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Pic. 1. Coefficient Chart

After finding the trend (T), the cyclic component (V), the seasonal component (S), and the residual component (E (error)), we can proceed to selecting the coefficients and constructing the required forecast graph (Pic.2).

The accuracy of this model is 84 per cent, I think this is a good index. And now, I can confidently say that my forecast is correct and accurate by more than 90 percent, so this allowed me to exchange the euro for rubles at more favorable rate.

The same analysis could have been done in special professional program

“STATISTICA” however it requires the presence of Windows 32 bit.

Pic.2. Forecast Graph

In conclusion forecasting is a very important element in almost any field of activity, from the economy to engineering. In my opinion software of static analysis is the sphere of study that causes the greatest interest among students at the expense of a large applied value and a wide range of applications.

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A.V. Mojaewa, E. A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

ARCHITECTURAL PECULIARITIES OF UNUSUAL WORLD

CONSTRUCTIONS

To start with, architecture is the art of building constructions and their complexes. Any building contains a vital spatial core-the interior. The interior must meet its purpose, living conditions, needs for convenience, space and freedom of movement. Architecture is a form of material culture. It is associated in its development with the material needs of man, with the development of science and technology. The images of architecture reflect social life, the level of spiritual development of society, its aesthetics. The architectural concept is revealed in the organization of interior spaces, in the grouping of architectural masses, in the rhythmic structure. Decoration of the exterior of buildings is of great importance. Architecture constantly affects the consciousness of the mass of people with its forms. Cities, like people, have a unique face, character, life, history. Therefore, the study of existing significant monuments will be relevant.

The ancient world knew seven classical miracles. Nearly five millennia ago, it was ”created” the first of them - the pyramids of the Egyptian pharaohs, and then, twenty centuries later, the second - the hanging gardens in Babylon (seventh century BC), followed by one in a century - the temple of Artemis in Ephesus (VI century BC), the statue of Zeus at Olympia ( V century BC ), the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( fourth century BC ) and, finally, almost at once two miracles - the colossus of Rhodes and the lighthouse on the island of foros ( III century BC ). Many architectural structures of different times and peoples impressed not only contemporaries, but also descendants. We believe that the Angkor temple complex, the Alhambra fortress, the monastery of Mont SaintMichel, the Potala Palace and many others are not inferior in beauty and grandeur to the "seven wonders of the world". These facilities are the objects of our research (Pic.1).

Pic.1 Angkor

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It is one of the largest religious buildings ever created. The greatest cultural heritage of mankind is the capital of the medieval Khmer Empire Angkor. In 1850, cutting a road through the dense Cambodian jungle, the French missionary Charles-Emile Buyeo came across the ruins of a large ancient city. Among them were the ruins of Angkor Wat, one of the world's greatest religious shrines. The city of Angkor ("Angkor "in Khmer and means" city") has become a giant metropolis the size of modern Manhattan. The building, far superior in beauty to others, was Angkor Wat, built by Suryavarman II in the early 11th century. Angkor Wat was a temple and a tomb, and was dedicated to the Hindu God Vishnu. It covered an area of about 2.5 km2 and was obviously the largest religious Shrine ever built. The towers of the temple rose high above the jungle (Pic. 2).

Pic 2.The fortress of the Alhambra in Granada

The Alhambra is a grandiose building: a complex of gardens and palaces United by fortress walls. The main entrance to the complex is the gate of Justice, created in 1348. It is a monumental brick vaulted arch, built in the shape of a horseshoe. Beyond the arch are the Wine gate Puerta del VIN, next – Plaza de Los Aljibes. Behind this square is the entrance to the Palace complex. Once the Alhambra was the political center and residence of the emirs of Granada. The creation of Moorish architects was called "earthly Paradise", "the Eighth wonder of the world". The Emirate of Granada in the XIII-XIV centuries was the richest state in Spain. During this period, Arab rule in the Pyrenees entered its last phase. Alhambra citadel was the last Muslim stronghold on the Peninsula (Pic. 3).

Pic.3 The Monastery Of Mont Saint-Michel

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The rocky island of Mont Saint-Michel with its Gothic monastery and Church is an architectural wonder and the oldest religious center of France. Saint-Michel, a small island off the South-West coast of Normandy, has been attracting pilgrims and travellers for over 1,000 years. The dam with a paved road connects the mainland with the island of Mont Saint-Michel. In good weather, this conical rock, with its Cathedral, monastery buildings, gardens, terraces and military fortifications, is visible from far away. At the time of the ancient Romans it was called the Grave mountain — probably the Celts used it as a burial place. According to one of the legends of those times, the Grave mountain is the burial place of Julius Caesar, who rests in a Golden coffin. At high tide, the sea completely cut him off from the mainland. There could only be reached by a dangerous path (Pic. 5).

