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Landscape design of a low-rise building is carried out with the landscape design of its individual plot. At the same time, the issue of placing a building on the plot is being addressed. There are three cases of such placement: in the depth of the plot, on the red line of the building, on the corner of the plot, if it is angular. The site is zoned into several zones. For example: entrance, central (around the house), economic, garden, vegetable garden and berries, children's play area (Picture 1).

The space, which is organized around residential buildings, is to create a comfortable stay. Children, elderly people, adults live in a residential area, therefor, for each person of a residential area there should be organized its own recreation area. For example, residential gardens offer to be located close to public and shopping centers, so that they link arrays of gardens, provide convenient approaches to public transport stops, shopping and public buildings. On the ways of mass movement usually provide public gardens for short-term rest of the population.

The planning decisions of the gardens are related to: -stage of residential buildings,

-configuration of the site,

-the presence of gardens in adjacent residential structures,

-the availability of areas of preschool and school institutions and other green areas,

-the location of residential development in the structure of the city.

Also of great importance is the relief of the site, the presence of valuable vegetation, natural water bodies, the degree of openness of the site, etc.

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It is remarkable, but for landscaping with green plantings, exotic plants, expensive and rare, are not rarely used - it can be blue Christmas tree, Japanese sakura and even almonds, which not only blooms, but also gives fruit.

Some developers seriously approach the planting process, use popular techniques like "Four Seasons", the idea is that each district is assigned its own images depending on the time of year.

In residential complexes of economy class, this attention is not paid to gardening. More often it is a usual lawn and also bushes which practically do not need care. But even there, thanks to the fantasies of designers, one can stand out from the crowd. Behind the elite portals to residential complexes of economy class invite famous designers like ST Raum A bureau in the town “In the Forest”. Naturally, we are not talking about buying exotic plants, but even there are planted such juniper and jasmine, thuja and hydrangea, which are not usual for the Russian climate.

The problem of any LCD, regardless of class, is the period of growth of trees, when they only land, they look quite non-aesthetic and 1-1.5 m. But some developers sow almost "adult" plants.

In the history of architecture there are examples of areas and complexes with unfavorable buildings. In addition, the development of the adjacent territories has not been thought out for the complex, and it is precisely because of this that a number of reasons arise that subject areas to demolition.

Residential complex "Pruitt-Aygou", called one of the tenants "hell on earth" - the most notorious failure project in the history of the construction of public housing. This project was one of the largest in the United States during its operation in 1954-1972, but was never fully populated due to widespread racist sentiment. Desegregation (repeal of the law on separation of black and white Americans) of public housing led to the fact that most of the white residents of the complex left their apartments in 1956.

Modern critics blamed the Pruitt-Aygou project, which, in their opinion, was from the very beginning like a prison, due to which its poor residents had mental health problems. Almost 20 years later, the project was declared unfit for habitation, freed from tenants and demolished as quickly as the city government of St. Louis could afford. However, since the demolition, the above-mentioned modern studies have been repeatedly criticized for insufficiently studying the issue - many noted that the statistics were distorted in favor of racist views. Demolition of the residential complex "Pruitt-Aygou" was declared by Charles Jenks "the death of modern architecture", and the complex itself became a textbook example of what should be avoided in the design of urban buildings. Often, this residential complex is called the "beginning of the end" of mass housing in St. Louis.

The new residential complex Pruitt-Aygou (Pruitt-Igoe) is 33 eleven-story residential buildings built in the project of the famous architect Minoru

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Yamasaki. It is designed to accommodate more than 12 thousand people. The government allocated $ 36 million for its implementation.

The discovery was held with great fanfare in 1956, residents were happy with new housing and even called their apartments “penthouses for the poor”, and the project itself received the first prize of the American Institute of Architecture.

However, just a couple of years later, domestic crime increased in the quarter, elevators making only a few stops, and it became unsafe to use shared laundry. Most white families chose to move from Pruitt Aigou. The general holidays of the first years were replaced by hooligan fights, the remaining tenants began to delay the rent, and the communal infrastructure began to malfunction. The police were so often called to Pruitt-Aigou that in the end they stopped coming. People were afraid to ride in elevators, stay in apartments and simply go into the entrances. It was scary to let out children without supervision even outside the apartment. In 1972, it became obvious that the complex was easier to demolish than to continue to invest in maintaining its existence. Residents were resettled in purpose-built low-rise houses for 1-2 families, and the once-perfect Pruitt Aygou was demolished. The explosion of the first three houses was even shown on television.

E.A. Pushkareva, Yа.N. Kontaurova, A.V. Prihunov, A.A. Shashkina

Nizhny Novgorod state University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIEN

Die Welt verändert sich und die Wünsche des Verbrauchers ändern sich mit ihr. Standard-Marketing-Tools sind nicht genug. Wenn ein Unternehmen in seiner Nische führend sein möchte, muss es ständig Trends aus der Tech-Welt folgen und die vielversprechendsten von Ihnen implementieren.

