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V.A. Sokurova, A.Y. Shamshur, E.V. Smirnova
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
DESIGNING THE SERIES OF POSTERS OF LEONID GAIDAI RETROSPECTIVE FOR “BUREVESTNIK” MOVIE THEATRE
The relevance of the research is defined by the fact that nowadays movie theatres are becoming more and more popular and thousands of people visiting new films spend their weekends there. One of the ways to gain popularity is to set up thematic weeks in order to entertain the city dwellers. Nowadays, when good design represents a distinctive advantage skill in almost every business, posters are back to the business. For quite a while, they remained behind the curtain, giving priority to web design instead, but that’s no more the case.
Poster design is important because it is relevant to almost every project. The posters can help you share the idea with large masses, be those your clients, colleagues, or literally anyone out here on the streets. Working on the poster design project the designer should always consider the target audience.
The second portion of the text should always contain this information, as it is informative poster [1, p 317]. The authors set a task to design three film posters and one poster for the film bill. Three films of Leonid Gaidai have been chosen: "12 Chairs", "Diamond Arm" and "Operation Y". As a main method the authors have used a form associated with the film through the «negative space». The knife Ostap Bender was killed with was chosen for the film poster “12 Chairs”. The taxi was chosen for the "Diamond Arm” film as a key object. It refers the audience to the famous quote: "Our people do not go to the bakery by taxi". An open book and the glasses of the main character remind the spectator of the “Operation Y” film that the person was a student. All these posters are dynamic due to the diagonal drop of the shadow or light (Pic. 1-2). Speaking about the information block it is located to the left of the object and has the name of the film, the cast, the date and time of the film session, the age limit and the logo of the movie theatre. It was designed especially for this project. The fonts were chosen in retro style, according to the style of the epoch. The important thing here is not to exaggerate. Our recommendation is to go with maximum two fonts-one for the headline and one for the body [3, p 156; 2, p 120-210]. Within the frame work of the paper it is impossible to implement this project but we can demonstrate its presence in the urban environment. (Pic. 3-5)
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Pic. 1. The film posters “12 Chairs” and “Diamond Arm”.
Pic. 2. The film poster “Operation Y” and poster for film bill.
Pic. 3. The film posters in the urban environment.
Pic. 4. The film poster on the streets.
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Pic. 5. The film poster on the streets.
In the authors’ opinion, every creative poster should be brave, beautiful and provocative, or even over-exiting in case you’re promoting music or events.
Whatever you do, avoid packing the page with information, trying to balance text with headlines, images and symbols. The well-balanced posters are, in fact, the best posters. We must conclude that these series of posters look good in the urban environment and corresponding to the style of the films, attract people to the cinema. It is worth mentioning that competition is harsh enough today and the designer need to look for more entertaining ways to catch with the poster topics. Therefore, the designers need to use any opportunity to create great poster innovative ideas!
References
1.Демосфенова Г.Л., Нурок А. Ю., Шантыко Н. И. Советский политический плакат – М: Искусство 1962 – 443 с.
2.Феличи Дж. Типографика: шрифт, верстка, дизайн/Пер. с англ.
Икоммент. С. И. Пономаренко СПб: БВХ – Петербург, 2008 – 486 с.
3.Foster J. FUSZION Collaborative New Masters of Poster Design. Poster Design for the Next Century. Massachusetts: Roclcport Publishers, Inc., 2006 – 256 p.
N.N. Mitkina, E.V. Smirnova
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
CREATION OF A DATABASE OF THE MUSEUM-RESERVE OF
ALEXANDER PUSHKIN "BOLDINO"
A database is a collection of specially organized data stored in the memory of a computer system [1]. It is created in 3 main stages: conceptual, logical and physical design.
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A conceptual model is a formalized representation of the object domain as a part of the real world. It reflects the specifics of the object domain, not the structure of the database.
