10696

the style of development of each district and quarter help spectacular details of urban decor, designed in one of the styles.

The facades of houses, castles, cathedrals, churches and palaces preserve the city spirit and traditions that have been preserved since the first brick was laid and define the architectural appearance of the city. Beautiful architecture, skillful design of window and doorways, arches, columns, cornices - all this creates the brightest images. It is especially beautiful if in one stylistic direction all elements of architecture are executed. Unusual benches, fences of green areas, curbs, urns and other small architectural forms contribute to the development of the appearance of the city, make it even more attractive and memorable. Such fundamental structures as multi-storey buildings, modern skyscrapers, palaces, temples, bridges, monuments serve as the basis on which the individuality of the architectural look.

Analyzing the nature of perception, we cannot navigate and put at the forefront of individual characteristics and numerous accidents. Attention should be paid to those features that cause homogeneous reactions in entire populations. It is not individual differences that are important, but generalized impressions that allow us to approach the identification of those regularities that have a mass character.

To study the nature of perception was adapted technique, which consists of a number of statements with an assessment on the scale of R. Likert from 1 to 5.The study involved 100 people. As a result of the analysis of the study, the following conclusions and recommendations are made:

1.The art of architecture is inseparable from ordinary human life. It serves household needs, various public needs. At the same time a joy, creating good mood, by acting on human feelings.

Thus, when solving the interior of the city buildings, it is crucial to meet the functional, technical, architectural and economic requirements by using the achievements of modern science, technology and art.

2.Architecture is an art that keeps pace with time, progress and man, without losing its relevance. In turn, the importance of architecture of buildings, their impact on the aesthetic quality of the urban environment dictate the feasibility of assessing their architectural and artistic appearance.

3.City streets give us information about the features of life, customs of its inhabitants. It is worth mentioning some of the most famous cities in the world: Prague, London, St. Petersburg, Moscow. It is the memorable and unique appearance of architecture that makes all these cities tourist centers

4.The most important task in the restoration and expansion of our cities is a careful and loving attitude to the historical appearance of the city, the use in the project of restoration of the most positive and progressive elements of the old layout and architecture and their organic inclusion in the new look of cities.

We have also identified the factors influencing the appearance and development of the city

380

1.The most important and crucial for the beauty of the city and the definition of its architectural appearance are: public centers of the city, public buildings and the complexes and ensembles formed by them.

2.Every single building in the city, be it a house, public building or any structure should not occur on a randomly designated location, and to take its in a General and architectural overview of Rome and for him the space provided and in accordance with this, to have their own, inherent only to him the architectural and artistic solution.

3.The social factor is the most important. In a not established society, it is difficult for a person to adapt, to share the territory with other people on an equal footing. Therefore, until everyone starts with internal changes, nothing will change in the cities. Although, nowadays there are various volunteer movements preserved…

On the basis of the study it can be concluded that the architecture of the city is the cultural heritage of mankind and the people, it has a direct impact on the people living in it. It is a means of creating a certain impression, mood, organizes traffic flows, makes people act according to the place where they are, affects the cost of housing and office space, defines different economic processes. The creation of a well-thought-out architectural picture of urban space should make a powerful direction of national cultural policy.

P.A. Sharova1, M.V. Komshina1, E.A. Aleshugina2

1Liceum 87 Nizhny Novgorod,

2Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

ARCHITECTURAL PECULIARITIES OF GORODETS

Gorodets is one of the oldest Russian cities on the Middle Volga, emerged in the 2nd half of the XII century as a fortress to protect the borders of Vladimir Russia from the campaigns of the Volga Bulgars.

In popular and local literature, the point of view about the founding of Gorodets in 1152 by Yury Dolgoruky is widespread. However, most scientists attribute the foundation of the city to the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky. The history of Gorodets dates back to 1171, when he was mentioned by the Laurentian Chronicle in connection with the campaign of Prince Mstislav Andreevich on the Volga Bulgar. The data of the archaeological excavations also make it possible to attribute the emergence of the city to the second half of the 12th century. Although, reliable information about it is missing.

The first Russian city of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region was the frontier fortress protecting Russia from the raids of the Bulgars, and was known as Gorodets Radilov and Little Kitezh. The city was repeatedly burned by the

381

Tatars (1238, 1408, 1536) and was called the Empty Gorodets. In 1263 Alexander Nevsky died here on the way from the Horde.

From the authors’point of view the chosen topic is very relevant because it is necessary to study the history of the country we live in and thus, to do something to preserve historical heritage and to acquaint further generations with glorious past of Russia.