Pic.5 Potala palace

It is a Royal Palace and a Buddhist temple complex. It is located in Lhasa, in The Tibetan Autonomous region of China. The Palace is located on a high hill. The total area of the Palace complex is 360 thousand m2. The Palace was the main residence of the Dalai Lama. Only in 1979 the city became accessible to tourists, until that time the entrance to foreigners here was closed. In the old town of Lhasa there are many valuable historical monuments: the monasteries of Sera, Drepung, Ganden, but the most significant can be called the Tibetan Palace of Potala. For many years, it surprises visitors with its unusual, rare architecture, great style. Thousands of travelers come to Tibet to admire the beauty and uniqueness of the Palace. Potala - a symbol of Buddhism-is located on the Red hill, which is surrounded by the Lhasa valley.

In conclusion it is necessary to remark that beautiful buildings will continue to be built. Following the new technologies new needs will come. And since art develops in a spiral, it can be assumed that soon it will pass a period of degradation and return to the old castles and temples, while using new materials and technologies. In General, we can say that this trend is already emerging.

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P.A. Gorohova, Y.S. Zolina, E.A. Aleshugina

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF PRAGUE

How much about the city can tell all those buildings and structures that stand in its streets? Of course, very much, because all these walls and windows can hide centuries-old history, you just need to look closely. A good example of this is the cities of Europe. They, often do not have a large territory, with a small population, store in their buildings the memory of the past centuries. This city is also Prague.

The glorious city of Prague showcases a myriad of architectural styles, coexisting side by side in the compact capital, just waiting to be explored and studied. The city is truly a pleasure for all, historians, tourists, and especially students of architecture; Prague is literally a textbook of styles throughout the centuries.

The object of the research is architecture of Prague. The subject of the article is architectural styles of the constructions in the capital. The aim of the article is to consider architectural styles of Prague buildings from the point of view of history.

As you know, one of the oldest architectural styles is Romanesque, traces of which can be found in Prague. Romanesque architecture means, quite literally, architecture descended from Roman times. Characteristics of Romanesque architecture feature a blending of Roman and Byzantine styles, wide massive walls, mighty towers, round arches, ornate colonnades, cross vaults and solid piers. Buildings constructed in the Romanesque style are simple and symmetrical. The most striking representative of the Romanesque style of Prague is the St. Martin Rotunda. Located in the mythical fortress of Vysehard, St. Martin Rotunda is the oldest rotunda in the city of Prague and the only structure from the time of Vratislav I that is still intact. The building dates back to the 11th century, the interior was altered in the 19th century by architect A. Baum. The Rotunda of St. Martin is also the oldest surviving building in Prague. The second oldest rotunda in Prague from the end of the 11th century is the Rotunda of the Holy Cross, located in a quiet courtyard in the Old Town.

In place of the Romanesque style came elegant Gothic. The architectural characteristics of the Gothic style include flying buttresses, pointed arches, and ribbed vaulting, the engineering feats that increased the size of the colorful stained glass windows that are such an important feature in Gothic churches. St. Vitus Cathedral is considered to be the pearl of European Gothic, it is an artistic and national historical shrine of the Czech Republic and another evidence of the beautiful cultural heritage of Charles IV. The Gothic Charles Bridge is the most recognizable in the beautiful city of Prague because of its incredible appearance.

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The construction of the Gothic bridge began in 1357, and was completed in the 15th century.

Gradually new style-the Renaissance supplanted a Gothic. In a conscious effort to revive elements of the classical Greek and Roman cultures, Renaissance architecture returned to symmetry, proportion and geometry while using orderly columns and pilasters, domes, and niches. In the beautiful Royal Garden, the most magnificent example of Renaissance architecture is the Royal Summer Palace, often called the Summer Palace of Queen Anne. In the magical Old Town Square sits the lovely Renaissance pearl, The House at the Minute. Covered in ornate Sgraffito decorations depicting Greek mythology as well as references to biblical and Renaissance legends, this house is easily recognizable with such an impressive facade.

Baroque architecture was born in early 17th century Italy from the humanist forms of Renaissance architecture and grew into a grand triumph expression of the Catholic Church and State. The main characteristics of Baroque architecture include the using of florid sculpture, color, light, shade, colorful frescoes, and gilded everything with grand intensity. The Church of Our Lady of Victory is one of the oldest Baroque buildings in Prague, built for German Lutherans in 1613, probably by Giovanni Maria Philippi, the court builder of the Emperor Rudolph II, and was originally called the Church of the Holy Trinity. The giant green dome, hanging over the Small town square, belongs to the wonderful church of St. Nicholas, one of the best examples of high baroque architecture in Central Europe. The characteristics of Radical Baroque include seductive wall bends and a combination of oval spaces. St. Nicholas is a prime example.