The conceptual model of the museum-reserve consists of 4 blocks (Pic. 1). This idea of block division concerned with the significance of each information block. The most essential are the objects of the museum, because the database has been created for them. This block includes information about buildings, structures, monuments, alleys, viewing platforms and some others. The rest of the information blocks have the same level of value. The block of vector cartographic basis has information of vector data format (cartographic image of the maps) related to the museum and its surrounding areas. The block of raster images includes space images necessary for vectorization and detailed study of information about the examined area. The block of cadastral data reflects cadastral data about the land parcel of the museum-reserve, cadastral quarter as well as some data about Big Boldino town.
Pic.1. Сonceptual model
Logical design is the second stage of database creation. For the museum, it is made in 4 steps: creating a logical database scheme, organization of graphical data, determining the structure of attribute tables, determining the relationships between the tables.
The logical database scheme defined some entities for each information block of the conceptual model. Entities are the attribute tables and each entity has its properties defined as a set of attributes [5].
The logical database scheme is designed according to the blocks of the object domain, selected at the stage of conceptual design. The logical database scheme is a block diagram that includes 4 main information blocks.
The block of objects of the museum-reserve consists of four entities. They are paths and alleys, infrastructure point objects of the museum, historical point objects of the museum and some view points.
The block of vector cartographic basis includes layers of hydrography, vegetation, infrastructure, capital construction and the estate layer.
The block of raster cartographic basis contains space images and raster map called OpenStreetMap.
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Cadastral data are divided into data on cadastral quarters, the settlement and the land parcels.
The block "Photos" is selected as an additional block of the conceptual model. It includes photographic images of the museum-reserve and its surrounding close.
Organization of graphical data is performed at the stage of logical design. For this purpose the styles of point, line, and polygon objects and their labels are designed in special tables. The organization of attribute data is made in the form of determining the structure of the layout of attribute tables. This structure consists of the field name, data type, field size and description. The name of the column field determines how to access the data when performing operations and it is written in Latin. The data type determines what data can be contained in the field [3]. The size of the cellage specifies critical length of the attribute in symbols. Field description indicates the name of the table field in Russian. The database defines the structure of 21 attribute tables.
Attribute and spatial data are related by a relational principle (by dint of unique object identifiers). It means that each feature in the layer is assigned a unique integer number. Such numbers are inaccessible and stored in a special field of the attribute table. The relationship between spatial and attribute data is automatic. For example, if you select an object in the map area, the corresponding row in the layer attribute table which describes that object will also be selected.
The physical database design stage has been done in NextGIS QGIS. NextGIS QGIS is fully-featured desktop GIS based on free and open source software [4].
The necessary raster and vector data have been loaded into the project created in the program. Then the vectorization process has been performed. Vectorization is the process of converting a raster model of spatial data into a vector model [2]. It is performed by outline objects on the raster using the necessary tools of the program. In the given project vectorization has been performed using the OpenStreetMap, Google Satellite raster mount and space images. The loaded vector data has been filtered by the attributes containing the object type. The number and position of nodes of some attribute objects have been edited to give them smooth boundaries and genuine look. The structure of attribute tables is organized according to the designed logical model. Also on the stage of the physical design the attribute tables filled with the necessary information. This process is called “database population”. During filling of the database, the measurement analytical function has been applied. Geometric parameters of features, such as length, perimeter and area have been defined with the help of this function.
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Pic.2. The manor place of the Pushkin's Boldino estste
The developed database of the museum-reserve of Alexander Pushkin "Boldino" (Pic. 2) is characterized by a detailed study of all the attributes of the objects and the versatility of the information. Easy use of the database helps the museum management work more effectively, timely monitoring the objects, quickly searching the detailed information about the objects of the museum.
Bibliography
1.Digo, S. М. Databases: Design and Use : textbook / S. М. Digo. – Moscow : Finance and statistics, 2005. – 592 p. : il.
2.Volkov, А. V. Geographic information systems : tutorial / А. V. Volkov, М. М. Оrеhоv. – St. Petersburg : SPSUACE, 2015. – 76 p.
3.Pushnikov, A. Yu. Introduction to database management systems. Part I. Relational data model : tutorial / A. U. Pushnikov. – Ufa : BashSU, 1999. – 108 p.
