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Nieren ausgeschieden ≈85% der Dosis innerhalb von 72 Stunden. Auftreten im Urin in Form von Glucuronidund Sulfatkonjugaten. [2]

Abb. 3. Glucuronidkonjugaten

Abb. 4. Sulfatkonjugaten

Die Frage bleibt offen: Wie zu behandeln? Was kann die Symptome kupieren? In einer Reihe von klinischen Studien wurde festgestellt, dass die Dialyse unwirksam ist. Diese Option hat die Hoffnungen nicht erfüllt. Zum Glück, ist es möglich die Symptome mit Barbituraten (Phenobarbital), Diazepam und Phenazepam zu kupieren. Diese Medikamente haben eine muskelrelaxierende, antikonvulsive und beruhigende Wirkung. Sie erhöhen die hemmenden Wirkungen von GABA und blockieren den ersten Komplex der Elektronentransferkette. [5] Zum Schluss möchte ich das Wichtigste zusammenfassen. Jedes Mittel, sogar so ein solches «alltägliches» wie Cerukal, birgt viele verschlossene Türen, die wir noch öffnen müssen. Biochemie, Pharmakologie, Physiologie sind der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der Wirkmechanismen und der möglichen Pathogenese. Sie geben uns die Möglichkeit, das Problem von verschiedenen Seiten zu betrachten und Analogien zu ziehen. Um am Ende das gewünschte Ziel zu erreichen. Für mich ist ein solches Ziel nichts anderes als unsere Gesundheit.

Literatur

1.Levin O. S. Lekarstvennye diskinezii [Elektronnyi resurs] // Nauchnaia elektronnaia biblioteka KiberLeninka [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/lekarstvennye-diskinezii/viewer (Accessed on 21 03 2022)

2.Metoclopramide [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ostrye-diskinezii-pri-prieme- metoklopramida/viewer (Accessed on 24 03 2022)

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3.Veretnov A. S. Ostrye diskinezii pri prieme metoklopramida [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ostrye-diskinezii-pri-prieme- metoklopramida/viewer (Accessed on 23 03 2022)

4.Metabotropnye retseptory [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: en.ppt-online.org https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/chastichnye-agonisty- dofamina-novyy-klass-antipsihotikov/viewer (Accessed on 21.03.2022)

5.Liberman J.A. Chastichnye agonisty dofamina novyi klass antipsikhotikov [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: KiberLeninka https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/chastichnye-agonisty-dofamina-novyy-klass- antipsihotikov/viewer (Accessed on 24.03.2022)

O.N. Soluyanova

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,

Moscow, Russia

THE MAIN FEATURES OF ENGLISH LEXICON

In mastering any language, whether native or foreign, lexicon – the vocabulary of that language – plays a key role. According to the communicative approach to foreign language learning, the main objective of it is communication

– the transmission of a message to the recipient. And the particular communicative task is considered to be fulfilled if the recipient has understood the message conveyed to him/her and reacted adequately to it. Thus, it is the gradual acquisition of vocabulary, the replenishment of personal vocabulary that constitutes the essence of foreign language learning.

Nowadays, people all over the world learn and speak English; it is the language of politics, science, new technologies, culture and numerous subcultures. But almost all English learners face a problem: many words cannot be read (and thus, learnt) properly. This is due to the fact that 2/3 of English words are borrowings (Latin, Greek, French, Scandinavian, Italian, Spanish ...), therefore there is no strict correlation between the spelling of words and phonology (it is not read as it is written and without knowing the traditional pronunciation it is very difficult to read correctly). Thus, it is important for anyone learning English to be aware of the peculiarities of its lexical system, namely:

1. English has the richest synonymic series, consequently, the large number of objects. There is even a term of “war of synonyms”, connected with the presence of etymological doublets or even triplets (the situation, in which

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native English words, historically available in the language, are opposed by their semantics to borrowed words, and the borrowings become the most common ones).

2.English is the fastest-growing language in the world; it represents an open and ever-expanding system.

3.The development of the English language is closely connected with extra-linguistic factors: social, cultural, professional (emergence of new objects of reality, change of obsolete meanings and concepts).

