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ground is frozen to a great depth, by hundreds of meters, so the problem of soil swelling for this zone is irrelevant.

In addition, the problem of frost expansion for regions where the rock and coarse clay soils are located is not urgent. Therefore, the problem of swelling is not significant for territories where the grounds do practically not freeze - this is the southern part of the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Dagestan.

Methods of solution

Protect the ground from freezing during the construction of foundation pits and foundations in winter conditions (especially in areas of deep seasonal freezing) is very difficult, and sometimes even impossible. In the absence of guarantees of freezing or the freezing that has already taken place, it becomes necessary to decide whether it is possible to allow freezing and thawing of soils at the base so that these processes do not affect the stability of the bases and the reliability of the structures. Such decisions should be justified, namely calculations based on deformation forecasts and frost heave forces, as well as evaluation of soil strength or base stability during thawing of soils.

When building on swelling soils, it is best to use pile or deep foundations, but these foundations are not advantageous for building low-rise buildings. In this case, it is possible to use a tape or columnar foundation. It includes three methods:

-The device of pillows from the ground, not possessing properties of swelling at soaking;

-Use of compensating pillows;

-Pre-soaking the bottom soil.

The following is also possible:

- Complete replacement of soil in the construction site of the building. This method cardinally solves the problem of graininess. However, there

is one drawback; this method leads to increased construction costs due to the use of a large amount of material for excavation.

-The location of the foot of the foundation of the building is below the mark, on which the soil usually freezes.

This method is widely used. The essence of the method: the pile is buried before the occurrence of a hard layer of soil and below the mark of its freezing. In this case, only the tangential forces of the frost heave will act on the building, namely the walls of the basement.

The action of the main, vertical forces will be neutralized, since the building support will be in the not swollen ground.

-Year-round heating of the building.

Everyone knows that the temperature in the basement area under the heated building is always higher than the temperature under the unheated building.

That is why the soil under the house with year-round heating will freeze much less and the effect of swelling forces will be weaker.

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- Total weighting of the building.

The forces of frost heaving can lift the building, which has a relatively small mass. If the building is heavy, then the same forces cannot significantly affect the position of the building.

Hence the conclusion: the heavier the building, the larger its mass, the more successful this building will be able to withstand the action of the frost heave forces in the winter.

- Construction of a slab foundation under the house.

The slab foundation is a single reinforced concrete monolithic slab. In addition, the building itself, together with the foundation, is a single structure.

The peculiarity of this foundation is a single monolithic structure, thanks to which, despite frequent changes in the height of the lifts of the house, it does not collapse and does not crack.

- Drainage of soil.

The idea of the method is to reduce the concentration of water in the soil, by removing it from the foundation, after which the properties of swelling of the soil correspondingly decrease. Water from under the house and the area of its location is taken away, and the soil, at this time, becomes less moist. To implement this method, a drainage system is built around the house: a trench is digging and pipes are laid in it, which have small holes throughout their lateral surface; further, the pipes are connected to the well, thereby forming a single drain system.

At last, both geological surveys and methods of minimizing the effects of swelling cost money, but it is much cheaper than restoring a deformed, collapsed house if the necessary measures have not been taken.

A.A. Dautova, O.N. Korneva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE SOLUTION TO R. FEYMAN’S PUZZLE

Have you ever tried to hold a single spaghetti stick at both ends and bend it until it breaks? How many fragments did you make? Almost every time it would be three or more.

Scientists have at last figured out how to break dry spaghetti into two pieces, and we’re wondering why did they bother in the first place? The spaghetti challenge has confused even the likes of famed physicist Richard Feynman, who once spent an evening breaking pasta and looking for a theoretical explanation for why the sticks refused to snap in two.

Feynman’s kitchen experiment remained unresolved until 2005, when

French physicists Basile Audoly, Sébastien Neukirch pieced together a theory to

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describe the forces at work when spaghetti — and any long, thin rod — is bent. They found that when a stick is bent evenly from both ends, it will break near the center, where it is most curved. This initial break triggers a “snap-back” effect and a bending wave, or vibration, that further fractures the stick. Their theory, which won the 2006 Ig Nobel Prize, seemed to solve Feynman’s puzzle.

