –135.

3.Brutyan G.A. Language and picture of the world // philosophical sciences. – 1973. – № 1 – P. 108 – 111.

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4.Zhdanova N.V. Comparison of the linguocultural concept "communication" in English and Russian languages / N.V. Zhdanova, D.K. Obozny // Actual problems of philology: materials of the II International Scientific Conference (Krasnodar, February 2016). – Krasnodar: Novation, 2016. – P. 87 – 90.

5.Kasymova A.A. Symbolic concepts of сын and son in Russian and English linguocultures // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication. 2021. № 4. P. 64 – 72.

6.Kolesov V.V. Mental characteristics of the Russian word in language and in philosophical intuition // Language and ethnic mentality: Collection of scientific tr. Petrozavodsk, 1995.

7.Krasavsky N.A. Emotional concepts in German and Russian linguocultures. Monograph. Volgograd: Peremena, 2001. – 495 p.

8.Kuzmina R.P., Bekmurzayeva F.S. Ethnic, linguistic and cultural concept "olen": image signs in the Russian and Even linguistic worldviews // International Scientific Research Journal, № 9 (111), Part 3, 2021. P. 153 –157.

9.Small academic dictionary of Evgenieva A.P. [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://lexicography.online/explanatory/mas/(Accessed on 19.10.2022)

10.Plakhova O.A. The role of perceptive component in the structure of mythological concept // Bulletin of the NGU. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication. 2012. Volume 10, issue 1. 2012. P. 83 – 88.

11.Ideas about the linguistic picture of the world of academician Yu. D. Apresyan [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://studwood.net/1388344/literatura/predstavleniya_yazykovoy_kartine_mir a_akademika_apresyana. (Accessed on 18.10.2022)

12.Dictionary of symbols. [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: http://religion.niv.ru/doc/dictionary/symbols/fc/slovar-204.htm#zag-476. (Accessed on 18.10.2022)

13.Etymological online dictionary of the Russian language of N.M. Shansky [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://lexicography.online/etymology/shansky (Accessed on 19.10.2022)

14.Yurchenko M.G. On the formation of conceptual features in the structure of the mentor concept in the 20 – 21 centuries // Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University. 2022. № 1 (459). Philological Sciences. Issue

127.P. 137-144.

V.S. Erschova , G.D. Novikov , E.A. Pushkareva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

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Engineering, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

ÖKOLOGISCHER BAU

Die Forschung ist dem Thema «Ökologischer Bau» gewidmet, weil er eine notwendige Maßnahme zum Schutz der Umwelt ist. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist die Erforschung, warum sich ökologisches Bauen rasant entwickeln soll. In der Arbeit werden Beispiele in der Welt, wo es bereits verwendet wird, dargestellt, und Aussichten von dieser Art des Baus in Russland beurteilt.

In Deutschland wird zurzeit schnell auf „ökologisches Bauen“ umgestellt. [1-3]. Nach Angaben der Experten setzen etwa 70 % der Bauunternehmen Umweltprinzipien in ihren Projekten um. Darüber hinaus planen viele Unternehmen, dieses Niveau in den kommenden Jahren zu erreichen. Zu dem bekanntesten Projekt im Ausland gehört Masdar City in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten, LCD "Vertical Forest" (Mailand, Italien), Stadt Songdo in Südkorea und andere. Masdar ist das weltweit erste CO2-freie grüne Stadtprojekt, das in Abu Dhabi, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate, entwickelt wird. Eine Stadt, die ausschließlich mit Solarenergie und anderen erneuerbaren Energiequellen betrieben wird.

Die Wohnanlage LCD "Vertical Forest" aus zwei Hochhäusern wurde 2014 errichtet. Um die Luftqualität im Bereich der Porta Nuova zu verbessern, gestalteten die Architekten Terrassen mit Bäumen, Sträuchern und Blumen auf jeder Etage. Insgesamt wurden hier etwa 900 Bäume und 5.000 Sträucher gepflanzt.