4.English has a developed system of homonymy and polysemy: about 1.000 of the most frequently used words have more than 25.000 meanings. Here the pragmatic principle of economy plays its role: language possibilities, in any case, are inferior to human experience. That is why English words are mostly polysemous and easy to form into new words (the language is characterized by a large number of productive word-formation processes). The record-breaker is the verb “set”, from which we can form 44 verbs, 17 nouns and 7 adjectives – a total of several hundred variations. It should also be noted that the meanings of verbs also change with the addition of a preposition (postposition) – the English language is characterised by phrasal verbs.

5.According to researchers, the vocabulary of the English language contains up to 70% of foreign words. Most of them are of Romance origin, which is due to historical reasons [4].

Let us consider these features in more detail.

The lexicon of the English language is all its vocabulary, including the core vocabulary (core of the language) and the periphery, and depends on the nature and level of development of all life spheres of native speakers. The core vocabulary includes the following lexical units: root words, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs of time and place, auxiliary and modal verbs, almost all strong verbs, pronouns, numerals, adjectives with superlative formation of comparison degrees, many nouns denoting the most common and constantly occurring phenomena in speech. Most of these words belong to the native English vocabulary, but some were borrowed from other languages.

The term “native word” means the main word of the language included in its original lexicon or subsequently formed from the lexical material of that language [3]. For English, these are words of Anglo-Saxon origin, brought to the British Isles from the continent by Germanic tribes. According to the definition of Professor A.I. Smirnitsky, “the original words are those which presumably existed in the English language in the VIIth century” [2].

The characteristics of native English words are as follows: stability, ability to form new words, generality, communicative significance, usability, polysemy, simple phonetic and morphological structure (monophonic, root structure), rich word-formation capabilities (a large number of derivatives and

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compound words), high lexical and grammatical valency (compatibility), stylistic neutrality. In spite of the fact that the native English vocabulary had wide word-formation possibilities, words (being predominantly root words) easily formed new words by means of productive ways of word-formation, the core of the modern English language consists mainly of borrowings [6].

The vocabulary of any language is in the state of constant change. The most noticeable process of language development is lexical enrichment. There are three main ways of enriching the vocabulary of any language: changing the meaning of a word, word formation and borrowing. In the process of historical development of people and language, some words go out of use, sometimes together with the objects or phenomena they denote (historicisms), or become archaisms (change in lexical, word-formation, grammatical terms). Such words are now found in scientific or fiction literature and do not belong to the lexical core.

Borrowing refers to both the process of language adoption of new elements and the result of this process, i.e. the linguistic material itself. There are objective extra-linguistic and linguistic reasons for borrowing, the former being the following: the presence of oral or written language contacts, historically determined interaction of languages, the conscious fascination of society with the culture and language of a nation, the borrowing of a subject or concept from another culture. The linguistic reasons for borrowing include the absence of a word in the language to denote a concept, the need to use a single word instead of a descriptive turn, the need to detail the meaning or to eliminate polysemy. Indeed, in most cases borrowed words enter the language as a way of naming new things and expressing unfamiliar concepts. However, they can also be a secondary name for already known objects and phenomena. For example, few people know the original English word “fiddle”, in modern English it is used only as a part of the idiom “as fit as a fiddle”, but “violin”, borrowed from Italian, is familiar to everyone.

More than any other language, English has been able to borrow foreign words through direct contact, first from successive British invaders in the Middle Ages and later through commercial expansion and colonisation by the English.

Speaking of the changes taking place in the English language, one cannot help but notice the fact that most borrowings have assimilated, lost their nationality and are perceived by the English as native. This applies to all aspects of words: phonetic design, accentuation and orthography - words are adapting to the new environment and adapting to the norms of the recipient language. It is hard to believe that words like “dinner”, “cat”, “take”, “cup” are not English in origin. Other words, although well assimilated, still bear traces of their foreign origin. There are certain structural features that allow identifying linguistic units

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as borrowings and even identifying the source language. For example, the words “distance” and “development” are identified as borrowings by their French suffixes, “skin” and “sky” by their Scandinavian initial “sk” and “police” and “regime” by the French stress on the last syllable [5].

