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›’‹Ž–’ š¤¥Ž¦€œ€’ š €§¨œ©Ž›Žª«¬Ž- ©Ž«®ª’›«–šœ€€Ž- ’›¯§–œ¬–®›€Ž-«–›Ž§–œ¦°€Ž- ®€§šœ›«§–œ–œ

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•’“”•–— ˜“™š›šœ•žŸ ¡

žˆ‡˜ˆƒ ¢‰•ˆŠˆ¢Š‡‰… ”•†‡, ‚ƒˆ¢•ŠŠˆƒ •Ÿ Ÿ•š› ‹Ÿ› ‚ Ÿ™¢’•œ˜š›•”

ˆ£•¤•’ ¡•–Ÿ š¥¥š•Ÿ•ž–:

žˆ‡˜ˆƒ ¢‰•ˆŠˆ¢Š‡‰… ”•†‡, žˆŸ•”˜ ¦’§˜š›••™š› ••™š ’— ‚œ˜•’•š›•”,

žˆ‡˜ˆƒ ¢‰•ˆŠˆ¢Š‡‰… ”•†‡, žˆŸ•”˜ ¦’ ’™¨•• ‚ Ÿ™¢’•œ˜ ‡Ÿ˜§ŸŸ›•”

†Ÿœ“©’ª š˜§’••«’¤•ª

€‰£•‘ˆƒˆžŠ‡‰¡ ‘ˆŠ†ž•ƒŠ˜„•””™¡ ‚•ž•‘ˆ‘‰ •Š‡‰¡ †”‰„•ƒŠ‰˜•˜

« ž‰ŠŠ•ƒ˜•Ÿ‰•¡ ³ˆ£”ˆ ˆ“”•‡ˆ³‰˜•Š— „ ´‰´•‰ˆ˜•‡• €‰£•‘ˆƒˆžŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ ‘ˆŠ†ž•ƒŠ˜„•””ˆ‘ˆ •ƒ…‰˜•‡˜†ƒ”ˆ-Š˜ƒˆ‰˜•••”ˆ‘ˆ †”‰„•ƒŠ‰˜•˜•.

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ˆ¦¬‚- ®‚•‚‰€¯•„‡€„‰‚ •‚¦ˆ€°

‚™ž“’ ¡•š¢ž¡ žŸ±– •¢¢ Ÿœš›’••ª. ’‡˜†•••”ˆŠ˜• ž•””ˆ‘ˆ ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰— ˆ´†Š•ˆ„••”•, ‚ƒ•£ž• „Š•‘ˆ, ”•ˆ´…ˆž‰³ˆŠ˜•· •”••‰“• ‚ƒ‰ƒˆž™ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ „

˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰— • ¸˜ˆ ‰ „ Š•³ˆ³ ž••• ˆž”• ‰“ ‘••„”™… ‚ƒˆ´••³ ˜•ˆƒ‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ¡ …†žˆ£•Š˜„•””ˆ¡ ‡†••˜†ƒ™.

¬•‡ ³™ ‚ˆ”‰³••³, ”•˜ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ „ˆˆ´²•, • •Š˜• ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰— ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ¡

Š¢•ƒ™ ••ˆ„• •Š‡ˆ¡ ž•—˜•••”ˆŠ˜‰ † ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ‘ˆ ”•ƒˆž•, „ ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ³ ³•Š˜• ‰

„ ˆ‚ƒ•ž•••””†· ¸‚ˆ…†. š ¸˜ˆ¡ Š„—“‰ £‰“”• ‰ ƒ•“„‰˜‰• ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ ˜ƒ•´†•˜ ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ-‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ ‚ˆž…ˆž• ‡ •”••‰“† •• ƒ•“„‰˜‰—. -•£ž† ˜•³,

”•ˆ´…ˆž‰³ˆ ‚ˆž •ƒ‡”†˜•, ˜ˆ ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰— ƒ•“„‰˜‰— ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• Š„—“•”• ”•

