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.pdfFour Barcelona’s areas became the centers of Olympics. They are:
Montjuïc Area, Diagonal Area, Vall d'Hebron Area, Parc de Mar Area.
Montjuïc Area represents Anella Olímpica (“Olympic ring”). It is an Olympic Park located in the hill of Montjuïc, that was the main site for the 1992 Summer Olympics. The major facilities consist of the Olympic Stadium, or Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companies, the Palau Saint Jordi sports hall, the telecommunications tower designed by Santiago Calatrava and the Picornell swimming pools.
Diagonal Area was located on Avinguda Diagona. It is the name of one of Barcelona's broadest and most important avenues. Four venues in the area hosted competitions. Vall d'Hebron Area is located on the North part of Barcelona. Four venues in the area hosted competitions.
Parc de Mar Area is known as the Olympic Village Area, the Parc de Mar Area underwent the greatest transformation of the four Olympic Areas created for the Olympics. At the Barcelona’92 Olympic Games, it was in the Parc de
Mar Area where some or all of a variety of competitions were held: badminton at the Pavelló de la Mar Bella (La Mar Bella Pavilion), sailing at the Port Olímpic (Olympic Port, specially built for the occasion), table tennis at the
Poliesportiu de l’Estació del Nord (Estació del Nord Sports Centre) and Basque pelota (a demonstration sport).
Parc de Mar Area and the Montjuïc Area together formed the so-called
‘sea’ Olympic Areas, whereas the La Diagonal and La Vall d’Hebron Areas were known as the ‘mountain’ areas.
During the 1980s a number of new parks appeared. The most characteristic part for all of them was that all of these parks appeared on the former industrial territories. These parks are:
-Parc de l'Espanya Industrial; -Parc de Joan Miró;
-Parc del Clot; -Estació del Nord.
In the 21st century Barcelona is continuing its development. From the interview with Salvador Rueda in 2016 it is known that Barcelona is undergoing the urban revolution. In the center of changes are the quarters created from the project of Ildefons Cerdà. The main purpose of the project of reconstruction is to increase a number of public places by replacing roadways with pedestrian roads. It is planning to develop the communications by creating new bus networks, more branched bike roads and using electric cars. The expanded pedestrian areas are permitted only for the bicycles. According to this the number of cyclist will increase. The choice of using bicycles is not random as there are many features for this kind of transport. The most reasonable is that cycling is available during the whole year. Nowadays there is an effective system of urban bicycles
“Bicing”. This project will promote the ecological improvements due to the development of green areas, the pollution and noise reduction.
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Salvador Rueda noted that the most radical aim of this project is the change of ideology. Expanded pedestrian areas will become the places for information exchange, spending leisure time and holidays. This project is directed to create comfortable living area and include people to the process of areas’ development. Due to that they will feel their rights and significance.
Barcelona is a city with rich history. All of the changes in the urban development are the specific reflections of the time problems. Global events made a valuable impact in the city’s rapid growth. The improvements of urban areas were realized rationally and using the previous experience. The most widespread method is the reconstruction of out-of-use areas such as industrial territories.
A. A. Mishina, N. F. Ugodchikova
L’Université d’État d’Architecture et de Génie Civil de Nizhny Novgorod
L’INFLUENCE DES JEUX OLYMPIQUES DE 1992 AU
DEVELOPPEMENT URBAIN DE BARCELONE
Barcelone a une histoire riche et varie c’est pourqoui son developpement est tres interessant. La ville a été fondée comme une colonie romaine à la fin du 1er siècle avant JC. Au cours de son histoire, Barcelone a perdu et recouvré son indépendance. Avec le rétablissement de la démocratie en 1978, la société barcelonaise a retrouvé sa force économique et la langue catalane a été restaurée. Au cours de la 91e session du 17 octobre 1986 à Lausanne le Comité international olympique confie l'organisation des Jeux olympiques d'été de 1992 à la ville de Barcelone.
Les Jeux Olympiques c’est le troisième événement global qui prend la place en Barcelone (après les expositions internationales de 1888 et de 1929). Pour cette événement beaucoup de bâtiments ont été construits, beaucoup de territoires urbaines ont été reconstruit. Le but principal de cet rapport est de définir les changements du développement urbain de Barcelone liés à la preparation des Jeux.
Pour les objets Olympiques on a organisé quatre territoires: le Parc olympique de Montjuic, le Parc de Mar, le quartier Diagonal, la cité du Vall d'Hebron.