But a question remained: Could spaghetti ever be forced to break in two?

The answer, according to a new MIT study, is yes — with a twist. In a paper published this summer in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that they have found a way to break spaghetti in two, by both bending and twisting the dry noodles. They carried out experiments with hundreds of spaghetti sticks, bending and twisting them with a machine they built specifically for the task. The team found that if a stick is twisted past a certain critical degree, then slowly bent in half, it will, against all odds, break in two.

From the supplementary material of this paper in PNAS:

«Fracture processes are all-over in nature, from earthquakes to broken trees and bones. Understanding and controlling fracture dynamics remain one of the foremost theoretical and practical challenges in material science and physics. A well-known problem with direct implications for the fracture behavior of elongated brittle objects, such as vaulting poles or long fibers, goes back to the famous physicist Richard Feynman (who observed that dry spaghetti almost always breaks into three or more pieces when exposed to large bending stresses. )While bending-induced fracture is fairly well understood nowadays, much less is known about the effects of twist. Our experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that twisting enables remarkable fracture control by using the different propagation speeds of twist and bending waves».

This finding can be used by civil engineers in studying the resistance of materials. For example, it might help to better construct buildings that are resistant to earthquakes.

Conclusion

Engineers for decades couldn’t explain why a spaghetti break in a specific way. This research is a huge breakthrough which will be a start for new discoveries. We’re used to look at things from basic view, but sometimes we need to change our way of looking at things, think outside the box. And the next time you boil spaghetti, be careful because you’re about to explore the very edge of scientific knowledge.

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A.S. Vorobiev, D.A. Loshkareva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

WHY DO YOU NEED LOGGING AND TESTING?

Every day we strive for computerization and automation. Thus, we would like to talk about the importance of maintaining software reliability and quality control which are achieved by logging and testing.

Imagine you are developing software that does not have a complex architecture, as a consequence it does not have multiple dependencies between components and the cost of the error is small in the software. A simple example of the source code of your program is not so great. In this case, you can miss exactly writing tests, but you will test in any case, though not explicitly, as an example you will run the application and see that it looks like you want, click on the buttons and so on, this is also testing, but it is "not serious", not professional testing.

Now, it is possible to imagine a complex software with many components and dependencies between them, where the cost of the error is high, the source code is huge.

Here you will not be able to check all the source code and keep track of all the dependencies, here you must write tests and automate them. I mean the tests are run without human manual actions when source code of software is changed.

Companies develop complex software and apply different practices of software development and quality control into life. One of the most used is continuous practice (Picture1).

Pic.1 Source Code

The testing process consists of writing tests that check different aspects of the software. For example, stability, reliability, time indicators, etc. It would seem all, but we will not be convenient to manual run all the tests for each change. Tests can be numerous. Therefore, it is necessary to automate this process, here we can create something own, and we can use ready-made

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solutions, it is often recommended to do the latter. Whichever option you choose in the output should be the following, once you have made the changes you add them to the software and the tests checking the product are automatically run.

It was mentioned earlier that tests should be numerous, the tests should cover as many parts of the software as possible. This will be called the percentage of coverage. The bigger they are the better. It shows which part of your program is controlled by you.

Tests can be grouped into suites. The purpose of the suites is to combine tests that check one aspect. For example, tests for a database, tests can be added, deleted, create a record. All these tests can be combined.

It is very important to make the test operation simple. Let's go back to the previous example. Test that checks adding, deleting, creating a record in the database. Because if this test fails, then the mans will have to spend their time figuring out the reason why the test failed, when you add, when you create or when you delete record in the database, but we want the opposite, we want not spend time on it. To test the operation correctly, you need to run the suite of database tests, but each test must test one operation.

Now let’s consider the logging. It's a record of what's happening. Logging is usually done to a file and is hidden from your eyes. The logging for the software is same what the black box for the planes. Logging can exist separately or as part of a test. In the test, logging is necessary for information, how strange it would not sound tests also need to check that they are correctly written, and make checks correctly to be sure if the test failed, it is because of a non-working software, not a non-working test.

