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models is based on modeling the activities of the enterprise, describing specific processes of the organization.

There is a big number of methodologies to build or automate the structure of the enterprise. But exactly in this work we are going to mark about one of the most developed, IBM methodology. In 2010, IBM proposed a methodology for developing a business architecture, called Actionable Business Architecture. IBM approach includes: 3 main models (strategic, business and IT), various methods, metrics and tools. All this is the “key” to eliminate the discrepancies between the strategy and its implementation.

Thus, IBM has identified a set of methods and models that are built on top of each other to develop and implement management business models and a basic IT architecture that introduces the methodology. The key to making the business architecture "effective", IBM just considers the methods, artifacts, tools and indicators that make the business architecture a formal discipline.

In order to clearly understand the overall picture of any process, initially you need to understand the individual sectors. That is why, it is advisable before proceeding to the study of the IBM methodology and its requirements for enterprise architecture, you need to understand what business engineering is, enterprise architecture, how an organization is built and what support it. That is why theoretical basics of EA, business processes and business engineering must be investigated. Exactly it will allow to get an idea about the structure of the business and what the IBM methodology is aimed at.

To be more exact, existing methods, metrics, models, and modeling tools used by the IBM methodology and especially in Actionable Business Architecture methodology will be depicted.

In conclusion it is possible to emphasize, that theoretical foundations of enterprise architecture, business processes and business engineering are investigated. This provided an insight into the structure of the business and what the IBM methodology is about. Existing methods, metrics, models and modeling tools used by the IBM methodology, namely the Actionable Business Architecture methodology, are considered.

O.A. Fedotova, O.E. Klementieva, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of architecture and Civil Engineering

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN BODY ON TOWN PLANNING

Have you ever thought about how cities were planning? How many and what reasons were influence on architecture’s mind? Today we would like to tell you about interesting point of influence human’s body on town’s planning. We explain to you how people and cities changed throw the time.

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Nudity and openness (Ancient Greece)

«Athenian culture developed a series of parallel oppositions: hot and cold bodies, naked men and wrapped women, bright, "outer" spaces and darkened spaces of sacred pits or night roofs ...» Richard Sennet, sociologist

Pic. 1. People in Parthenon

One of the questions that society poses about the body is how much it should be open? This is influenced by the climate, religion, ideas about physiology. For ancient Greece, with which any traditional history of art begins, it was characteristic of the idea of a body fever as an important element of human physiology.

Pic. 2. Parthenon

It was believed that those in whom there was more fever, were born men, because slaves and women had to wear clothes and not show nakedness in the street.) The body's fever was raised when a man spoke and listened to a partner for speaking, and also when he acted. Clothes were unnecessary for a strong and intelligent man (Pic.1). We see a reflection of this norm, for example, in the images of Greek athletes or soldiers. The most open main street, or Panathinaisk path, led to Parthenon (Pic. 2), the main building of the city, a symbol of democracy and virtue. The Parthenon was the embodiment of the public unity of the citizens, shining in the sun, was perfectly visible from all parts of the city.

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Pic. 3. Vitruvius’ person by Leonardo da Vionci

If a person decides to turn off the Pan-African Way, he finds himself among a very different architecture - jagged narrow streets with closely set houses in one or two floors, benches and workshops.

Equilibrium and Geometry (Renaissance)

Here we can see a picture of ideal person (Pic. 3). In ancient Rome person’s body was a sample of symmetry and visual equilibrium. This drawing was conceived by Leonardo as an illustration to the book of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius. Vitruvius thought that temples’ architecture has to correlate with the proportions of a person.

When the Romans founded a new city, they determined a point, which matched the navel of a man. For town it was a center of town’s planning. In accordance with the physical proportions, the city was divided into even quarters with a lattice of streets.

The city of the Roman Empire was created for the delight of the imperial look and the comfort of soldiers, and not for communication and the development of free citizens. The geometry of the Roman space ordered the movement of the body and gave the order: look and obey. This grid, by the way, did not come up with the Romans — already the Sumerians realized that the geometry for urban development is extremely convenient and effective.

For example, as you remember, the Parthenon in Athens (Pic. 2) had to be visible from everywhere, but the Roman temple was built as if the observer could only stand in front of him. All religious decorations were located on the facade.

