10696

so that they are in a single spatial and compositional relationship. The building is characterized by large sections of architectural forms, their simplicity and clarity. The main compositional elements of the facade are the plane of the walls and opening. In the volume of ABK, with a combination of elements of various shapes and sizes, we obtain proportions that make it possible to eliminate the monotony and sameness of the facades.

The accent of the composition is the central entrances to the ABK with decorative visors lined with relief anodized aluminum (Pic. 2).

Pic.2. The facade of a single-storey two-span mechanical assembly workshop of fiber optic data transmission systems for SkyWay systems.

Let’s analyze the structural part of the building:

The Mixed-frame of the production work-shop includes reinforced concrete and steel frame.

The area of the workshop divides into production sites, offices and premises, in accordance with the scheme of the technological process. It’s placed in accordance with sanitary and hygienic and fire regulations and rules. The workshop is equipped with two support cranes (Pic. 3).

Pic.3. Тhe structural part of the building: the plan of mechanical assembly workshop.

450

In accordance with the category D fire and fire hazards of technological processes, a distance of 30 and 24 m, respectively, is assigned between the projected object and the neighboring buildings. Around the workshop and the ABK design fire escape routes with a width of 6 m. there is a lift along the fire stairs on the workshop and the lantern (Pic. 4).

Pic.4. Тhe structural part of the building: section of the workshop.

451

Pic.5. Plans for an auxiliary three-story building.

As for layout of ABK:

•On the first floor there are: a men's dressing room, showers and washroom, restrooms, a first-aid post, a dining room, a storeroom of cleaning personnel, a special storage room;

•On the second floor there is a women's dressing room, women's showers with pre-shower, washroom, women's restroom, storehouse of cleaning staff, administrative premises, rest room for staff;

•On the third floor: a storehouse for cleaning personnel, administrative premises, physical education, psychological relief, latrines. The decisions taken in the draft on the composition and areas of the ABK, the composition and quantity of equipment of premises justify by calculation (Pic. 5).

Y.D. Lysova, T.A. Sarkisyan

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

FEATURES OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGN IN

THE SMALL LOCALITIES

In accordance with the building set of rules all the cities of the Russian Federation are divided into the five groups in terms of the population headcount. The most interesting fact is that 788 localities of the total list of such (1112) i.e. 70, 86% are the towns with a population of less than 50 thousands. It is about 15, 67% of the people who live in our country.

This kind of classification seems to be viable for subject of the article primarily because of the fact that moderate population base ensures the

“environmental entirety” and, meanwhile, metropolises, on account of size, are

452

divided into the parts with their own centres. Small settlements organize a very special “community of backwoodsmen” with their specific problems and ways of development (in the sphere of architecture as well) and it must be interesting to know which features they have in terms of formation of architectural environment.

It is well known that big cities are very powerful places of attraction for people, investments and ideas. Every year they develop new spheres and territories making citizen`s life more comfortable. There are spaces for everyone: parks for holidays, walking paths, playgrounds, places for major events and for secondary ones. Inhabitants have a wide choice of environments for their activities and they successfully use it, fulling city`s squares, streets, parks and courtyards both at weekends and on weekdays.

We can suppose that the same happens in the small localities, but we would not be quite right. Usually towns with population less than 50 thousands have not such budget as big cities and, as a result, they have not enough qualified specialists and possibilities to create really comfortable and

“nourishing” public spaces. In most cases habitants have “imposed environment” to live, use and rest. So, the first and the most obvious not feature in the fullest sense, but difference from big cities is lack of money for creating really auspicious places. Why is it happening? Omitting boring political and economic facts about municipalities` financing, we will understand, that towns which have strong industrial structure as a town-forming organization (so-called mono-towns or mono-cities) often are able to support their own prosperity, but other towns, with few exceptions, are not able to. It is not a question about total absence, but about priorities and allocation of budgetary resources. Today it has become common to divide parts of expenses between municipality, government and inhabitants or crowd funding. In some cases it produces an effect and allows the town to realize the project. For the sake of justice, one fact should be noted: there are national programs for such cities and, in general, steps for provision of urban amenities in small localities are being taken, but nowadays they are tiny in comparison with the size of a problem.