Le Parc olympique de Montjuic comprend les principaux sites des competitions. Le Stade Olympique construit en 1929 a été remodelé pour accuellir 55000 spectateur. À ce stade ont eu lieu les épreuves d'athlétisme et les cérémonies d'ouverture et de cloture. Parmi les autres objets sportifs figurent le Palau Sant Jordi (gymnastique, volley-ball et handball), la Piscine municipale de
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Montjuic (plongeon et waterpolo) et le Pavillon de l'Espagne industrielle (haltérophilie).
Le Parc de Mar comprend le Port olympique de Barcelone situé dans le district de Sant Marti, le Pavillon de la Mar Bella (badminton) et la Salle multisport Estació del Nord (tennis de table).
Dans le quartier Diagonal, des matchs de football sont disputés dans le célèbre Camp Nou et au Stade de Sarrià. Le judo est disputé au Palais Blaugrana, les compétitions équestres au Reial Club de Polo.
Dans la cité du Vall d'Hebron, s’est situé le Vélodrome, le Centre archer olympique, le Centre de tennis ainsi qu'un Pavillon de volley-ball.
Dans ce temps beaucoup de territoires industriels ont été reconstruit en zones de loisir. C’est pourquoi un grand nombre de parcs est apparu de 1980 du milieus.
•Parc de l’escorxador (maintenant Parc Joan Miró)
•Parc de l’Espanya industrial
•Parc du Clot
Les Jeux ont eu une influence très importante pour le développement des communications. La réorganisation et l'élargissement de l'aéroport ont été parmi les principaux travaux à l'occasion des Jeux Olympiques. L'aéroport avait besoin d'une modernization et d'un élargissement pour devenir vraiment un aéroport international. L'activité la plus importante qui a été menée, et qui a enrichi la ville c’etait la construction de la tour de communications (268 m) qui couvert par une radioélectrique de la ville et de sa région.
La réalisation des Jeux Olympiques à Barcelone en 1992 a représenté un grand bien pour la ville et le bilan ne peut être que positif. Les différentes administrations ont su s'accorder et l'organisation a été parfaite, mais le bénéfice pour la ville a été beaucoup plus profond et enrichissant que le succès même de la réalisation des Jeux Olympiques. Pour les Jeux Olympiques on été utilisé les quartiers, ou il y a été construit les nouveaux objets sportifs et quelques-uns ont
été reconstruit. Beaucoup de territoires industriels ont été reconstruit c’est pourqoui le nombre de parcs et d’autres zones de loisirs a augmenté. L’infrastructure de la ville et les communications ont eu grand developpement.
B.R. Muharmetova, N. F. Ugodchikova
N. Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
LE QUARTIER D'HABITATION SUR LES TERRITOIRES INNONDES
La réalisation du présent projet de logements le long du DRAC nous a amené à lier l’architecture et le paysage dans la genèse du projet autour de 10 figures (semboles).
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Le thème étant la résilience, il fallait comprendre le problème immédiat de l’inondation sans pour autant s’éloigner de la nature et de ses bienfaits. Le site est à l’extrémité sud de l’axe Bastille/Pont de Claix . Notre site doit mettre en avant ses qualités afi n de devenir une zone incontournable de la ville de Grenoble. Pour cela nous le rattacherons à la « ceinture verte » qui entoure la ville et nous rendrons publiques ces zones.
Ainsi, cette couronne pourra être empruntée au nord de Grenoble et mènera les promeneurs à traverser les abords de la ville jusqu’au pont de Claix, datant du XVIIème siècle, qui fera lien entre les deux rives du DRAC. Le patrimoine bâti sera alors un élément de composition d’ensemble du projet.
Le site quant à lui est à ce jour quasiment inaccessible. Les rives de ce cours d’eau torrentiel ont l’avantage de ne pas avoir été dénaturalisées. Les différentes essences présentes ne sont pas entretenues. La rive est à 5 mètres plus bas que ce chemin. Nous avons réduit cette distance, maîtrisé les essences présentes et retissé un lien entre ces éléments.