In the 2nd half of the XIV century, the city was part of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy (founded in 1341), was the center of the specific reign. A prominent role in the political life of the land of that time was played by the Gorodetsky Prince Boris Konstantinovich from the dynasty of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod grand dukes. Gorodets is known as the birthplace of the famous icon painter Elder Prokhor from Gorodets - mentor Andrei Rublev.

Until 1700, the Volga changed its course and moved away from the center of Gorodets. And the city re-emerged as a craft village at the end of the XVI - beginning of the XVII centuries. Here merchants lodge, build luxury homes and estates - this is exactly what we can now see in the city. Only the earthen ramparts, which are displaced relative to the modern center, are reminiscent of the Old Russian period, which is also typical of Russian cities.

Gorodets became famous for its wooden carvings and numerous handicrafts - from samovars to baking printed gingerbread, and they say that all the recipes of the famous Tula gingerbread were invented here. as a point of sale of handicrafts made of wood - the so-called "chip goods" (wooden utensils, spinning wheels, etc.). According to contemporaries, in the winter the Saturday bazaar in Gorodets was not inferior to many fairs, encompassing several nearby counties of the Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir and Kostroma provinces.

In the XIX century, Gorodets was known as the Old Believers merchant trade and artisanal village. Here iconography was developed (its traditions are ancient: Prokhor from Gorodets - one of the famous artists of Russia), tanning and gingerbread production, soap making, sawing, processing of agricultural products.

The second half of the XIX and early XX century is the epoch of the bloom of Gorodets. He acquired the features of a rich merchant city. There were two iron foundries and mechanical plants, shipyards for the construction of barge in Zaton and in Lower Sloboda, a steam mill, tanneries and timber mills, gingerbread houses. With the money of the merchants-benefactors in Gorodets, an orphanage, public schools, a male and female gymnasium, an all-class club (with an audience for the theater and a library), a volunteer fire brigade, a sobriety society and much more were set up.

At this time, Gorodets is a major trading center, with the main trade being bread. The main industry was shipbuilding, presently present in the form of a half-dead shipyard, but in general in the 20th century, Gorodets suffered the fate of dozens of Volga cities - the loss of its former significance and the transition to servicing river cruises.

382

In Gorodets there is a huge number of cultural heritage sites. The architecture of the 19th milestone of the 20th century has been preserved to this day. Gorodets, with its ancient history and rich architectural heritage, is undoubtedly one of the most developed cultural and tourist centers of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Gorodets is known not only as the most ancient city of the Nizhny Novgorod region, the center of folk arts (wood carving, painting), but also as a city-museum. He is the only city in the region that has its museum quarter. The central place in it is occupied by the local history museum. Next to it and in the neighboring ones - Andrei Rublev Street, the Revolution Embankment and the Aleksandrovskaya Embankment there are several more museums: Children's Museum at Merchants, Museum "House of Countess Panina", Museum "Tower of Russian Samovar", City of masters, Museum "Gallery of Good", Gorodetsky Museum of Local Lore, Museum "Gorodetsky Gingerbread".

In the XIV century in Gorodets minted its silver coin. In the 17th century, the city became one of the centers of wooden shipbuilding on the Volga. The wooden houses of Gorodets, decorated with deaf bas-reliefs and carved wooden carvings, seem to be fabulous towers. Gorodetsky past is preserved in the shape of stone merchant houses, decorated with porches with openwork lace cast-iron canopies and luxurious metal chimneys and drains.

In Gorodets there are a large number of attractions. One of them is Gorodetsky Val, or an earthen fortress - a unique ancient monument of Gorodets. It was built to protect against advancing enemies. It is a shaft with a height of 10-12 meters and a moat in front of it with a depth of up to 8 meters, there are 6 deep openings and 8 observation towers. In the center of the fortress was Knyazhya Gora, from which only Detinets remained the place where the local prince's house once was located.

The town is also interesting from the point of view its ancient religious architecture. We studied Feodorovsky Monastery and the Church of Michael the Archangel. The monastery, located on the banks of the Volga in the city of Gorodets, was founded simultaneously with the city in 1152 by Yury Dolgoruky and was located on the site of the discovery of the miraculous icon of the Mother of God Odigitria (Pictures 1-2).

383

After the death in the monastery of St. Alexander Nevsky in November 1263, the monastery became a particularly revered place for Orthodox Christians. The Church of the Miracle of Michael the Archange is the oldest church in Gorodets is located in the immediate vicinity of the Gorodetsky shaft, on the banks of the Volga. The first mention of the temple of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael dates back to 1304. Here in the 13-14 centuries, the tomb of appanage princes was established.

In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that Gorodets is a unique ancient Russian town in Nizhegorodsky region which glorious past, beautiful architecture and modern craft attract the attention from people all over the world.