I. V. Arnold assimilates borrowings and identifies three groups:

1)fully assimilated words: strange, charge, famous, mister, apartment;

2)partly assimilated words: cravat, caprice, grimace, precise, recherché, farouche, demand, arrive, prepare, escape, permit, roulette, rouge, patience;

3)non-assimilated words, which are respectively divided into foreign words (apropos, protégé, buffet, debauchee, rajah, matador, steppe, wigwam) and barbarisms (mal-à propos, tête-à-tête, hors-d'oeuvre, vis-vis) [1].

Modern English is thus a gradual mingling of different languages and is constantly renewing itself. This is one of the main differences of this language from other European languages and the reason for its popularity in the world. Indeed, today English has become an international language; it is the most widely spoken in the world. More than 400 million people speak it as a first language, 300 million people speak it as a second language, and another 500 million people can speak some English.

Further research into the characteristics of modern English seems to be a promising area of research.

References

1.Arnold I. V. Stylistics. Modern English: textbook. Moscow: FLINTA. 2016. 384 p. Electronic text // Doe: electronic library system. [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: https://e.lanbook.com/book/84578 (Accessed on

03.09.2022)

2.Derbisheva Z.K. From parametric analysis of vocabulary to the language picture of the world // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 19: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication. 2021. No. 1. - P. 19-31.

3.TextoLogia.ru. Educational journal // [Electronic resource]. - URL access mode: http://www.textologia.ru/slovari/lingvisticheskie- terminy/iskonnoe-slovo/?q=486&n=675 (Accessed on 03.09. 2022)

4.Shepeleva E.V. Stages of the formation of the English language // Proceedings of the Penza State Pedagogical University. V.G. Belinsky. Humanitarian sciences. 2011. No. 23. - P. 278-280.

5.Razuvaeva T.N. Word building field of borrowed nouns of the lexical core of modern English // Russian Linguistic Bulletin. 2020. № 3 (23). – P. 1416.

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A.V. Stolina¹, A.V. Panko², O.N. Soluyanova³

¹˒³ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,

Moscow, Russia

² Moscow Architectural Institute, Moscow, Russia

RENOVATION OF FORMER INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN RUSSIA

In our time, architects design new buildings and also renovate the old ones to make them suitable for new living conditions. In the 1990s, in major cities around the world, abandoned businesses began to be transformed into art clusters and business parks. In the 2000s, this trend was picked up in Russia, mostly in Moscow, but also in some other cities in the whole country, because industrial zones occupied almost a quarter of those cities. By now architects have preserved their historical appearance, as well as take into account modern social requirements, making former factories be modern, comfortable and totally applicable for the tasks they perform, such as housing, entertaining, and working.

In this article several examples of completed projects have been described, advantages and disadvantages of such reconstructions have been analyzed, and the conclusion of whether the alteration of abandoned structures is a good solution in Russian development of industrial zones has been formulated. In order to achieve the above goals several examples of structures from different categories such as residential buildings, cultural centers and office buildings have been considered.

The examples of industrial structures turned into dwellings are residential complexes “Kleinhouse”[1] and “Krasnaya Strela”[2]. The first one, being a unique loft-style living space in the city center since 2019, used to be the largest Russian factory a century before. The building constructed in Art Nouveau style by the architect Roman Klein housed a tea-packing factory for “the Association of Tea Trade V. Vysotsky and Co”. The second one was reconstructed from the territory of a former factory which was built in 1913. The building has retained its original form, and offers cafes, a bakery and a coworking area.

The evident advantages of such complexes include preservation of cultural heritage, opportunity to provide many people with workplaces and dwellings which combine sufficient conditions with adequate price, wide open space around the complex, sufficiently large windows which give a feeling of increasing space and save electricity during the daytime. Disadvantages include expensive rent for many people as well as the costly not-centralized heating based on electricity.

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Talking about cultural opportunities we can’t but mention “Sevkabel Port” in Saint Petersburg which was founded in 1879 by the German industrialist Carl Heinrich Siemens and became known as the Siemens & Halske manufactory after nationalization in 1918. A distinctive feature of this example of a modern redevelopment of an industrial area is not just an art cluster on the ruins of a dead factory, but a direct result of the modernization of an existing industry, because the factory itself is across the road and continues to work.