4.http://nextgis.ru/nextgis-qgis
5.http://docs.nextgis.ru/docs_ngmobile/source/toc.html
A.S. Semerikova, N.V. Patyaeva, L.V. Edukova
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
FRACTAL THEORY IN ARCHITECTURE
This research covers a field of creation of new forms in architecture and design. The rich heritage of architecture requires in-depth study. This will open the opportunity to use the experience of the past in modern design.
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At present there is a growing interest in The theory of fractality and fractal geometry, because it provides a means of compositional analysis of architectural monuments, and helps to find new characteristics for use in modern architectural and city-planning design.
In 1975, Benoit Mandelbrot introduced the new term "fractal", which became widely known after the publication of his book " fractal geometry of nature".
A fractal is a never-ending pattern. Fractals are complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales.
Mostly fractals are divided into two classes. The first class is represented by artificial fractals, and the second is represented by natural fractal structures. They are also divided into geometric, algebraic and stochastic fractals.
Geometric fractals are created by using some broken line or surface by endlessly repeating the process for replacing segments at the correct scale.
Algebraic fractals are described by algebraic formulas.
Fractal forms are often found in nature. Stochastic (random) fractals are used for their modeling.
Natural fractals do not have extremely repeating structures and can not show infinite self-similarity. This is the fundamental difference between artificial and natural fractals. They are one of the most amazing creations of nature. Such structures impress by the fact that they are created by only two simple operations - copying and scaling. Examples of natural fractals are wood, lungs, the human circulatory system, etc.
The use of fractal theory in architecture is based on application of such basic property of fractals as self-similarity. A self-similar object is an object whose form is repeated in each fragment at any scale. Its structure reflects the hierarchical principle of the organization of substance in nature. Self-similarity of shapes is easily determined visually in the buildings of the Historical Museum in Moscow; the Main fair building in Nizhny Novgorod; Indian temples (a complex in Khajuraho).
Studies show that the same algorithms of fractal formations, both in natural and in architectural objects.
For example, for a silhouette of a Gothic temple, with a lot of vertical recurring elements, the prototype could be the Weierstrass function graph - a classic fractal function (discovered at the end of the 19th century). Undoubtedly, the architects and builders of Milan and similar cathedrals did not know about the Weierstrass function, but it is obvious that the silhouette lines of the cathedral exactly follow the graphics of the function.
The fractal features of the church's many heads are shown on the example of the masterpiece of Russian wooden church architecture - the famous
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Preobrazhensky Church of the Kizhi Pogost in Karelia. The many-headed wooden churches of the Russian north constitute a morphologically related series. The location and size of the domes of many-headed churches, conventionally shown in the same plane of the plan with axial symmetry, in the most general form boil down to a simple fractal algorithm of a variant of the Sierpinski carpet.
The most common fractal algorithms - spiral, usually distributed in nonliving (from the trajectories of elementary particles to cyclones and galaxies) and wildlife (mollusk shells, hoofed horn, curls of plant shoots), have been found widespread in the morphogenesis of architecture and design. For example, the three-dimensional embodiment of the spiral decor in the form of parallel, or unwinding in opposite directions, or intersecting spirals is easily detected in the design of the heads of Stroganovskaya church in Nizhny Novgorod.
Pic.1. Fractal geometric spiral in nature (shell) and architecture (dome of Stroganov Church in Nizhny Novgorod)
Finally it can be summed up by saying that fractal patterns in architecture have been intuitively applied since ancient times. Since the end of the twentieth century, after the appearance of the books of Mandelbrot and in connection with the development of computer technology, which allowed to visualize fractal structures, a new stage of conscious application of fractal algorithms in architectural has been shaping.
A.S. Erlygina, E.V. Kartseva, M.D. Kuznetsov
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
«GREEN» ECONOMY IN RUSSIA
The article analyzes the modern approach to the environmental component in the economic policy of the state. The main prerequisites for the transition to a "green" economy in the Russian Federation are revealed. The
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essence and significance of the "green" economy as a direction of effective and stable development in the post-crisis period is considered.