Am Beispiel sind zwei innovative Technologien zu betrachten: Bioplastik und Gemisch aus Zement.

Die ganze Welt ist mit fast grenzenlosen Möglichkeiten, die 3D-Druck gibt, begeistert. Architekten, die nie den Fall verpassen, neue Technologien zu meistern, wenden sich auch an 3D-Druck, um unglaubliche Gebäude zu schaffen.

Das holländische Büro DUS architects entwickelt ein Projekt zum Drucken eines Wohngebäudes auf einem 3D-Drucker aus Bioplastik. Der Bau wird mit dem industriellen 3D-Drucker KarmaMaker durchgeführt, der Kunststoffwände «druckt». Die Konstruktion des Gebäudes ist sehr ungewöhnlich – an der drei Meter langen Seite des Hauses werden die Wände wie im Konstruktor «Lego» befestigt. Für den Bau wird die von Henkel

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entwickelte Bioplastik verwendet –eine Mischung aus Pflanzenöl und Mikrofaser, und das Fundament des Hauses wird aus leichtem Beton hergestellt. Diese Technologie kann die gesamte Bauindustrie verändern. Alte Wohngebäude und Büros können einfach «Umschmelzen» und etwas Neues daraus machen.

Neben der biologischen Abbaubarkeit ist ein solches Baumaterial auch dadurch bequem, dass nach seiner Verwendung praktisch kein herkömmlicher Bauschutt übrig bleibt. Die ursprünglichen Komponenten werden auf die Baustelle in Containern gebracht, von wo aus Sie in den KarmaMaker-Drucker gelangen. Und die Reste können abgeholt werden, um in der Zukunft für die gleichen Zwecke verwendet zu werden.

Vertreter von dus Architects, obwohl die Umsetzung des Projekts nur in der Anfangsphase ist, prognostizieren dieser Technologie bereits grenzenlose Perspektiven. Bei der Massenverteilung solcher Gebäude wird das Problem der Demontage der alten Gebäude und des Aufbaus an Ihrer Stelle der neuen tatsächlich verschwinden. Der gleiche 3D-Drucker kann einfach das gewünschte Gebäude in die ursprüngliche Bioplastik Umschmelzen und ein neues Objekt daraus errichten.

Gemisch aus Zement ist eine zweite innovative Technologie. Ein starres Material wird flexibel: Innovationen beim Beton durch neue Zusatzstoffe.

Als Bindemittel für Beton, Mörtel oder Estrich ist Zement vielseitig einsetzbar und zählt zu den meist verbauten Baustoffen überhaupt. Das Grundrezept für Beton ist einfach. Was man dafür braucht, liefert die Natur: Zement aus Kalkstein und Ton, Wasser und die sogenannte Gesteinskörnung aus Sand, Kies oder Splitt. Aber die Industrie arbeitet längst mit viel komplexeren Mischungen. Moderner Hightech-Beton enthält neben Zement, Wasser und Luft viele Zusatzstoffe. Damit kann man lichtdurchlässige sowie besonders feste und leichtere Teile als mit der Standardmischung bauen. „All diese Bestandteile haben Einfluss auf die Nutzungseigenschaften, aber auch auf die Ästhetik des Betons.

Deutlich wird das bei den Zusatzstoffen: Farbpigmente, Fasern oder auch mineralische Feinstoffe können sowohl die Optik als auch die Materialeigenschaften des Betons verändern. Ein Beispiel ist Farbe: So müssen sich Bauherren bei Sichtbetonflächen nicht mehr auf Grautöne beschränken. Beton im Innenund im Außenbereich kann eingefärbt werden. Zusatzmittel wie Betonverflüssiger, Fließmittel, Beschleuniger oder Verzögere sowie Dichtungsmittel beeinflussen etwa die Verarbeitung des Materials, wie gut es bindet und aushärtet und auch, wie lange es hält. Architekten und Bauherren profitieren von all den neuen Eigenschaften, da sich ihre architektonischen Ideen damit besser umsetzen lassen. Je nach Mischung entstehen beispielsweise besonders leichter Beton, dämmender Beton oder lichtdurchlässiger Beton. Der Leichtbeton unterscheidet sich von herkömmlichem Beton dadurch, dass er voller Luft und somit leichter ist. Wandund Dachelemente aus Leichtbeton