“Sevkabel Port” is a new project aimed at renovation of old facilities and historic buildings and turning them into a modern multifunctional creative space at the waterfront [3].

One more example of turning industrial structures into cultural ones is Khlebozavod № 9. In the 20-30s of the last century, there was a state program for the construction of bakeries in Moscow and eleven complexes were built. Five of them were built according to the scheme of engineer Georgy Marsakov. He proposed to build a classic straight-line conveyor and wrap it in a spiral. This decision helped to increase productivity and gave the building an unusual architectural appearance.

In the fall of 2019, this renovated place was opened with designer shops, educational sites, cafes, barber shops and office loft spaces [4].

“New Holland” [5] in Saint Petersburg is an island of 7.8 hectares in the Admiralteisky district of St. Petersburg, bounded by the Moika River, the Kryukov Canal and the Admiralteisky Canal. In addition, New Holland is a unique monument of industrial architecture of early classicism. The first ideas of turning it into a cultural space appeared at the end of the 20th century. Several projects were considered, and by 2011 the first stage of one of them had been successfully implemented. Nevertheless, the restoration on the island is still ongoing. Currently, there is a project for the reconstruction of “New Holland”, prepared by the British architect Norman Foster. It is planned to preserve all historical buildings on the territory of the island, but turn them into cultural objects. For example, to equip one of the halls of the St. Petersburg Philharmonic in the premises of the former Naval Prison.

The next place located in Ufa is called “ART-KVADRAT” [6]. The concept of the city center ART-KVADRAT is to create points of attraction for various events and activities permeated with pedestrian links, bridges and crossings. For convenience, it was customary to call these very points “squares”. Each square has its own special purpose and theme, but at the same time, all the squares together form a single space.

Such zones definitely have many advantages: preservation of cultural heritage, economical profit as there is no need to construct new buildings, great opportunities for young people to develop their talents within open modern

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spaces in the group of like-minded people in the real communication and teamwork, new perspectives for the development of art and culture.

There are no serious disadvantages that could hinder such restoration projects. Of course, it is costly to maintain these buildings, as they require special care being rather old structures. But all the projects are prestigious and challenging, so many construction companies usually take part in tenders (contests for implementation of such projects), and only the most worthy ones get and carry them out.

Another way to reuse old industrial buildings is to place offices in them. Technopark “Idea” is one of the representatives of such renovation.

Redevelopment in Kazan began its active development at the very beginning of the 21st century, when the first factories began to move their areas outside the city center. One of the first was the electrical engineering plant "Sviyaga", on the site of which the technopark “Idea” [7] is actively developing today.

The Kazan Electrotechnical Plant was created on the basis of the branch of Plant № 379 of the People’s Commissariat of the Aviation Industry of the USSR evacuated in 1941 from Leningrad. In 2004, the innovative technopark “Idea” began its work on the site of the plant. This is a class B+ business center that combines office space for anchor residents of the technopark (under the federal program), as well as for tenant companies. The buildings are located in the form of a rectangle, the administrative and production buildings of the plant have been converted into public and commercial spaces.

Both advantages and disadvantages of such reconstruction repeat the same of the above structures. The most important positive effects include preservation of cultural heritage and organization of workplaces. What is more, loft offices look aesthetically pleasing, thus, for people it is much more comfortable to create something new in such places.

To sum up all the facts which have already been stated, there are definitely more positive effects in the reconstruction projects. They not only preserve national cultural heritage and provide workplaces, but also let many people get their own housing, organize both work and leisure, live and create a well-planned and well-developed infrastructure. Studies have shown that as a result of redevelopment, improvements in urban ecology are observed at all levels.

After the redevelopment, residential buildings “by inheritance” get all the advantages of the occupied territory. Nearby there are always transport interchanges with metro stations, bus stops and even the railway.

In conclusion, it should be stated that the trend is here to stay, and people will surely face many new updated facilities for living, recreation, and working on the abandoned industrial territories within the nearest years.