In recent years, the world has had to face numerous, as well as different in nature crises. This fact clearly indicates the instability of the current development model. The main drawback of this model is the absoluteization of economic growth, in contrast to social and environmental problems. This situation requires immediate resolution, which is possible only in the transition to sustainable development, a "green" economy that has concentrated both economic and socio-ecological principles.
A generally accepted definition of a "green" economy does not exist. As defined in the reports of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the "green" economy is defined as an economy "that enhances people's well-being and ensures social justice while significantly reducing environmental risks and prospects for its degradation" [1] . Also, the "green" economy can be characterized as an economy aimed at preserving the well-being of society, through the efficient use of natural resources, and also ensuring the return of end-use products to the production cycle. [3]
None of the definitions speak of addressing global environmental problems; on the contrary, it is important to understand that the "green" economy deals with economic and social problems, humanely using natural goods, ensures the development of the economy, quality and living conditions of society.
Many developed countries use "green" tools in their economic policies. So, Japan and Singapore in their state plans and strategies pay attention to a new type of cities "smart" city, which is one of the components of the "green" economic policy.
Let's pay attention to Russia. Unfortunately, our country recently had to face a number of serious problems, which are caused by the current "brown" economic policy. Such problems include: depletion of natural capital as a factor of economic growth; the serious impact of environmental pollution on human health; Growth of environmental risks due to high physical wear and tear of equipment; natural and resource nature of exports; environmentally unbalanced investment policy, etc. The damage from the above problems is extremely high. In general, there has been a significant shift in the economy in favor of natureintensive industries [2].
Now the "green" sector of the economy in Russian practice is just beginning its development. Since 2008, the code of laws of the Russian Federation has introduced the first legislative acts regulating instruments for the development of a "green" economy, such as alternative energy.
The Russian Federation has a vast territory, occupying over 11% of the world's land area and the world's largest coastline. One of the most affordable, economically and energetically effective renewable energy sources, providing a high level of reliability of energy supply, is hydro resources.
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Also for the development of the "green" sector of the economy in Russia, the following mechanisms are necessary:
-pricing consistent with the principles of sustainable development, including the rejection of ineffective subsidies, the valuation of natural resources in monetary terms and the imposition of taxes on what harms the environment;
-a policy of public procurement that encourages the production of environmentally friendly products and the use of production methods consistent with the principles of sustainable development, which has good prerequisites in the economic spheres of the Russian economy, such as agriculture, livestock and fisheries;
-reforming the systems of "environmental" taxation, implying a shift in emphasis from the tax on labor to taxes on pollution;
-Increase in public investment in infrastructure (including public transport, renewable energy sources, construction of energy efficient buildings) and natural capital in order to restore, maintain and, where possible, increase natural capital, consistent with the principles of sustainable development;
-targeted state support for research and development related to the creation of environmentally friendly technologies;
-social strategies designed to ensure consistency between social goals and existing or proposed economic strategies.
These trends are fixed in the state program of the concept of innovative development of the Russian Federation "Strategy 2020" [3].
Also, to the aforementioned instruments of "greening" the economic policy of Russia, one can add the reform of the directions of higher professional and secondary special formations, with the aim of introducing innovative "greening" economic methods into economic specialties. To introduce changes in the curriculum of the directions of the physical and chemical profile, with the purpose of training students in production technologies that do not damage the environment.
Thus, for the sustainable development and improvement of society's life on the territory of the country and, in particular, beyond its borders, Russian economic policy must radically change its direction. For the final transition to a "green" model of the economy, reforms are needed not only in the economic sphere of the country, but, first of all, in the social sphere. Only with close interaction of citizens and the state is possible for Russia to enter a new economic level and transition from the status of a developing country to a developed one.
Bibliography
1. UNEP Report "Towards a Green Economy: Towards Sustainable Development and the Eradication of Poverty" is a synthesis report for government officials. - Saint-Martin-Bellevue: United Nations Environment Program, 2011.
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