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Pic.3. «The Harvest Moon»

Pic.4. «Steamer moored at Quayside».

Pic.5. «The Fort»

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In conclusion it is necessary to say that much of Mackintosh’s inspiration for his design work and painting came from the nature and from his sketching tours where his drawings of traditional Scottish buildings were described as honest, simple and unaffected. I think that his contribution to the British art is very important. But unfortunately the Mackintosh contemporaries didn’t appreciate his works and ideas, probably because of his Art Nouvea style. Charles Rennie Mackintosh changed the history of the 20th century architecture and design however his contribution can be unknown to the public.

N.S. Vladyka, N.N. Darienkova

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

COMPUTER PROGRAMMES IN CONSTRUCTION DESIGN

Modern information society is based on the use of information and communication technologies, which are used in all sectors of the economy.

One of the largest sectors is the construction industry. Being a young branch of science, information technology in construction (ITC) lacks a solid methodological foundation [1].

The use of computers in the construction industry affects the cost, production time, reliability and versatility of materials and structures. For the construction of buildings a project is created.

The most projects consist of a set of drawings, both basic plans, and individual units and design elements. Without a working plan all sorts of mistakes can be made.

The first projects appeared in ancient times, many years before our era. Over the years, in the information society (or the post-industrial society)

drawing boards, tee squares, stencils and tracing paper have been replaced by computer applications. There is no need for large filing cabinets to store dyelines. Today the originals are nicely stored on disks and printed out on plotters when required. Nowadays, all office staff are computer trained and multi-skilled. They prepare their own drawings and draw up diagrams and charts and etc. [2].

Very large amounts of information, as well as frequent development or regulatory changes, require automated control systems. For example, a time frame for planning, designing and constructing a nuclear power plant plan for 10 years, requiring 500 specifications, 5,000 drawings, 500,000 design documents, 30 million paper products. Similar problems of mega-construction are evident in urban rapid transit systems, oil refineries and chemical plants, pipelines, the development of mineral resources, etc.

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The potential impact of computers in effecting a remedy to the construction malaise is enormous with computer-aided design, drafting, manufacturing, fabrication, quality control, as well as artificial intelligence providing revolutionary tools [3].

Homeowners, Contractors and Architects use CAD PRO home design software to visualize their designs before they are built. It is user-friendly while offering a wide range of powerful design features. CAD PRO makes the custom home design process much more efficient because it is developed by professional builders and home designers [4].

The lead developer and publisher of construction software is Computer Aided Design (CAD).

CAD handles engineering input, including design criteria and methodology, as well as code requirements, compilation, preparation of plans and specifications, prepares material and quantity lists, estimated costs, workflow, inventory requirements, machine load, and workshop management. It frees the creativity of the designer by eliminating manual calculations and tracing. CAD design software uses either vector graphics to represent traditional drawing objects or raster graphics (a general view of the designed objects).

CAD can be used to construct curves and diagrams within a twodimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces and solids in or curves, surfaces and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space. CAD has many flagship products:

AutoCAD was released in 1979 by Autodesk co-author Michael Riddle. The first version of Autodesk was demonstrated in 1982. As a flagship product of Autodesk, by March 1986, AutoCAD became the most widely used CAD software in the world.

ArchiCAD is software to create a project model and more detailed elements of the landscape, furniture, etc.

RevitCAD is a software package that includes AutoCAD and ArchiCAD for automated production at various stages from development to exploitation [5].

CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector graphics to represent traditional drawing objects, or can also produce raster graphics showing the general appearance of the designed objects. However, it involves more than just forms. As in the manual drawing up technical and engineering drawings, CAD must transport information, like material, processes, dimensions, according to the specific requirements for the application.

CAD includes flooring textures, countertops, thousands of ready-made home design symbols. There are sockets, wiring, heat and air, and plumbing symbols for a more technical reconstruction project.

Many professions require some form of computer programming. Programming has become a required skill and so the study of program design deserves the same central role in high education [6].

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People of XXI century want to build a world where everyone has equal access to technology through sustainable IT solutions, providing access to highquality equipment and education in the developing world.

Bibliography

1.Bo-Christer Björk. Information technology in construction [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10227/617/bjork.pdf?sequence

2.Гулканян М.К., Ахметгареева Р.К. English for construction. Казань:

КАСУ, 2015. – 110 с.

3.M. Muspratt, A. Murray. Computers for the construction industry.

[Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/computers-construction-industry-

aided-capabilities-5703

4.CADPRO. – Режим доступа: www.cadpro.com

5.Системы автоматизированного проектирования. – Режим доступа: https://cad.ru/ru/software/detail.php?ID=26900

6.M. Felleisen, R.B. Findler, M. Flatt, S. Krishnamurthi. How to design Programs [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://docviewer.yandex.ru/view/47386658/?*=PK6OvJaqdPSKrchzpVqTprMd sq97InVybCI6Imh0dHA6Ly9saWJyYXJ5LmF

D.R. Shmeleva, I.A. Bukaeva, I.I. Tusheva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE

FIELD OF UNIQUE CONSTRUCTIONS

The position of engineer in the contemporary society has positive and negative sides. As practice shows, people who are love this profession, are not frightened or repelled by its minuses. Today, we would like to talk about several problems of the profession of the builder-engineer and disassemble them. To work as a civil engineer, a person needs to have an analytical mindset, to understand well the calculations, draw up drawings, choose materials, which means that he needs a good memory too. To participate in the negotiations, a civil engineer needs communication skills. The word "engineer" in Latin means "smart, resourceful". What are the drawbacks of this very interesting profession at first glance? On the first place in the list of shortcomings of engineering specializations is the need to perform a monotonous work, which requires

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special concentration. In addition, the engineer takes months to take measurements in any territory. In case of a mistake everything starts from the very beginning, since the slightest miscalculation of the employee or a mistake made at the practical stage creates the risk of a decrease in production efficiency and even the development of a dangerous situation. At the same time, the engineer's salary does not always correspond to this level of responsibility, constant stress and the need to constantly improve oneself. But the engineer spends a lot of time and effort to calculate all the dimensions, draw a plan for a building or a structure and arrange everything. The civil engineer has to participate in the design of the construction project, in the work on the breakdown of the future site's land plots, make measurements, conduct research and measurements of the future facility using geodetic tools, and maintain documentation. It is the organization of safety and quality of designed and assembled facilities and structures, as well as the organization of workers. It is very important that the drawing of the building be readable and accurate so that those who will build this building could understand the engineer's idea. This is a very complex and monotonous work for which a civil engineer must be very patient. Also, new GOSTs, new equipment, building materials and technologies are constantly appearing, which the engineer must master. Being an engineer means constantly learning, growing in proficiency. In addition, the civil engineer must still choose the terrain on which this or that building will be built. The choice of terrain is very important, because the climate and soil affect the building. One territory may have strong earthquakes, another has heavy rains, and so that the structure does not collapse under the influence of all these natural factors, one must take it into account when designing. Thus, an engineer who does not have a permanent schedule spends a lot of time on his work.

The next problem about the competent physicomathematical calculation of the building structure, taking into account the loads and the smallest errors.

The choice of the construction profession carries a huge responsibility. The doctor is responsible for the patients, the teacher for the students, and the builder for the lives of people living in the building he built. Incorrect calculation or error in the installation of structures can lead to irreversible consequences, to the tragedy. You may not make any mistakes, because buildings require accurate calculations. The slightest mistake and at best the building is deformed or will not last long, and in the worst case a big trouble can happen: the building will collapse and many people will die. And the civil engineer is responsible for all this. No one is interested in the reasons and excuses of a tired engineer and therefore a mistake or simply incorrect foundation of the building was may lead to a tragedy and the first to be blamed is the civil engineer who designed the building. That is why the engineer should be very careful in the calculation and design of the building or structure.

Construction is one of the earliest skills that man needed to master. From ancient times to modern times, this process has been constantly evolving and

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modernizing. At present, there are many buildings that amaze with their shapes and sizes. The rapid development of building science, technology and technology certainly has a huge impact on human capabilities in the construction of various buildings. The appearance of the buildings is constantly changing, becoming more and more unusual and fascinating, which shows us the vastness of the human imagination. The authors of such structures break down all stereotypes about architecture. There are attractive, there are unusual, but there are just crazy buildings, nothing like that. Sometimes it is even difficult to immediately understand that before us - a house or something else? But it's one thing to imagine something on a sheet of paper and draw with a pencil, and another thing is to build it in reality, and even to look exactly the same and convey all the emotions, any idea or thought, as in the sketch of the architect. After all, the more interesting and complex the form of a building, the more difficult it is to make mathematical calculations so that the form does not deform, the building does not bend due to asymmetry and external influence of various forces. The construction engineer will have to calculate everything for every detail, because the asymmetry of the building, uneven, curved materials, arches, various forms of columns, structures that are remote and embedded in the building, which should float above the ground - all this requires complex physical and mathematical calculations. This is a kind of problem, the problem of complex calculations for unusual forms of various buildings and structures. Also, it's no secret that one of the most important roles in construction is played by the material of the building. To reflect the unusual nature of the idea of the building, to impress with its appearance, a wide variety of materials are used. Glass, marble, mahogany, glass stained glass, as well as materials of increased strength, which cost very large amounts of money. Of course, the safety of the building is of primary importance for a civil engineer, therefore, the employee of this profession will have to solve many tasks, investigate the properties of the material, its flexibility and extensibility in order to confidently start using some rare material for the purpose of solid construction and flawless appearance.

We would like to give some examples of buildings and structures showing the boundless imagination of architects and the boundless possibilities of civil engineers.