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It is really a reason for being proud that this direction is developing not only in Moscow, but also in smaller cities of Russia.

References

1.Kleinhouse [Electronic resource]. – URL access mode: https://kleinhouse.ru/?ysclid=l9fhtnao8476242250 (Accessed on 3 September 2022)

2.Krasnyastrela [Electronic resource]. – URL access mode: https://krasnayastrela.com/ (Accessed on 3 September 2022)

3.Sevkabel Port [Electronic resource]. – URL access mode: https://sevcableport.ru/en/about (Accessed on 2 September 2022)

4.Hlebzavod [Electronic resource]. – URL access mode: http://hlebozavod9.ru/?ysclid=l8zz6svn1686799351 (Accessed on 5 September 2022)

5.Peterburg Center [Electronic resource]. – URL access mode: https://peterburg.center/ln/novaya-gollandiya-istoriya-i-mify-rukotvornogo- ostrova.html?ysclid=l8ywoeljm4850879342 (Accessed on 3 September 2022)

6.Project Russia [Electronic resource]. – URL access mode: https://prorus.ru/projects/gorodskoj-centr-art-kvadrat-v- ufe/?ysclid=l8ywyz5ii4885371245 (Accessed on 7 September 2022)

7.RE Developer [Electronic resource]. – URL access mode: https://redeveloper.ru/articles/redevelopment-tretey- stolitsy.htm?ysclid=l8zzfsjznt252463037 (Accessed on 2 September 2022).

A.S. Yurkina, O.N. Soluyanova

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering,

Moscow, Russia

HIGH-SPEED CHINA OR HOW IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO BUILD A

HOUSE IN 28 HOURS

The 21st century is an era of great technological breakthroughs in all spheres of industry, and the construction one is no exception. One of the recognized leaders in the field is China – the oldest country in the world with more than five millennia of history. China has become the birthplace of porcelain, gunpowder, paper, compass and many other inventions, without

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which the development of our future would be impossible. Almost every fifth thing in the world is made in China, so fast production is highly appreciated in the country.

There are more than 1.4 billion people living in China, and because of this, the housing issue is acute. Since, due to the complex terrain of the city, cities are mainly built on the coasts, it becomes necessary to build high-rises to reduce the area of development on the ground [4].

In the summer of 2021, a 10-storey residential building was erected in 28 hours and 45 minutes in the Hunan province in Changsha, which is a major industrial center of southern China and one of the most economically developed districts of the country. And for this construction it took only one crane and a team of workers.

One of the most famous private companies, Broad Group, is located in this city. Its subsidiary Broad Sustainable Building specializes in prefabricated buildings [2].

It is necessary to mention that preparatory work was not considered: the time was recorded at the construction site and it includes the assembly of the box on the finished foundation. The time spent in offices and workshops is not taken into account here.

For transportation, they have the form of a standard container, and when installed, one wall turns and a balcony extends, increasing the space of the room. The CTS slab is 8~20 times lighter than the reinforced concrete block of the same size, which provides a qualitative leap in the earthquake resistance of buildings. CTS cast is 5~7 times lighter than I-section steel and similar steel with the same rigidity, which significantly reduces the cost of steel construction. Anti-corrosion performance is more than 100 times more effective than that of carbon steel [1]. The finished modules have already been installed: wiring, insulation, glazing and ventilation system. Modular blocks with a length of 12.1 m, a height of 3 m and a width of 2.4 m (the size almost identical to sea containers) were manufactured in advance at the factory. It is important in the modern world that such blocks can reduce the cost of concrete as well as environmental pollution. The service life of building structures made of such panels is designed for 1000 years due to the almost complete rejection of the use of concrete and the presence of stainless materials in the frame.

These blocks are the company’s own invention: B-CORE SLAB. The company positions this slab as heavy-duty and lighter compared to conventional building slabs. The B-CORE plate consists of two stainless steel plates connected together with an array of very thin tubular cores through a copper alloy. The soldering process takes place under a very high temperature – 1100 degrees hot air [1]. Due to uniform heating, the surface of the material becomes smooth and even. The mechanical characteristics of this design are similar to the

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