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haben auch eine bessere Wärmedämmfähigkeit als Normalbeton, hier wird daher auch von Dämmbeton gesprochen. Verantwortlich dafür sind auch die Zuschlagstoffe mit vielen Poren. Momentan experimentieren die Wissenschaftler mit Aerogelgranulat als Zuschlag. Aero-Gele haben die niedrigste Wärmeleitfähigkeit aller bekannten Feststoffe. Als Zuschlag in einem zementgebundenen Beton verleihen sie dem Material daher eine hohe Wärmeund Schalldämmung. Dahinter steckt der Wunsch, möglichst schlanke Bauteile zu realisieren, die hohe Lasten tragen können. Ein solcher Beton hat ein sehr dichtes Gefüge, das unter anderem durch Zugabe feinster Gesteinsmehle hergestellt wird. Zusätzlich werden solche Mischungen vielfach Fasern aus Stahl, Kunststoff oder Glas zugesetzt. So lassen sich die Bauteile trotz hoher Tragfähigkeit gut formen. Der Unterschied liegt in der Bewehrung: Um konventionellen Beton stark und stabil genug zu machen, werden Stahlplatten in die Masse gegeben. Diese sind aber dick. Neuartiger Faserbeton enthält kurze Fasern aus Stahl, Glas oder Kunststoff direkt im Gemisch, Textilbeton hat eine textile Fläche aus Glasoder Karbonfasern. Letzterer ist dadurch etwa dreibis viermal so belastbar wie Stahlbeton. Das geht einher mit einem Trend in der Architektur zu weiteren Räumen mit weniger Stützelementen beziehungsweise offenen Grundrissen als bislang üblich. Das lässt sich umsetzen, da der Beton nun tragfähiger ist.

Innovation ist kein neues Konzept. Es ist ein Prozess, durch den ein Element durch eine bestimmte Aktion transformiert wird, um ihm eine andere Verwendung zu geben oder die zu verbessern, für die es ursprünglich entworfen wurde. Im Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens wird Innovation zu einer Einstellung.

M. Y. Sukharev, K. A. Pavlova, E. A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

INTERESTING ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR BRIDGE

CONSTRUCTION

Bridge construction is a very demanded branch of engineering. The necessity for bridges has arisen many centuries ago. However, it is still essential to develop scientific knowledge imperfecting the structures.

The aim of the article is to analyze the existing engineering wonders in the sphere of bridge construction.

The Henderson Waves Bridge (Picture 1-4) was designed and developed in 2005 by the London firm "IJP" together with the Singapore architectural bureau "RSP Architects Planners". The wooden construction of the Henderson

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Waves bridge, 294 meters long, rises 36 meters above the Henderson Highway, standing on high reinforced concrete pillars. This bridge resembles a snake. He connects Mount Faber Park to Telok Blangah Hill Park. All iron frame covered with boards of yellow wood, which grows in South-East Asia. The curves of the bridge in the form of waves, of which there are 7 pieces, serve as niches and they are arranged chairs and benches for relax . At night, the Henderson Waves Bridge beautifully illuminated with LED lights.

2. Helix Bridge (Picture 5-6) is the pedestrian bridge in Singapore architects recognized as one of the most beautiful in the world. 280-meter bridge Helix Bridge, which unites Marina Center and Marina Bay, was officially opened in 2010. This is a spiral bridge, the design of which resembles a DNA molecule. The bridge is built of two steel tubular spirals reinforced with rings of rigidity, and is supported by concrete platforms. According to the project, four round viewing balconies under the awnings were built on the bridge, each of which accommodated one hundred people. In 2010, the bridge was awarded the "Best transport construction in the world" at the World Architecture Festival.

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3.The Langkawi Sky Bridge (Picture 7-8) is the highest engineering achievement in Malaysia. The Bridge comprises a curved pedestrian cablestayed bridge located at the peak of Gunung Chinchang mountain on Pulau Langkawi Island. At the top some spectacular views of the rainforest and the Telaga Tujuh waterfalls can be admired with two viewing platforms provided along the bridge. The bridge was built in 2004, opened to visitors since 2005. It is unique in that it is the highest single-point in the world. The bridge really rests on a single metal support. All the power structures are firmly and securely share the 8 tethers attached to the same sole support.

4.Peace Bridge (Picture 9-10) is a pedestrian bridge designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. The bridge was built to connect the southern route of the Luk River and the center of Calgary to the northern channel of the Luk River and the Sunnyside community. The bridge is among the ten best architectural projects in 2012. Atypical element - color; Although most of the projects in Calatrava are white, the world bridge has red and white colors used both on the flag of Canada and on the Calgary sign. The bridge was designed in the form of a spiral steel structure with a glass roof. The bridge was designed not less than 75 years. The width of the bridge is 6.3 meters, which is twice the size of other pedestrian bridges in the area.