Logging allows us to restore the flow of events in the past and see what is happening now. This is necessary to control the quality and clarify the causes of any event and its consequences. Therefore, the correct use of logging allows us to see a picture of what is happening with the software. In fact, logging is the software that we use in our software. Sometimes logging can be done using standard programming language tools. Also, no one forbids you to write your software for this purpose.

For more information and clarity logging uses message levels. The message level displays its importance and meaning. The most used message levels are: fatal, error, warning, info, debug, trace. For clarity, the text of messages of different levels is highlighted. Fatal is red, warning is yellow, the rest is black.

In conclusion, it is necessary to clearly the answer to the question in the subject of this paper, why testing and logging are important.

They are important because they allow:

•Keep track of what the software does.

•Qualitatively and quantitatively to evaluate software.

•Accelerates processes such as maintaining and development of software.

•Accelerates search of problems and their fixing.

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•Gives you confidence in your product, in front of the customer, the customer, the buyer.

V.V. Polovinkin, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE CREATION OF BUS EXCURSION: CHURCHES AND

MONASTERIES OF N. NOVGOROD

The article is devoted to creation of a bus excursion in N. Novgorod. It comprises the most famous and attended churches and monasteries. For everyone a question of religion and belief is delicate and very intimate, and its choice depends on especially personal prejudices. Having studied Nizhny Novgorod, we drew a conclusion that it is the multinational city in which Christianity is not the only presented religion. Islam, Judaism and Old Belief are also presented by numerous temples, churches, mosques and a synagogue. In the capital of the Volga region, however, Orthodoxy takes the leading positions in the city both from the historical point of view, and from practical. It is undoubted that each temple deserves special attention and studying, in the territory of only one city their more than 100, and their most part represents historical and cultural heritage of the city.

Thus, the purposes and tasks are to acquaint students with history of churches and temples of Nizhny Novgorod and their architectural sights.

As a result of the carried out work an educational bus walking tour was developed. Excursion duration: 163 minutes. Route extent: 38 km. Content of an excursion: Churches, temples and cathedrals of Nizhny Novgorod. Main subthemes of an excursion of "Dome of Nizhny Novgorod, Cathedral for the sake of the Saint Blessed prince Alexander Nevsky, Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, Blessed Virgin Mary's cathedral, Temple of Christmas of John the Forerunner, Church in honor of the Smolensk and Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Transfiguration Cathedral, Church for the sake of Vsemilosteyshy Saviour, Transfiguration Church settlement Pechery.

Provision of points: Visual fixing: Church in honor of the Smolensk and Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God— Kanavinsky district, Gordeevskaya St., 141a, to. 1. The next bus-stop — "the 2nd residential district of the Meshchersky lake", a tram stop — Smolenskaya Church, the subway — "Moscow". On the sidewalk across the road from school No. 51 With the following pass on the earth of the temple. Transfiguration Church settlement Pechery— Nizhny Novgorod district, Sloboda St. Pechery, 124. The next stop is "a sacred well" or "the residential district the Bear valley" (Picture 1).

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It is impossible to speak about all the objects of the excursion in the frame of one article. Thus, we have chosen the most interesting one from the authors’ point of view.

Church in honor of the Smolensk and Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. Gordeevsky and Smolensk churches are constructed in style of the Russian baroque by the same industrial figure of the past Grigory Stroganov. Arrival is an object of cultural heritage of the city and also has rich history, in detail which can examine with you on the official site of church. In 1850 near Smolenskaya Church one more stone temple in honor of the Vladimir icon of the Mother of God was built. This initial Vladimir temple had the simple prismatic volume blocked by a flat 4-skatny roof and was finished by one wide chapter on a low light drum. The architecture of the temple bore lines of late classicism.