Rococo came about in late 18th century Continental Europe as the late Baroque style fused together with French elements. The main characteristics of Rococo are shell like curves, elaborate, ornate decorations featuring motifs and asymmetrical scrollwork. On one of the most beautiful squares in Europe is the beautiful Kinsky palace in neo-rococo style with its elegant pink-white facade. Another representative of the Rococo style in Prague is the Archbishop's Palace, which was rebuilt in the 18th century.

In return for the magnificent rococo came strict classicism. Classicism or Empire style was seen as the architecture to enlighten drawing on inspiration from Greek and Roman symbols and ornaments. Estates Theater was built during the Enlightenment to give Prague a magnificent theater, worthy of admiration and fame, as well as the spread of the culture of the Czech lands. And what kind of fame he acquired, with a grand spectacular appearance with Corinthian columns, pilasters and a light green and cream color scheme.

Historicism became another direction of architecture that conquered Prague. Historicism in art and architecture is the deliberate regression to the past and the use or revival of architectural and historical styles in modern buildings or works. One of the most outstanding representatives of historicism in the city

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is the building of the National Museum. This impressive building, whose construction was conducted from 1885 to 1891 by the famous architect of the Czech neo-renaissance Josef Schulz. The exterior The majestic neo-Gothic church of St. Ludmila is impressive, the interior is simply stunning, with its multicolored walls trimmed with beautiful gold ornaments.

The next architectural style that captured Prague was the Moorish revival. Due to the Romanticism movement, Europe and America came to be charmed with anything Orient, especially in Art and architecture. The city of Prague has two significant, gorgeous Moorish revival buildings: Spanish Synagogue, built in 1868, and Jubilee Synagogue, the youngest, dating from 1906, largest and most vibrant synagogue in Prague.

The Art Nouveau movement brought a new style to visual arts and architecture in Europe and Prague. Art Nouveau was characterized by flower and leaf motifs intertwined with lovely ladies and new modern production methods. Completed in 1911, the Municipal House is a fine example of Art Nouveau architecture in Prague, perhaps even the best. The beauty is in the details of the Municipal House, intricate gilded decorations, gorgeous ceramics, vivid stained glass windows and colorful murals depicting the history of the Czech lands. Located on famous Wenceslas Square sits the grand Hotel Europa.

This Art Nouveau beauty was built in 1889 under the name “At the Archduke Stephan”.

Parisian artists produced a prolific number of works during Cubism, but there was one specific country that designed and produced Cubist architecture, and that was the current Czech Republic. This is the only place you will find Cubist as well as Rondocubist architecture. Built from a reinforced concrete skeleton from the School of Chicago, the House at the Black Madonna is truly an engineering feat and delight. The Legio Bank Building is a prime example of Rondocubism in Prague.

The next style was the functionalism. Functionalism by definition is the idea that architects must design a building or structure based on what the purpose of that building will be, nothing more, no grand ornate detail, just clean lines. Examples of functionalism in Prague are considered to be such buildings as Saint Wenceslas Church and Veletrzni Palace.

High Tech architecture developed in the 1970s, with other titles such as Late Modernism as well as Structural Expressionism. Characteristics of High Tech architecture include, glass walls, steel frames, prefabricated components, and a dominant presentation of technical and functional elements. The Zizkov Television Tower at 216 meters is the highest structure in the city of Prague. The tower was built between 1985 and 1992.

During the era of Communism, little was done architecturally except the surrounding of the lovely city of Prague with the unfortunate mass produced panelaky. After the fall of the Iron Curtain a building boom occurred in the Czech Republic, continuing to this day. Numerous malls and business

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headquarters have popped up all over the city. Only a handful of daring controversial designs have graced Czech soil: The Dancing House, designed in

1992 and completed in 1996, and Zlatý Anděl (golden angel) building, the other famous post 1989 contemporary building in Prague.

Prague has its history on its sleeve. While maintaining large-scale destruction during World War II, the medieval core of the city remains largely intact. For history lovers, a walk on any street in the city is a visual presentation of about 8 centuries of history. A small study of architecture is enough to find the key to deciphering the history of the city itself.

E.E. Zenkova M.M. Kondratyeva, D.A. Loshkareva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

ARCHITECTURE OF UNUSUAL BRIDGES OF THE WORLD

The article «Architecture of Unusual Bridges of the World» considers the most famous world bridge from the point of view of their architecture. The authors were attracted by this topic because during travelling to the northern capital of our country – the city of Saint Petersburg they were amazed by the variety of its bridges.

The relevance of the topic is that bridges are an integral part of our lives. They facilitate movement and reduce time. Thus, the object of the research is most famous bridges. The subject of the research is their architectural peculiarities. The aim of the article is to consider the architecture of most famous bridges.