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5.Millau Viaduct (Picture 11) was designed by the English architect Lord Norman Foster and the French civil engineer Michel Virgol. The bridge was one of the greatest technical achievements of all time and was awarded the 2006 award for the outstanding structure of the International Association of Bridges and Engineers. The bridge crosses the Tarn valley at the lowest point connecting the Larzak plateau to the red plateau. Millau Viaduct is the tallest transport bridge in the world, the height of one of its pillars is 341 meters - just above the Eiffel Tower.(Picture 12) The project required about 127,000 cubic meters of concrete, 19,000 tons of steel for reinforced concrete and 5,000 tons of prestressed steel cables and housings.

6.Moses Bridge. (Picture 13-14) This bridge is called Moses Bridge, because it divides the water into two parts. The project of this unusual structure was created by the architectural company Ro & Ad Architecten. It was her employees who came up with the idea of creating a bridge that would cut the

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surface of the water of the moat that runs along the perimeter of Fort Fort De Roovere. As a result, the bridge Moses Bridge appeared, which goes under the water to a depth of about a meter. But, nevertheless, from the inside it is completely dry - the construction is made of modernized wood. this material will last for more than 50 years. To ensure that the bridge is not flooded in rainy time, for this, additional shafts are built on both sides of the moat, which divert excess water.

A.A. Mishina, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF BARCELONA. HISTORICAL

EXPERIENCE AND URBAN REVOLUTION

Barcelona is city in Spain and the capital of Catalonia which population contains 1.6 million people, population with neighboring municipalities is 4.8 million people (it is the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, Madrid and Milan). At the same time Barcelona is the capital of the Union for the Mediterranean. The city has rich history and the main aim of this report is to find out the factors that made a contribution to the development of Barcelona from the urban and reconstructive points of view.

To begin with it is necessary to turn to the history of the city. It was founded by the Romans who set up a colony called Barcino at the end of the 1st century BC. During its history Barcelona lost and recovered its independence: in the medieval period it became the economic and political center of the Western

Mediterranean and felt the suppression under the Bourbon’s rule. A period of cultural recovery began in the mid-19th century with the arrival of the development of the textile industry.

Before the 1854 Barcelona residents lived inside the medieval walls, surrounding the district known now as Ciutat Vella (Old town). The problem with sanitation appeared to the middle of 19th century, when citizens who lived on the lower floors felt the lack of air. It was a time for changes: the medieval walls were decided to ruin and the city’s boundaries to extend. According to the results of the competition for city’s future planning the project of Ildefons

Cerdà was chosen as the leading. The architect wanted to create an area with enough light, planting of greenery. Another aspect is to change the idea to avoid districts’ separation on rich and poor. The district constructed by Ildefons Cerdà was named Eixample which means «expansion». The structure of Eixample is familiar to lattice, all the houses have the same size and all the streets are mutually perpendicular.

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The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th were especially meaningful for the city because Barcelona hosted Universal Exposition in 1888 and International Exposition in 1929.

Universal Exposition in 1888 became the first big international event in Barcelona. Barcelona has undergone a number of improvements due to the Universal Exhibition. Term constructions were completed and the construction of new infrastructure facilities began to be built.

The Ciutadella Park was built to embrace most of the activities. The park replaced the old military fortress that definitely symbolized peace and prosperity overcoming oppression by force. Arc de Triomf is located near the Ciutadella Park and signified the main entrance to the Exhibition.

Passeig de Colom was laid as a new avenue between Parc de la Ciutadella and La Rambla. At the crossroad of these two avenues was installed the Monument to Columbus. Also, the famous Ramblas and other main streets became the first ones illuminated with electricity.

The second Universal Exhibition in 1929 happened in a different place in time and space. The situation in the World was complex, and Barcelona claimed for changes. Modifications took part in the city’s urban planning with new transports and attractions.

Just as in 1888, the 1929 Exhibition had a great impact on the city of Barcelona at an urban level, not only in Montjuic district, since improvement and refurbishment works were carried out throughout the city:

-Creating the fair area with its two Venetian towers, the National Palace (today Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya) and the magic fountain in Montjuïc.

-The exhibition made life different by installing advanced technology like radio, an extended tramway network and the first metro lines. The phones appeared too and definitely changed the game.

-The Plaça de Catalunya was urbanized.

-The Avinguda Diagonal was extended to the west and the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes to the southwest.

Finally, the city's communications were improved:

-Construction during the 1920s of the Barcelona El Prat Airport.

-The improvement of links with the city's peripheral neighborhoods.

The construction of all these public works lead to a great demand for workers, causing a large increase in immigration to the city from all parts of Spain. At the same time, the increase in population lead to the construction of various workers' districts with "cheap housing", such as the Aunós Group in Montjuic and the Milans del Bosch and Baró de Viver Groups in Besós.

The freedoms achieved during this period were severely restricted during the Civil War in 1936 and the subsequent dictatorship. With the reinstatement of democracy in 1978, Barcelona society restored its economic strength and the Catalan language. Hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics Barcelona made a breakthrough in city’s development and influenced on future independence.

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