«Inside the layout of the temple also indicated: look only forward, move only forward. <...> The geometry of Roman space ordered the movement of the body and thus gave the order: watch and obey.» Richard Sennett, sociologist

Between the monastery and the tavern (Middle Age)

«The body of a medieval man is, on the one hand, a body that must suffer and indulge in asceticism, like the body of Christ, and, on the other hand, it is a

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valuable property of the community. The medieval city was arranged in such a way that the person practically did not have the opportunity to be alone: people lived in crowded places, the rooms in the houses were not diverted to some individual person» Richard Sennet, sociologist

Pic. 4. Peter Bruegel The Elder. The census at Bethlehem, 1566

The most important object of the Middle age city, of course, was the Christian church. When Christianity blossomed and became a people's religion, it transformed all spheres of city life. The idea of the unity of the Christian community changed the status of hospitals, orphanages and religious buildings - they became shelters for the travelers, homeless people, orphans and all those who were looking for the opportunity to move to the city. But most of the time people still spent in spaces intended for work [Picture 4].Streets, ports, markets appeared and expanded chaotically - people didn’t have the money or time to plan something, they tried to grab for the opportunity to gain control over a piece of land and quickly adapt it to make a benefit. The city developed under conditions of constant competition between people often associated with crime.

Many murders were committed by drunks - taverns and cellars expanded in the city everywhere. Not only because people needed to dull the pain of work and general discomfort, but also because in many cities of Central and Northern Europe there was no good heating. People banally needed to warm themselves, but in the end it led to the formation of a culture of mass drunkenness.

Modern city (Nowadays).

Pic. 5. New York

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In real time a person always stays in society and has to communicate with others but sometimes without sincere interest, only economically. Because of it a person has an increasing desire for self-isolation, and city’s architecture aspires at geometric forms (Pic. 5). A technical progress is helping for it: central heating, upholstered furniture, artificial lighting and air conditioning, conducted internet - our little apartment is becoming more self-sufficient.

«The people among us are mostly just bodies-the things you have to get through to the subway car or the store box office.»

Our houses grow upper and upper. The modern metropolis strives to provide us not so much healthy, but as much as possible effective and comfortable existence. The path of planning pleasure led the human body to more and more solitary rest.

«The way of pleasure planning led the human body to an increasingly secluded rest.» Richard Sennett, sociologist

In conclusion we would like to say, that architecture and urban planning is a mirror of human perception of personal body, his place in society and nature. With the passage of the time the domination function of cities is maximum productive and at that time a securing of personal's comfort. What will wait us in the future is only remain a guess and fantasy. But we are sure, this will for a good cause of human, nature and our past history.

A.A. Demina, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE INFLUENCE OF NATURE ON ARCHITECTURE

In this article we would like to uncover the topic of the influence of natural on architectural perception. This topic will be interesting for studentsarchitects because nature from the ancient times was the basis of everything that a person created, and especially architecture. Architects have always been inspired by natural forms. The globalization and need to restore the dominant position of nature over the stone jungles of cities make this topic actual to the modern world.

The purposes of this article are to raise the level of professional knowledge in the area of architecture to study the world experience in shaping architecture to determine how it is necessary to combine natural features of

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terrain and architecture and to learn to use the landscape and other natural conditions to create a harmonious architectural environment.

Objectives: it is necessary to consider the role of nature in the perception of architectural structures to consider the organization of the spatial environment of architectural objects that provide a positive emotional and psychological mood of a person.

The connection between man and nature is inseparable no matter how a person strive to progress to create a concrete space around himself, nevertheless he turns to natural sources materials and forms. This is not surprising because nature is our habitat since the life beginning on Earth. A person is not a machine or a robot and therefore this is obviously that for many centuries people have always been attracted and inspired by natural forms that help architects create new architectural styles and imaginative solutions.

The beauty and uniqueness of natural forms have always inspired man, contributed to the development of creativity man learned from nature drew certain ideas from her. Undoubtedly they reflect both the achievements of scientific and technological progress, and spiritual beliefs.

That is why in this article I would like to consider the interaction of natural images and architecture, to identify the influencing factors in the formation of architecture.

Initially the term architecture meant the art to construct a building but in our time architecture is a representation of a person's capabilities and achievements in technology and science. Recently the most common materials in construction are concrete, glass and metal. Of course, building such architecture with brutal, inelegant constructive elements that leads to the destruction of the image of nature as a single organism. Moreover, such architectural space, all these hard designs, gray colors create a depressive mood.

Very important aspect to meet the needs of our psychological and energy health is the domination of nature. We should be guests of nature, but not be its master. Therefore, man must be a part of the ecosystem, to open new breath in the formation of architectural styles, recreation areas.

The display of images of nature can be traced in the formation of architectural styles from the most ancient times.

The architecture of expressionism reflects the natural forms in it works natural landscapes: mountains, rocks, caves and so on.

The symbol of expressionism in architecture is the building of an astrophysical laboratory, better known as the "Tower of Einstein" (Picture 1), the architect E. Mendelssohn. It is designed as a building-sculpture with plastic monolithic reinforced concrete forms.

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Pic 1. "Tower of Einstein"

The appearance of organic architecture direction is caused by the desire to combine architecture and landscape - the formation of a harmonious space where the elements don’t occupy the dominant position, but closely interact and complement each other.