Nous nous sommes inspirés des toiles d’Auguste Renoir pour gérer le rapport à la rive. À travers des terrasses nous allons stabiliser les bords de rive et permettre à la végétation de venir guider les pas des promeneurs. Le parc, comme les abords des chemins pavés seront composés de pelouse rase et compositions de parterres floraux accessibles au public. La première terrasse en contact avec le DRAC comme les trois marches sous le niveau du DRAC seront radicalement minéralisées avec des objectifs essentiellement hydrauliques, de lecture du niveau d’eau pour prévenir des risques de crues. Le projet s’appuie désormais sur une volonté de patrimonialisation du cortège végétal du « lit » du
DRAC, et prend pour référent un univers qui n’est plus celui de l’urbain. Cette naturalité, ou « interprétation culturelle de la nature », constitue une rupture avec le type d’espaces publics ouverts, traditionnellement présents en milieu urbain. Un parc aménagé à l’ouest du terrain intègrera des oeuvres d’artistes pour satisfaire cette quête de proximité entre nature, art et architecture. Les chemins privés et public garderont l’esprit des oeuvres de l’artist Chillida.
Des pavés du centre ancien rénové de Grenoble viendront former le parcours suggéré aux passants. Nous nous sommes inspires de l’oeuvre de Ai
Weiwei présente au Château Lacoste. Ce chemin reliera les deux rives du DRAC en amenant les passants à emprunter le pont de Claix et se faufi lera entre les arbres du parc pour former une continuité verte.
La protection et l’exposition du patrimoine faunistique et floristique, ainsi que les ambiances rurales avec du petit mobilier en bois de type pontons, tables de pique-nique protégeront le site des conséquences d’une surfréquentation du public. Le projet propose également des pratiques de loisir extra-urbaines comme la randonnée pédestre, la course d’orientation, et autres sports habituellement pratiqués en «pleine nature».
Le projet s’inspire d’avantage de l’artiste espagnole Edouardo CHILLIDA. Les volumes créés s’intègrent dans un paysage où les visiteurs
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peuvent s’y promener comme dans un bois, et les toucher. Le bâti s’inspirera des typologies urbaines du centre-ville historique et s’implantera dans la continuité du Pont de Claix. Notre quartier est composé par les trois different modules d’habitat.
La composition de l'ensemble du residences est constituée de ces modules comme le constructeur. Le premier niveau habitable sera, en tout point, supérieur à 1m50 du niveau du terrain naturel. Cela permettra une meilleure gestion des risques sans pour autant «tuer la rue», créée entre les volumes, en permettant une proximité intéressante entre l’intérieur, l’extérieur et les jardins.
La composition plano-volumétrique permet à presque chaque appartement d'avoir une belle vue panoramique sur le fleuve. Le systéme de la construction est trés simple. Elle est composé par la charpante en béton armé. Système de toiture verte utilisé pour le jardinage privé.
Nous avons également fait grand référence au studio d’architecture portugaise Aires Mateus. Le concept de leurs projets est le minimalisme et la forme blanche pure. Nous avons essayé de créer quelque chose de similaire, mais en nous adaptant à notre site et à l'objectif d'inondation.
A.A. Ermokhin, E.B. Mikhailova
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
LIVING ROOFS
It is not a secret that we are living in unfavorable environmental conditions: various gases and toxic emissions pollute the air that we breathe. Providing people in cities with cleaner air is one of the biggest challenges of the modern world. One of the most effective ways to combat air pollution is creating green areas but the wide-spread use of infill development doesn’t allow to create new places for placing plants on the ground. In this case landscape architects are forced to look for new sites to plant trees and they turn their attention to roofs of buildings and surfaces of structures. The result of covering roofs with plants is creation of the living roof. So the object of this work is the living roof and the aim of this article is to look at the benefits of living roofs in the cities and their structure.
A living roof, also known as a green roof, is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane (Pic. 1). [1]
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Pic. 1. The living roof
All well-designed living roofs include subsystems responsible for:
1.Drainage: Vegetative roof drainage design must both maintain optimum growing conditions in the growth medium and manage heavy rainfall without sustaining damage due to erosion or ponding of water.
2.Plant nourishment and support: The engineered medium must be carefully designed to provide for excellent plant growth, no wind scouring, and proper water holding capacity.
3.Protection of underlying waterproofing systems: Vegetative roof assemblies must protect the underlying waterproofing system from human activities (including the impact of maintenance) and biological attack, and solar degradation. A capillary break immediately above the membrane is required for most membranes.
4.Waterproofing systems: Waterproofing is critical for protecting the structure from water intrusion.