On May 14, 1902 the young architect of St. Petersburg D.P. Fedorov, the assistant to the academician V.P. Tseydler on construction of Church of the Saviour on Ostrozhnaya Street (nowadays Gorky St.), gave a subscription about supervision for the old Vladimir temple and construction of new. The project of new church was soon executed by D.P. Fedorov and on June 5, 1902 is approved by construction office of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial board. The temple was built five-domed. Consecration was carried out three times in process of the device: in February and May, 1908 and in September of the 1909th.

Stylistic feature of the temple is the eclectic orientation, at furniture there are both elements of Old Russian architecture, and elements of baroque and a modernist style. Services in the temple were held till 1926. In the 1930th years attempts to place school and club in the temple were made. In the late forties in church the bakery which was in the temple till 1998 was arranged. Iconostases, wall paintings were destroyed during this time, reinforced concrete interfloor overlappings and numerous partitions are established. In 1998 the temple was transferred to the Nizhny Novgorod diocese, in it recovery work is conducted till present.

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Pic1. Schematic map of a route of an excursion

A-the Cathedral for the sake of the Saint Blessed prince Alexander

Nevsky

B-Cathedral of the Archangel Michael

C-Blessed Virgin Mary's Cathedral

D-Temple of Christmas of John the Forerunner

E-Church in honor of the Smolensk and Vladimir Icon of the Mother of

God

F-Transfiguration Cathedral

G-Church for the sake of Vsemilosteyshy Saviour

H-Transfiguration Church settlement Pechery

In conclusion it is necessary to remark that the created bus excursion may be offered to travel agencies. The authors hope that it will gain popularity among the tourists visiting Nizhny Novgorod.

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E.A. Pushkareva, I.O. Belova, A.A. Ivancova., A.I. Popov

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

ENTWURFSINGENIEURE

Zwischen Problem und Lösung ist ein Entwurfsingenieur ein wichtiges Bindeglied. Ein Entwurfsingenieur kann Innovation Wirklichkeit werden lassen.

Der Entwurfsingenieur ist eine Person mit einer analytischen Denkweise und Fähigkeit, komplexe mathematische Berechnungen durchzuführen, Zeichnungen zu machen – Arbeiten, die Ausdauer und Aufmerksamkeit erfordern. Der Vertreter dieses Berufs kann nicht ohne Liebe zum Design, Zeichnen und Computer Skills arbeiten. Da er mit anderen am Projekt beteiligten Fachleuten zusammenarbeiten muss, muss er über Kommunikationsfähigkeiten verfügen.

Um als Entwurfsingenieur zu arbeiten, muss man über ein abgeschlossenes Studium als Entwurfsingenieur/in oder Dipl.-Ing. (FH)/ Bachelor des Bauingenieurwesens oder über gleichwertige Fähigkeiten und Erfahrungen verfügen. Sekundäre Berufsbildung ist nicht genug. Der Beruf eines Entwurfsingenieurs eignet sich für Männer und Frauen genau gleich.

Das Aufgabengebiet eines Entwurfsingenieurs umfasst im Wesentlichen nachfolgende Aufgaben: Vorprojekt-Inspektion von Objekten, Analyse von Quelldaten und technischen Bedingungen für das Design; Entwicklung von separaten Projektabschnitten; Entwurf von Systemen für Objekte mit verschiedenen funktionellen Zwecken: Industrie, Einkaufszentren, multifunktionale Bürokomplexe usw.; Design von verschiedenen industriellen und speziellen Einrichtungen (Fabriken, Häuser, Kindergärten, Schulen, Autobahnen, Transporteinrichtungen, etc.); Analyse, die Bildung von Schlussfolgerungen, die Vorbereitung von technischen Aufgaben, technische Berichte und Vorschläge zur Optimierung von Design-Lösungen; Wiederaufbau bestehender Unternehmen; Berechnung von Strukturen von Gebäuden und Bauwerken; Zeichnungen und Spezifikationen; Überprüfung und Kontrolle der Dokumentation zur Einhaltung der Qualität von Designlösungen und bestehenden Designstandards; Vorbereitung einer Reihe von Projektunterlagen für die Verabschiedung von Vorschriften und Prüfungen; Koordination der Projektdokumentation mit dem Kunden und den Aufsichtsbehörden; Organisation und Koordinierung des Entwurfs von technischen Systemen für die Stromversorgung und elektrische Beleuchtung; Auswahl der Ausrüstung; Durchführung von Patentrecherchen zur Sicherstellung der Patentreinheit neuer Designlösungen; Bauaufsicht; Vorbereitung von Anträgen auf Erfindungen.