The house Sheats Goldstein Residence (Picture 2) is a classic example of organic architecture. The building was designed and built in the 60s. The author of this project is the architect John Lautner. To combine the structure with the surrounding landscape, the design was partially built into the hillside. The open space of the living room blurs the line between interior and exterior.

Pic 2. The house Sheats Goldstein Residence

Similarly, the adoption of natural forms is also observed in the new style called biotech. In this case, modern building materials are used, a combination of glass and metal structures and elements. But, often, architecture as a constructive element carries the function of organizing space to meet human needs.Bio-tech is still at the stage of formation.

A bright representative of the bio-tech style in architecture is the famous Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Images for his projects are often borrowed from nature. For example, El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía (Picture 3) is an opera house and stage for theater productions. This building looks like a fish with an open mouth.

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Pic 3. Opera house El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía

Modern architecture has many examples of architectural structures created under the aesthetic influence of the landscape. Here are a few examples.

The mountain character is inherent the building of the Panorama Hotel in Oberhof, Germany (Pic. 4). It is a 12-storey residential volume, put on a 2- storey podium with service rooms.

Pic 4. The Panorama Hotel

"Spirit" of the mountainous landscape is characteristic for the sports Clarion Hotel in Spindleruv Mlyn, Czechoslovakia (Picture 5). The building looks like mountain and formed by a system of gable roofs of different shapes.

Pic 5. The sports Clarion Hotel

Architect Robert Harvey Oshatz built an unusual house for himself. It rises to the level of the crowns of trees. Robert fulfilled his childhood dream. This house built is in the woods of Portland, Oregon. Construction was completed in 2004 and since then Robert lives in harmony with nature (Picture 6).

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Pic 6. Wood house of architect R.H. Oshatz

This house near the water with a harmonious design appeared in Oregon (USA). Looking at the photos of this building, we can think only of the beautiful: about music, painting, architecture - in a word, about art and creativity. The Fennell Residence was completed in 2005 (Picture 7).

Pic 7. The Fennell Residence

At the end of article we can conclude that a huge role in the panoramic perception of the building is played the natural landscape: the terrain, water and green massifs, separately standing trees. Silhouettes of architectural ensembles inscribed in the landscape are not perceived independently, but harmoniously fit into the environment.

Summing up we can conclude that the search for architecture in nature and the embodiment of nature in architecture is the highest degree of harmonious impact.

K.A. Mokhov, I.I. Tusheva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE PROBLEM OF SOIL SWELLING IN CONSTRUCTION

The object of the investigation is soil swelling in construction.

The aspect of studies is eliminating the danger of soil swelling for a building.

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The problem of building up areas built up by swelling soils is very relevant today. Underestimation of their swelling caused damage to many industrial and civil structures. Despite the fact that the processes of swelling significantly complicate the construction and operation of structures, the areas of their spread are intensively mastered.

Soils are a mixture of individual elementary particles. They have different sizes, shape and nature of the surface. Elementary particles are primary and secondary particles in the form of separate minerals or their fragments, single crystals, amorphous compounds.

The frost heaving of soils is a combination of processes in which dispersed soils change due to an increase in volume during freezing and form convex forms on the surface. The volume of soil is increased due to the transfer of water contained in it to ice. The most susceptible to such processes are dusty soils, much less - sandy and coarser dispersed soils.

What is the danger of soil swelling for a building?

Let's think what happens to the swollen soil directly next to the building? In winter, when frost comes, the water freezes and expands, turning into ice. Together with it the soil containing it also begins to expand. There are forces of frost whipping.

Forces begin to act on the nearby building, namely on its foundation, lifting it. In the spring, during the rise in temperature, the reverse process occurs, namely: the building is lowered due to the fact that the ice melts, turning into water and, accordingly, shrinking, reducing its own occupied volume.

If the foundation is not protected from the effects of swelling forces on it, then a shift of the building is possible. Eventually, this will lead to the formation of cracks in the walls of the building and the foundation, and then to the destruction of the building.

The causes of swelling of clay soils can also serve as the entry into the soil of alkalis. For example, sodium hydroxide NaOH, sometimes used to consolidate clay soils, during the passage leads to destruction and swelling, the destruction of building elements from mineral binders.

Sandy and clayey bases are widespread everywhere. We can assume that the location of soils with swelling properties covers almost half of the territory of Russia. These include:

•Western regions of the Russian Federation

•Middle band of the Russian Federation

•Southern parts of the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions, the

Khabarovsk Territory and others

•Amur, Chita, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kemerovo regions and others

•Northern parts of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories.

The permafrost zone is excluded, which covers most of the territories of Yakutia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Tyumen and Arkhangelsk regions, and the Komi Republic. In these places, the zone of permafrost differs in that the

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