5.Insulation systems: Insulation is critical for saving energy. (Pic. 2.) [2]
Pic. 2. The layers of a living roof [3]
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There are many potential benefits associated with vegetative roofs. They include:
•controlling storm water runoff,
•improving water quality,
•mitigating urban heat-island effects,
•prolonging the service life of roofing materials,
•conserving energy,
•reducing sound reflection and transmission and etc. [4]
Besides the living roofs improve the aesthetic environment in both work and home settings. They can offer interesting new opportunities for architectural design. A living roof can allow a structure to merge with the surrounding landscape, provide a dramatic accent, or reinforce the defining aspects of the structure's geometry. Thanks to the living roofs, new spaces can be created. One of the main benefits of living roofs is the air cleaning, because grass traps dust particles and filters the air, making the environment healthy and eco-friendly. To add to this, vegetative roofs can attract wildlife (spiders, snails, birds). [4]
At the end of this article we conclude that living roofs are very promising direction in the landscape architecture for many reasons. Firstly, thanks to the living roofs comfortable environment or space can be created. Secondly, the air purification and energy saving problems can be solved. Thirdly, living roofs attract people’s attention, make the environment eco-friendly and more stable. In the near future, green roofs should become an integral part of the modern cities.
References
1.Green roof. Access mode: https://ru.wikipedia.org
2.Design Questions. Access mode: http://www.roofmeadow.com
3.Assignment 2: Community Gardens. Access mode: https://rlb2ze.wordpress.com
4.Extensive vegetative roofs. Access mode:
https://www.wbdg.org
E.S. Tkachenko, D.A. Loshkareva
Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
MOBILE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Original development of the atomic energetics was inspired by its potential applying in the military sphere. Every new research and project were aimed to use nuclear potential as a weapon of colossal power. However, the success in the civil nuclear technologies and the development of nuclear power
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plants, appearance of icebreakers, powered by nuclear reactors, showed that there’re plenty of possible ways to use nuclear fuel in peaceful purposes.
Progress in this sphere continues nowadays and it is necessary to find out the most efficient and ecologically pure method to generate energy, so atomic energetics is practically the most perspective direction in energetics in modern world.
On the other hand, atomic energetics as, probably, the youngest one in its sphere has its technical imperfections and drawbacks. Nuclear power plant is one of the most difficult objects that the mankind can observe due to its specificity in projecting and erecting. In addition, the immediate difficulty of planning and creating is complicated by the responsibility and importance of the project, its danger, problems during building, features of the terrain and inaccessibility of erecting, which restricts the area of nuclear power plants applying and often becomes the most serious strike in realization of the project – due to the growth in the nuclear potential the wish to extend the quantity of nuclear power plants grow up too because it allows to provide more towns and regions with energy. It’s obvious that the problem mentioned above doesn’t bypass our country. Especially the difficulty and sometimes the impossibility of constructing nuclear power plants are observed in the regions of the Far North and in remote parts of Siberia.
Here comes the conclusion that if the object can not to be erected on the spot, but the need or demand in it is still persisted, then it must be delivered already manufactured with only a subsequent connection. That’s why engineers and specialists started researches in creating nuclear power plant (MNPP) and the first projects of this idea were done 60 years ago.
The most original sample of the MNPP (first design) can be called transportable nuclear power plant - 3 (TNP-3 or ТЭС-3), planned and constructed in the USSR in 1961 on the base of the tank T-10. Transportation of the object was carried out on four self-propelled tracked chassis - two selfpropelled tanks housed a two-loop heterogeneous water-cooled reactor with a capacity of 8.8 MW and the remaining two other self-propelled units were equipped with turbines, a generator and the rest of the equipment. Such an installation could be carried on the railway platforms.
However, despite the creativity of the project, the works on it were closed at the end of the 60s by the reason of the refusal of the military to sponsor the works. In the civil sphere the TNPP also didn’t manage to find further application.
Subsequent noticeable development was given to this topic in the early
1970s and during hardworking process MNPP “Pamir-630D” was constructed in
1985 at the Institute of Nuclear Power of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Reactor and turbo generator blocks were set on two special semi-trailers; MAZ7960 was used as the main tractor for the installation.
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Reactor block “Pamir-630D” type, which was the heaviest element in the whole system, was mounted on the special semi-trailer MAZ-9994 with a carrying capacity of 65 tons. The reactor functioned on the basis of a dissociating coolant, based on dinitrogen tetroxide. The problem of using this substance was its corrosive aggressiveness (especially during boiling and condensation), which increased the chance of a turbine generator breaking through. Although the addition of nitrogen monoxide (nitrin) to the coolant reduced the corrosion effect, the problem remained unsolved, which remained a reason for concern - in the event of leakage of the circuit with the coolant it could make a high hazard for the personnel. Dinitrogen tetroxide reacted instantly with water (for example, in the lungs by inhalation) and converted to nitric acid.