As stated above, number of city`s inhabitants indirectly can tell us about their “environmental entirety”. It is understandable that a big city has a lot of public spaces, like Moscow has The Red Square as the main one and a lot of more or less attractive points within the urban fabric. “Responsibility” of the place, its “burden” is spreaded and dominant functions are divided (tourism, rest, trade and so on). On the other hand, as Glazychev wrote, in metropolis people start to define the concept of the word “city” only like the historical part of that one or they perceive a name of the city like a sign of citizenship, not like a characteristic of the place where they live, work and rest. The public space of the town has another role.

As a rule, the centre of a small city is the most attended point for every inhabitant: a significant part of the people`s everyday routs cut through it. For

453

this reason there is a phenomenon of “imposed environment”, when a person can choose where to go to a job or for a walk, but the shortest and the most comfortable way (often only in terms of usability, not in terms of real comfort) is going through the central public space of the town or near that one. So, this locality`s space (or group of spaces) is not only a sign of citizenship but at the same time is a real everyday environment. These facts literally oblige the central public place to be multifunctional without any dominant signs and bear all the responsibility for a movement of cars, pedestrians, development of the small business, walking and resting of citizens and so on. This problem could be decided with competent allocation of functions and rigorous analysis of the situation and the request, respectful work with the cultural codes of the place.

Another feature of the small city in terms of formation of urban space is based on the few platforms. This paragraph will cover the problem of “domestic vandalism” as one of the most vital question of citizens` everyday life, which includes spheres of culture, social standards and psychology. It is well known, that property damage is a problem of every city, but towns are special in this case because of limited space, close relationship between social groups and, as a rule, low cultural awareness. Domestic vandalism is becoming a custom for habitants: garbage on the streets, broken benches and other amenities. There is a broken windows theory which partly explains the occurrence of property damage as a consequence of the unstable broad background, something like:

“What if I`ll leave garbage? It is a mess here already”. People just absolve themselves of responsibility for making changes because they do not believe in it. How to decide this problem?

In addition to the cultural education, roughly speaking, there are two ways to reduce the risk of deviant behaviour: outer and inner ones. We can design extra strength street furniture, included in every project surveillance cameras (they won`t be turned on) or create a project with nothing to break – it would be the outer way. Also, it is a little bit more difficult, but sometimes even cheaper, we could involve the population in the process of designing and building, apply to people`s self-awareness, to memory of the place – and it is an inner way. It must bring more consciousness not only to the project, but also into the life of the town.

In summary, we have superficially considered a few of the main, in my opinion, features of the towns from the point of view of analysis, which is necessary for design of architectural environment for public spaces. We haven’t touched some obvious points like low developed infrastructure for physically challenged people, population ageing, scarcity of entertaining and education – all of those factors influence on the way of architectural design in those cities. Nonetheless, I believe that outlining of the main features will help students and young architects understand what problems they can meet in the conditions of the small town and develop the skill of deciding this kind of troubles.

454

I.O. Novikova, E.A. Belous

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

HOW TO DESIGN DREAM HOUSE. AUTOCAD ARCHITECTURAL

DRAWINGS

The research work entitled «How to design dream house. AutoCAD architectural drawings» is devoted to the study of the design process in AutoCAD.

The relevance of the work is great as it is utterly impossible to imagine modern construction without the use of information technologies at all its stages. To date, there are extensive changes of information carriers about knowledgeintensive objects of design, construction and maintenance. Blueprints are replaced by an electronic virtual geometric model used at all stages of the lifecycle of buildings and constructions. It is provided in electronic workflows.

As part of training for civil engineers, a wide range of software products and technologies for engineering purposes are applied. The research work is devoted to two - and three-dimensional system of automated design and drafting of the initial level of complexity. It is AutoCad.

Autodesk is the developer of AutoCAD. The first version was released in 1982. AutoCAD is used in the spheres where drawings are applied. It is a reliable assistant to architects, builders and engineers.

It is essential to realize that the functionality of AutoCAD is clearly inferior to professional computer-aided design systems, but it is totally enough for private needs (modeling of your own house, designing of the interior and landscaping).

AutoCAD is popular in design due to a large set of various applications. Thus, it is possible to develop competent complex models without having skills in engineering and architecture and without having to draw up plans by hand.

AutoCAD enables its users to design the dream house as there is no need in seeking the professional help. Basic knowledge of working principle of AutoCAD is required.