The Palace Bridge is the most beautiful place in St. Petersburg. It was built over the Neva river in the early 20-th century in order to connect the Admiralty island with Vasilievsky Island. City dwellers began to apply to the city Council with a request for the construction of a permanent crossing over the river. The length of the metal bridge is 250 meters with 5 spans, and the Central span to divorce in both directions.

The Golden gate bridge is San Francisco's main attraction. The bridge is built across the Strait of the same name and connects the city Bay with the Pacific Ocean. The structure is a suspension bridge with a suspended roadway, and its length is 1970 meters. Joseph Strauss was the developer of the project. The unique bridge is recognized as a symbol of the United States and is the pride of the American people.

Vasco da Gama Bridge is an outstanding landmark of Portugal. The bridge impresses with its endless length and beauty of the structure. The total length of the bridge is 17.2 kilometers. Its architecture has a classic shape and is

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characterized by lightness of execution. The shape of the bridge is unconventional. The construction connects remote areas of the capital.

The Brooklyn Bridge is the oldest bridge in the USA. Built over the East river Strait, it connects Brooklyn and Manhattan. The construction of the bridge lasted 13 years. The length is 1825 meters. The Designer was John Roebling. It has replaced cast iron steel, the bridge consists of 3 zones, two for cars, and the 3-rd for cyclists and pedestrians. This area is in the center of the construction and raised above 2 neighboring, this engineer showed the superiority of people over machines.

The Tower Bridge is one of the symbols of London. Built in the late nineteenth century it is located next to the tower castle, which stands on the Northern Bank of the Thames. The bridge was built according to the project Horace Jones in the late nineteenth century. The length of the building is 244 meters with high 65-meter towers. At an altitude of 44 meters they are connected by a gallery designed for pedestrians.

The Millau viaduct is a cable-stayed road bridge that crosses the valley of the French river Tarne and passes near the city of Millau. It is considered the highest in the world, its height reaches 341 meters. Drafting worked engineer Michelle Virago. After the appearance of this facility, high-speed transportation from Paris to bézier via Clermont-Ferrand became available.

Hangzhou bridge-36-kilometer "child" of the Chinese engineer Wang Yong. It is recognized as the longest bridge in the world. The bridge is made in the form of the letter S. the Design is considered the most important link of the Superhighway, passing through the East coast of China. Thanks to him significantly reduced the distance of movement of transport.

The Bosphorus Bridge is the longest suspension structure in the world. It connects the Asian and European parts of Istanbul. Hanging Bosphorus bridge was the first crossing. On the project worked with engineers from Britain, Roberts and brown. The bridge is divided into strips that ensure safety when driving. The total length of the bridge is 1560 meters, width – 33 meters.

In conclusion, the authors want to say that bridges facilitate movement and reduce travel time. Such designs are a huge advancement in human activity. Also bridges adorn our cities and are an integral part of our life.

V.O. Kodaneva, T.S. Pronkina, D.A. Loshkareva

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

BIM-TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION

Construction industry is one of the most conventional economic drivers, which explains the urge of construction teams to be able to have various

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innovations in the sphere to accelerate the process of creating. Nowadays there are many tools and technologies in building engineering that provide specialists with the most efficient ways of constructing buildings and recently actively developing technology around the world is tend to be Building Information Modeling or BIM.It can be easily said that BIM technology defines differently in some aspects. Building information modelling (or BIM or BI modelling) is the process of designing, constructing or operating a building or infrastructure asset using electronic object-oriented information [1]. In addition, Building information model (or BIM or BI model) is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of the project [1]. The technology gives architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professional tools and possibility to achieve the best results in manufacturing, designing and constructing infrastructure. Such technology uses three dimensional elements and, at the same time, represents all drawings and perspectives of building in real time to increase quality in design and construction. Unlike past 3D systems in the construction industry, BIM is all about the information. It does not develop a visually appealing 3D model of your building—it creates various layers of data and keeps it within program for further usage.

BIM has distinctions from CAD systems in achieving improvements by modeling complete pieces and elements to construct a building. This is an enormous shift from drawing with lines that form into objects.

The usage of technology varies in different building environment, including:

•Architecture

•building design;

•Civil and structural engineering;

•Energy engineering;

•Highway and road engineering;

•Surveying;

•Rail and metro engineering.

Key advantages of BIM in the overall construction phase of a building:

−Finding the optimal and cost-effective option, making important decisions at every stage of professional activity;

−Automation of the most labor-intensive processes for calculating design indicators, an acceptable number of necessary materials and equipment;

−Error correction and understandable estimating of statements and documentation;

−Automatic adjustment of drawings, calculations, calendar plan if there are changes in the project;

−Creating an effective plan for the organization of local topography, determining the rational number of survey work and issuing a cartogram;

−Development of a well-thought-out summary scheme of engineering networks;

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