Das Songdo-Projekt soll diese Stadt zur grünsten der Welt machen. Alle seine Gebäude sind um den riesigen Central Park mit einer Fläche von mehr als 40 Hektar herum gebaut wie in New York. Es wird mit einer großen Anzahl trockenheitsresistenter Pflanzen bepflanzt, die so ausgewählt werden, dass sie dem lokalen Klima entsprechen und die Bewässerungskosten minimieren. Neben der Funktion der Stadtbegrünung dient der Park auch als Nistplatz für Zugvögel.

Russland hat Perspektiven im ökologischen Bauen. Das Land hat bereits viele grüne Gebäude deklariert. „Hypercube“ im Skolkovo Innovation Center (LEED) ist ein Projekt, das mit vielen Innovationen umgesetzt wurde, darunter Erdwärmepumpen zum Heizen und Kühlen des Gebäudes, Sonnenkollektoren usw. Japanese House Business Center (BREEAM In-Use) ist die erste Anlage in Russland, die nach dem BREEAM-Schema zertifiziert wurde.

Halbautonomes Haus in Nischni Nowgorod ist das fertiggestellte Multifunktionsprojekt eines Privathauses mit massivem Verbrauch regenerativer

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Energiequellen (Mikroerzeugung aus Sonne, Erde und Wind). Es ist zugleich ein funktionierender Technikschauraum.

Zum dem wichtigsten Impuls für die Entwicklung des ökologischen Bauens in Russland wurde die Vorbereitung auf die Olympischen Winterspiele 2014 in Sotschi. Bei der Umsetzung des Olympia-Projekts legten die Teilnehmer besonderes Augenmerk auf die Problematik des Umweltschutzes und die Einführung umweltfreundlicher „grüner“ Standards.

Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass es trotz der Anstrengungen zur Schaffung eines gesetzlichen Rahmens für "grünes" Bauen, dem erfolgreichen Bau von Olympiaanlagen, deren Bauqualität weltweit anerkannt wurde, immer noch Probleme gibt. Dies ist der Mangel an effektiver Ausbildung von "grünen" Spezialisten, Finanzierung solcher Projekte, aber damit "grünes" Bauen zu einem untrennbaren Bestandteil des russischen Baumarktes wird, sollte man zuerst die Einstellung der Bürger zu diesem Thema ändern.

Literatur

1.Mitin, M.V. Ökologisches Bauen / M.V. Mitin [et al.] // X All-Russian Festival of Science. Collection of reports. 2020. Vol. 2. P. 1049-1050.

2.Antipin, D.S. Passivhaus / D.S. Antipin [et al.] // X All-Russian Festival of Science. Collection of reports. 2020. Vol. 2. P. 664-665.

3.Pushkareva, E.A. Innovative Technologien / E.A. Pushkareva // AllRussian Festival of Science. Collection of reports. 2018. Vol. 2. P. 462-464.

E.R. Latypova, Е.Е. Migunova

Université d’Etat d’architecture et de génie civil de Novgorod, Nijni Novgorod, Russie

L'INFLUENCE DES COURANTS DE VENT SUR “LE QUARTIER

ALLEMAND” DE NIJNI NOVGOROD

Lors de la conception des objets d'architecture, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte des divers facteurs naturels et climatiques: insolation du territoire, précipitations, conditions de température et d'humidité, mode de vent. Cela se fait pour créer un environnement confortable pour la vie humaine. Dans mon article, je veux faire attention à la façon dont les courants de vent exercent leur influence sur la solution volumétrique-spatiale du quartier résidentiel.

A Nijni Novgorod il y a un exemple d'organisation compétente d'un complexe résidentiel - c’est “le quartier allemand” dans Microdistrict Lac Meshcherskoye. Il a reçu ce nom, parce qu’il a été projeté en collaboration avec

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