D.M.Kokotkina¹, E.A. Aleshugina²

¹School 19, Nizhny Novgorod,

2Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

С.G. ROSSI’S ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

The article is devoted to Carlo di Giovanni Rossi – a famous Italian architect who contributed a lot to construction in Saint Petersburg. He lived in the first part of the 19th century.

Let us start with the fact that tsars were obsessed with the idea to build the city architectural ensembles. His main field of activity was the creation of such ensembles. Thanks to Rossi St. Petersburg got a new architectural face, becoming the center of a giant impair. His projects had a harmony combining architectural forms with allegoric sculpture, innovative construction methods, for example metal overlapping.

Carlo Rossi was an architect from Italy. But his step father moved to Russia, so the boy grew up in our country. From his childhood he was connected with the world of arts and was taught by the best architects of his time.

In 1808 Rossi was sent to Moscow. In Moscow he created Neo-Gothic Catherine's Church of the Ascension Monastery in the Kremlin, a wooden theatre in Arbat square. Unfortunately practically nothing was preserved. In 1809 Rossi worked on the Travel Palace of the Princess Ecatherina Pavlovna in Tver. In 1815 Rossi returned to St. Petersburg where in 1816 he was appointed a member of the Committee of Constructions and Hydraulic Works.

His early works in St. Petersburg include Annitchkov palace (1816), a number of pavilions and a library in Pavlov Palace (1815-1822). In 1822-1824 Rossi built a library above the Gonzago Gallery, Elagin Palace with the greenhouse and pavilions. Truly, the most modest variant of Anitchkov Palace was chosen and implemented in the form of two pavilions. But, despite their

384

small size, Carlo Rossi gave them an exceptional monumentality. The great talent of the architect could be shown with due fullness only in a large work. This was the palace of Yelagin, begun by construction in the same year 1818 by the order of Alexander I. The general layout of the palace, its services and the park with exceptional beauty and perfection by garden pavilions and remarkable interior decoration of the palace immediately attracted attention. Petersburg saw is a great master of European scale in the face of Carlo Rossi. Almost any of the buildings of Yelagin Palace gives the impression of exceptional strength and power.

The outstanding architectural and town-planning skill of Rossi is embodied in the ensembles of the Mikhailovsky Palace with the adjoining garden and a square (1819-1825), the Palace Square with the grand arc-shaped building of the General Staff and the Triumphal Arch (1819-1829), Senate Square with the Senate and Synod buildings (1829 -1834), Alexandrinsky Square with the buildings of the Alexandrinsky Theater (1827-1832), the new building of the Imperial Public Library and two homogeneous long buildings of the Theater Street (now Rossi Street). To the construction of Mihailovsky palace (1819-1823) Carlo Rossi came up first as a town planner. He made the palace part of the city. In addition to the front yard, located in front of the palace, C. Rossi designed and area. He boldly opened it on a specially laid street to Nevsky Prospekt. On the sides of the square he decided to put the twin houses. Thus, the whole part of the city with the palace, the square and the houses was decided in one style.

In the same year, 1819, he was entrusted with the general restructuring of the houses that bordered the Palace Square, located near the Winter Palace. Work on the construction of the giant building lasted ten years and ended only in 1829. The new building was intended for the General Staff of the Russian army and a number of ministries. Guided by the appointment of this building as the center of the leadership of the Russian army, Carlo Rossi created one of the most magnificent buildings not only in Russia, but also in Europe. On the basis of it was the idea of creating not so much a separately standing urban building as a grand square in front of the main building of the state - the Winter Palace. The building of the General Staff was to serve as a kind of frame for the square. Infused or, one way or another, adjoining the Palace Square streets and neighboring squares were solved in a single style, rhythm and order. The huge building stretched out its facade for hundreds of meters, bending both in Nevsky Prospekt and the Moyka. The strongest moment of the decision of this colossal building is its central part, bordering the square in the form of a somewhat sprawled half-arc. Its center was occupied by the famous double arch. The arch is crowned with the chariot of Victory, and the walls are adorned with flying Glory, warriors and military armor. Of all the triumphal arches erected in honor of the victories of the Russian troops, this arch certainly makes the strongest impression. The architecture of the hulls, deployed on both sides, was solved

385

with restraint and strictness. This further strengthened the role and significance of the Arch of the General Staff in the architecture of the square.

Entering into a conflict with the people of Nicholas I, Rossi retired in 1832, resigning "from all activities on buildings." One of the last buildings of Rossi was the bell tower of the St. George's Monastery near Veliky Novgorod.