Um erfolgreich zu sein, sollte ein Entwurfsingenieur wissen: Grundlagen der Architektur, ihre Arten; Systeme und Entwurfsmethoden; Arbeitsprinzipien, Installationsbedingungen und technischer Betrieb der entworfenen Strukturen,

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deren Produktionstechnologie; Ausrüstung des Unternehmens, gebrauchte Ausrüstung und Werkzeuge, technische Merkmale und wirtschaftliche Indikatoren der besten inländischen und ausländischen Proben von Produkten ähnlich wie projiziert; Normen, Methoden und Anweisungen für die Gestaltung und Ausführung von Zeichnungen und anderen Konstruktionsunterlagen; Gestaltungsmerkmale der entwickelten und verwendeten technischen Mittel, Materialien und ihrer Eigenschaften; technische Anforderungen an die in der Entwicklung befindlichen Strukturen, Verfahren für ihre Zertifizierung; Entwurfsautomatisierungswerkzeuge; das Verfahren und die Methoden zur Durchführung von Patentforschung; Grundlagen der Erfindung; Grundlagen der technischen Ästhetik und des künstlerischen Designs; Grundlagen des Computer Aided Design; fortgeschrittene inländische und ausländische Erfahrung in der Gestaltung ähnlicher Produkte; Grundlagen der Ökonomie; Allgemeinwissen über die Funktionalität aller möglichen Utilities.

Zu den fachlich wichtigsten Eigenschaften eines Entwurfsingenieurs gehören: entwickeltes räumliches, bildlich-figuratives und technisches Denken; kreative Vorstellungskraft; technische und mathematische Fähigkeiten; präzises Auge; ein hohes Niveau der Entwicklung von Konzentration und Nachhaltigkeit der Aufmerksamkeit (die Fähigkeit für eine lange Zeit, sich auf ein Thema zu konzentrieren, ohne von anderen Objekten abgelenkt zu werden und ohne die Aufmerksamkeit zu schwächen); Genauigkeit.

Der Beruf des Entwurfsingenieurs ist der Beruf der intellektuellen Tätigkeit, die mit der Aufnahme und der Überarbeitung der Informationen verbunden ist. Diese Arbeit eignet sich für Menschen, die zu analytischer Arbeit neigen und mit Information und Technologie arbeiten. Aber die körperliche Arbeit ist nicht ausgeschlossen.

Der Entwurfsingenieur kann in den Konstruktionsbüros, den Bauunternehmen und den Organisationen arbeiten. Die Nachfrage und das Gehalt des gegebenen Experten wird von der Erfahrung seiner Arbeit und des Gelingens der Projekte abhängen, mit denen er sich früher beschäftigte.

Die Arbeit des Entwurfsingenieurs ist verantwortlich und kompliziert, fordert volle Ausführung der Pflichten nicht nur in der Theorie, sondern auch in der Praxis. Die Qualifikation des Experten spielt eine sehr wichtige Rolle. Die Arbeit für ein großes Objekt erledigen Menschen mit verschiedenem Profil und vereinbaren sie zwischen mit sich und der höchsten Führung. Die Ingenieure können die Projekte selbständig schaffen, oder mit den Architekten zusammenarbeitend. Solche Qualität wie Verantwortungsbereitschaft hilft, Verstöße oder falsche Berechnungen in der Zeichnung zu vermeiden.

Wie in anderen Berufen auch, ist man selbst seines Erfolges Schmied. Wer fleißig und ehrgeizig ist, kann vom Bauingenieur zum Projektleiter bis hin zum Bauleiter aufsteigen, oder bis zum Geschäftsführer. Bauingenieure im

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