Before making a drawing of a house in AutoCad, it is essential to determine the type of a future structure:

•number of floors and rooms;

•space and shape of the house;

•type of roof;

•material for the construction of a house. To draw a house plan it is important to:

•create the necessary layers - axes, walls, partitions, windows, doors, roof, fragments, sizes, text;

•draw coordination axes;

455

•draw load-bearing walls and non-load-bearing partitions of the

building;

•draw embrasures;

•calculate space;

•perform the necessary fragments and nodes;

•insert window and door blocks;

•set dimension chains.

Walling on the basis of the plan can be done by delineating the walls in the plane with a closed polyline and then extruding the closed contour.3D modeling in AutoCAD makes it possible to design a house manually, using 2D primitives, or create several projections from one 3D model that are interconnected. While making a blueprint of a house plan in AutoCAD the following commands are used: "Similarity", "Multiline", "Point", "Block" "Block with Attributes", "Multileader".

The example of a house designed in the AutoCAD system, is presented below. It is my project work.

Pic.1. 3D – model of a house

456

In conclusion it is necessary to say that having spent a small amount of time studying the AutoCAD program and implementing the work plan step by step, you can prepare a house design independently without any material costs and the help of specialists.

A.A.Gorunova, E.V.Kartseva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering

I AM A PAINTER AND I SEE IT SO

Process of drawing sometimes can be extremely so difficult, but very interesting. When we look at a finished piece of art, we can’t imagine the amount of the author`s efforts, working hours and love, involved in his work.

Before starting, a painter should understand what he/she wants to paint in his/her canvas. It can be, for example, a landscape or still life we try to tell you about an amazing process of art, taking our own experience as an example.

Materials

When you understand the form of a picture, you should choose materials. It is an important part, because all the materials have different features. You can attach materials to a canvas, depending on this choice. If you choose paints, you should understand, that there are water-soluble and water-insoluble paints.

First of all, you can use paper, tight it on the plane-table of a special size. Ideally, it should be cotton paper, which thickness can be different, depending on a type of paint. If you choose, water-insoluble paints, such as: oil – paint, you should use flax, which must be tight on the stretcher.

Some painters prefer oil-paint, because this one has many pluses. First of all it is duration of drying. It allows to correct picture during some days. It’s very comfortable, because you often can’t choose the disposition of some objects, cut and try method you come up with the best variant. Secondly, oilpaint has a specific structure which looks very impressive.

However, if you want to relax, you can choose effective watercolor for a chance. It is an amazing material, which symbolizes lightness and elegancy. Watercolor must be clear and fluid. This paint is more difficult to use in composition with the previous one. It is essential to work in wet techniques, which not everyone can use.

The topic of paint

When you choose the main materials, you should think about the topic of your painting. A landscape and a still-life have their own peculiarities.

458

Painters like drawing landscapes because, generally, they want to capture the moment.

However, there might be some difficulties with a still-life picture. At first we should find the place for it and it should harmonize with your design. We choose appropriate colors and plot for the design of flat. Pictures should attract attention, but not stand out your house decoration.

The process of paint

Every painter should have some knowledge, which can help him to draw simple things. Together with this knowledge and with his/her own feeling of color, he/she can break the rules and referred to the phrase: I’m a painter and I see so! Here you can’t dispute!

However, many people, who don’t know nuts and bolts of painting, can even make us believe, that they are professionals and artistic.

When you take a brush in your hand, first of all, you must think about a composition. It should look real and visually correct. Then you start creating your paints, gradually adding tone and volume. Finally, the painting comes alive.

After it the favorite phase of painting begins: details. It is exciting, because you feel that your painting is unbelievable and impressive, and now you can do it even more realistic. Only a real painter can understand these emotions. After finishing your piece of art, you should wait for about10 days and then cover your painting with some special varnish, which can to help safe your canvas and add luster.

K.N. Mitkina, M.A. Predtechenskaya, D. A. Loshkareva

Nizhny Novgorod state University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

INFLUENCE OF TERRITORIES FORMING RESIDENTIAL AREAS

ON PEOPLE'S LIVES

Green cities are a very important issue nowadays. Therefore, the subject of the study is the landscape design of residential complexes. This problem is relevant because of the large amount of pollution in cities, such as noise or gas. The study of this area will help to create the most comfortable environment for a person. Thus, the object of study is residential areas.

Landscape architecture is a volumetric -spatial organization of a territory, combination of natural and architectural forms into an integral composition. A distinctive feature is a certain art form.

459