The name of Carlo Rossi completes a whole era in Russian architecture. Carlo Rossi created such works which neither Europe nor America knew at the beginning of the 19th century. At a time when architecture in the West was going through a long and deep crisis, Carlo Rossi carried out ensembles in Russia, which caused admiration and gained world fame. By the courage of daring, according to the breadth of design, they occupy a place next to the most famous constructions of the ancient and new world.

Carlo Rossi died in 1849 and now he is buried in Alaxander-Nevsky Monastery in Saint Petersburg.

M.S. Aleshugin1, T.G. Lyamina1, D.A. Loshkareva2

1School 55 Nizhny Novgorod,

2Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SWAZILAND AND TANZANIA: GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS

The research work entitled “Comparative Analysis of Swaziland and Tanzania: Geographical and Economical Aspects” is devoted to the study of two former English colonies.

The relevance of the work is that usually researchers study developed and well-known countries where the population speak English. Such countries are the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. On the other hand there are a lot of small countries – former colonies of Great Britain – whose history, way of life, traditions and customs are of great interest. Among them are Swaziland and Tanzania which are under analysis in the article.

The study of these countries contributes to general intelligence, raises great interest, broadens the scope and attracts public attention to them, their problems and national peculiarities. Despite the fact that the mentioned countries are rather small and not very developed they deserve special interest and attention.

Thus, the object of the research is Swaziland and Tanzania. The subject of the research is their geographical and economical aspects.

The goals of the research are to study are geographical location and economical situation in the countries.

386

Swaziland is located in South-East Africa. It occupies a tiny area of 17 363 sq. km [picture 1]. It borders the Southern African Republic and Mozambique. The total length of the borders is 535 km. Swaziland lies across a geological fault which runs from the Drakensberg Mountains of Lesotho, north through the Eastern highlands of Zimbabwe, and forms the Great Rift Valley of Kenya (Picture 1).

Pic.1 The location of Swaziland in the map of Africa

The country is ruled by the king Mswati III and the total population is 1,25 mln people (like in N. Novgorod only). In comparison with other countries it looks the following (diagram 1).

Dig.1 The population of Swaziland compared to other countries

Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per

and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swaziland's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and manufacturing sectors.

387

independence from the UK in 1968.

Tanzania officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania) is a country in East Africa within the African Great

west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and the Indian Ocean to the east. Kilimanjaro (Picture 2).

Pic.2 The map of Tanzania with cities and towns

The population of Tanzania is 50,76 million people. In comparison with Swaziland Tanzania is rather big (diagram 2).

Dig. 2 The population of Tanzania compared to other countries

Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The level of poverty in Tanzania is very high. Tanzania has made little progress towards reducing

388

extreme hunger and malnutrition. Children in rural areas suffer substantially higher rates of malnutrition and chronic hunger. Approximately 68 percent of Tanzania's 44.9 million citizens live below the poverty line of $1.25 a day. Tanzania ranks 159 out of 187 countries in

To sum up, it is necessary to emphasize that the research work revealed that the countries under analysis are located in the favorable from geographical point of view regions. However, they are among the poorest countries of the world. There is still hope that economic problems the countries encounter have a possibility to be overcome.

N.M. Abramov1, E.A. Belous2

1 MBOU Gymnasium №13 of Nizhny Novgorod,

2 Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering

PEERS’ INTEREST DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUBJECT OF RUSSIAN

HISTORY THROUGH DISCOVERY OF MOSCOW SIGHTS

The research entitled “Peers’ interest development in the subject of the

Russian history through discovery of Moscow sights” is devoted to the study of the Russian history.

The relevance of the work is considerable as the Russian history is remarkable. It is necessary to study the history in order to mark the events including an account of rise and fall, as well as of other great changes that affected the nation.

The Russian history is studied at high school; however, it is possible to learn it through researching our own personal origins. I was born in Moscow and the object of the research work is the street on which I used to live. It is called Leningradskoye Highway. The total length of Leningradskoye Highway is 20 km. It connects the centre of Moscow with Sheremetyevo Airport and with the satellite towns of Khimki and Zelenograd. The name of the highway originated in the first half of the 19th century. Its historical name was received in honor of St. Petersburg when the road was opened in 1822. In 1924 Petrograd was renamed into Leningrad and the highway also changed its name, Leningradskoye.

There are some interesting facts that are worth stating. Leningradskoye Highway became the 1st street to put trolleybuses into service in Moscow. The 1st trolleybus park was opened in 1935 near the Sokol metro station. It is still there now.

There are a lot of sights on Leningradskoye Highway, one of them is the Northern River Station. It is located on the bank of the Khimki Reservoir. The

389