Besides, an emergency cooling system, two independent diesel generators, the distribution auxiliary needs and other armature were located in the reactor unit. The turbo generator unit, which housed the power plant equipment, was also mounted on a similar semi-trailer. Elements of the automated control system of protection and control, as well as an auxiliary power unit with two reserve diesel generators of 100 kW, were located in the bodies of two auxiliary cars.
Upon the arrival of the MNPP, the reactor and turbo-generator units were installed near the site and connected by sealed pipelines to each other. Reactor and turbo-generator blocks were installed on the jacks, the wheels from the trailers were removed and transported to the safe zone. The control units and the reserve power installation were installed no closer than 150 meters from the reactor block to ensure the radiation safety of the personnel.
Summary thermal capacity of the reactor facility was 5 MW and electric power was equal to 630 kW. In total, the station served about 28 people. The plant was designed for transportation by rail, sea and air transport.
The electric start-up of the first “Pamir” reactor was held on November
24, 1985, the tests continued until September 1986. The experimental sample worked in total on different load regimes of about 3,500 hours - the installation was brought out twice to the designed capacity.
However, despite the successful start of work, the project was not destined to receive proper development and recognition in the scientific community. In 1986, after Chernobyl accident, the safety of applying such a complex was criticized and in February of 1988 by decision of the Academy of Science of the
BSSR all researches in “Pamir-630D” project were ceased. As one of the main reasons for closure the work on the project was named “insufficient scientific validity of the choice of coolant” – the reactor was liquidated, all trailers, additional installations and armature were dismantled or utilized.
It’s important to notice that the government and the radiophobia, that appeared after the catastrophe and that is still exists, didn’t allow to carry out serious researches or experiments in the nuclear sphere – in other words, the
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atomic crisis came on (arose). Nevertheless, it remained unchanged the fact that the issue of the use of mobile nuclear installations is not closed, and therefore the idea, laid more than fifty years ago, was able to survive the crisis of nuclear energetics and be realized in the present days.
The Russian “Atomenergoprom” was presented in 2009 at the international exhibition in Minsk first in the world a project of a block transportable low-power nuclear installation. “PAES” (or FNTPP – floating nuclear thermal power plant) is the Russian project on the creation of a mobile low-power floating nuclear power plant, developed by the state atomic energy corporation “Rosatom”, the companies “Baltiysky Zavod”, “Malaya Energetika” and other organizations. Installation works started in 2009 in Saint-Petersburg – so the first floating NPP was laid.
This station can be used for obtaining electric and thermal energy, as well as for desalination of sea water (then it can give out 40 to 240 thousand cubic meters of fresh water per day). According to the draft, NLPP (nuclear lowpower plant) consists of a non-self-propelled icebreaker vessel with two KLT-
40C reactors designed by “OKBM Afrikantova”. The length of the ship is 144 meters, width is 30 meters. Displacement - 21,5 thousand tons. The installed electric capacity of each reactor is 35 MW, the thermal power is 140 gigacalories per hour. The service life of the station will be at least 36 years.
Such a station will be able to solve the problems of heat and power supply in remote areas of the country, which will also significantly reduce the cost of constructing permanent heat and power supply stations. According to official data, the cost of the facility is much lower than the cost of constructing a stationary ground-based nuclear power plant.
It is also possible to add to the advantages of mobility that PAES is able to supply both industrial and developing areas. For this reason, on the shoreline of the supplied town there must be a corresponding infrastructure with the presence of energy transformers, pumps and other equipment.
Also, the dignity of the installation can be called its environmental safety; In case of the end of plant's operation and its upcoming utilization, the process of transportation of the station to the place of its dismantling starts, which completely excludes the radiation impact on the water area of the region where PAES is operated.
On April 28, 2018 the floating nuclear power plant left the territory of the Baltic Shipyard and its towing to the site of complex tests in Murmansk began. On May 19 the object successfully moored in the port of Murmansk and after corresponding tests it has to move on to the operation place. The planned placement of the station can be Pevek (the most northerly town in Russia), where constructing of the coastline infrastructure started on October, 2016.
The development of such projects can allow Russia to increase a part of nuclear energetics in the whole energetics of the country, to solve technical questions of power supply of remote regions and to create a new sales market.
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