1. The Hotel The Grand Lisboa is owned by Sociedade de JOGOS de Macau (SJM) and is designed by renowned Hong Kong architects Dennis Lau and Ng Chun Main. The height of this impressive 58-story skyscraper hotel is 260 meters. Casino and restaurants in Grand Lisboa were opened on February 11, 2007, while the hotel itself was opened in December 2008. The Grand Lisboa casino was one of the first projects in the history of architecture, in which an interesting idea was realized - the whole surface of the building was turned into a screen of a complex configuration. Previously, such a decision was unattainable. Also the Grand Lisboa casino is decorated with a huge amount of

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marble, candelabra, expensive paintings and real museum exhibits. The cost of some reaches astronomical sums.

2.Wat Rong Khun "White Temple" is a Buddhist temple located near the city of Chiang Rai in Thailand. It was built in 1997 under the project of the That artist Chalemchai Khosinphiphata.

The architecture of the building is so unique that it is simply hard to believe in the reality of the temple! Nevertheless, the "White Temple" is quite real and is in the north of Thailand. Wat Rong Hung looks like an ice house. Because of its color, the building is noticeable from afar, besides it glitters in the sun thanks to splinters of pieces of glass in the plaster.

3.Lotus Temple - the main temple of the Baha'i religion in India and neighboring countries, built in 1986. Architect Sahba Fariborz. It is located in the city of New Delhi - the capital of India. A huge building of snow-white Pentelian marble in the form of a blossoming lotus flower.

E.S. Vinogradova, A.V. Borovkova, E.V. Smirnova

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

CREATING SOME ARTWORK OF PERIODICAL PRINT PUBLICATION AS ILLUSTRATED BY «COMPUTER GRAPHICS» MAGAZINE

The paper is devoted to a problem of periodic printed publication design. The relevance of the research defined with a necessity to search new modern solutions of the page layout of periodicals to attract the target audience because in recent years the magazines give place to online resources. The subject of the study is the page layout standards of periodicals and new design solutions. The goal of the paper is to develop a new unique model of periodic printed publication design and study the existing principle of page layout, create a new one. The methods of the research are analysis of alternative design and page layout standards of periodicals. One more approach is to study of the target audience. The authors consider such specifics of periodicals as the cover design concept, the modular grid, editorial classification, the principle of page layout uniformity and composition of the page as illustrated by «Computer Graphics» magazine.

As the beginning we consider the magazine cover which consists of the header, the main eye-catcher, the number and month of release, the bar code. In the Pic.1 are covers for April and November. The header represented by a logo that is formed by merging the letters «c» and «g». The header and main

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information are on the white flat tone. It makes a contrast and separates header from the illustration that partially overlays the white design element [2].

Also, the authors deal with the characteristic of periodic printed publication design as the editorial classification, which, undoubtedly, requires a content list [3]. Below one can see the content list of this magazine (Pic.2).

The authors examine the modular grid of the magazine. It is the most important part of the layout because it makes the entire composition of the pages [2]. It includes margins, columns, distances between columns and running titles. As it is shown in the Pic.3 the six-column grid is the base of the page layout. It helped to create several variants of the compositions. Also one can notice that the illustrations ignore the margins and go beyond the edges of the page. It is one of the planned project solutions. Adding a little chaos to the strict layout and colors allows the target audience to perceive the magazine as more attractive one [3].

Pic.1. Magazine covers

Pic.2. Content list

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Pic.3. Modular grid

There are some other pages showing the characteristic of periodic printed publication design. It is called the page layout uniformity and means that all of the pages are united by the same modular grid, color solution and fonts [1]. Even if the page, at first glance, looks different, it still follows the concept (Pic.4).

Pic.4. Magazine pages

All this enables us to draw a conclusion that periodic printed publication is a specific graphic design area with a lot of standards that can’t be neglected but can be improved by creating something modern and unique ones.

References

1.Layout Look Book 2, Max Weber – Collins Design, 2011, 256 с.;

2.Новая типографика. Руководство для современного дизайнера, Ян Чихольд – М.: Издательство студии Артемия Лебедева, 2011, 244 с.;

3.Психология массовых коммуникаций, Ричард Харрис – М.: Олма-

пресс, 2002.

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А.К. Platunova, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

DESIGN OF THE PROJECT OF A MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY MANUFACTORY FOR FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS FOR SKYWAY TECHNOLOGIES

SkyWay is an innovative transport and infrastructure technology of the "second level. It was developed by the Russian engineer Anatoly Unitsky. The essence of the technology is to move "over the ground" high-speed rail car on steel wheels on a pre-stressed perfectly flat steel track structure, fixed at the ends of the anchor supports. SkyWay technology has been developed for more than 38 years. It received a number of government awards and grants from the United Nations (Pic. 1).

Pic.1. Transport systems of new generation.

Space-planning and design solutions of the production building of data transmission for SkyWay technologies should contribute:

•creation of favorable working conditions for personnel to achieve the planned annual output;

•unimpeded improvement of technological processes and production development.

Based on the above conditions, let’s discuss the main points of designing this object.

Designing a one-story two-span machine assembly workshop is described in the following part of the article. The fiber optic data transmission system for SkyWay technologies.

A two-span single-storey building with a length of 114 m and a width of 54 m with an attached three-story ABKAdministrative household complex. It design with a single three-module volume. Elements and their generators design

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