˜ˆ••‡ˆ Š ”•‡ˆ‚••”‰•³ ‰ Šˆ…ƒ•”•”‰•³ ƒ•“•‰ ”™… “”•”‰¡, ”ˆ ‰ Š ‰“³•”•”‰•³ •‘ˆ ˆ´ƒ•“”ˆ‘ˆ ƒ•Œ•”‰—: ¸„ˆ•·Ÿ‰•¡ ¢ˆƒ³ ‰ ž•‡ˆƒ• ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• „ ‚•ƒ‰ˆž ˆ˜

‡ƒ•²•”‰— ›†Š‰ žˆ ”• ••• XX „•‡•. ¥ˆ¸˜ˆ³†, ‰“† •— ‚ƒ‰³•ƒ™ ˆ˜ž•••”™… ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡‰… ¸‚ˆ…, ³™ Š˜••‡‰„••³Š— Š ž‰•••‡˜‰ •Š‡‰³ •ž‰”Š˜„ˆ³ ‚ƒˆŒ•ˆ‘ˆ,

”•Š˜ˆ—²•‘ˆ ‰ ´†ž†²•‘ˆ, “••ˆ£•””™³ „ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ ‰ “•¢‰‡Š‰ƒˆ„•””™³ „ ž†…ˆ„”ˆ³ ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„• ”•ƒˆž•.

¥ƒˆ´••³• ƒ•“„‰˜‰— ˜•‡ˆ‘ˆ ¢ƒ•‘³•”˜• ž•‡ˆƒ•˜‰„”ˆ‘ˆ ‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„• ‡•‡ ”•ƒˆž”™¡ ‡ˆŠ˜·³ “•‡•· ••˜Š— ”• ‚ƒˆŠ˜ˆ „ •‘ˆ Šˆ…ƒ•”•”‰‰ ‡•‡ •Š˜‰

‡†••˜†ƒ”ˆ‘ˆ ”•Š••ž‰—, ”ˆ ‰ „ •‘ˆ ‰”˜•ƒ‚ƒ•˜•Ÿ‰‰ ‰ ‚•ƒ•ˆŠ³™Š••”‰‰. €• ”•Œ

„“‘•—ž, Š„—“• ³•£ž† ‰”¢ˆƒ³•Ÿ‰ˆ””ˆ-ˆ‚‰Š•˜•••”™³ ‰ ‡ˆ³³†”‰‡•Ÿ‰ˆ””ˆ-

ˆƒ‰•”˜‰ƒˆ„•””™³ ‚ˆž…ˆžˆ³ ˆŠˆ´•””ˆ „•£”• „ ‰“† •”‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•.

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³•£‚ˆ‡ˆ••””ˆ¡ ˜ƒ•”Š•—Ÿ‰‰ ”•‰´ˆ••• Ÿ•””™… …†žˆ£•Š˜„•””ˆ-‡ˆ”Š˜ƒ†‡˜ˆƒŠ‡‰… žˆŠ˜ˆ‰”Š˜„ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• „ ‰… ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ-‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ³ ƒ•“„‰˜‰‰.

Ž˜ƒ™„ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰¡ ˆ˜ ˆ´”ˆ„••”‰— ‰ ƒ•“„‰˜‰— ”• ˜ˆ••‡ˆ ‚ƒ•„ƒ•²••˜ £‰„™• ‡†••˜†ƒ”™• Ÿ•””ˆŠ˜‰ „ ³†“•¡”™• ¸‡Š‚ˆ”•˜™, ”ˆ ‰ ‚ƒ‰“™„••˜ •·ž•¡ £‰˜• ‚ˆ “•‡ˆ”•³ ‰ž•••‰“‰ƒˆ„•””ˆ‘ˆ, „ˆˆ´ƒ•£••³ˆ‘ˆ ‚ƒˆŒ•ˆ‘ˆ. § „ ¸˜ˆ¡ Š„—“‰ ”•••“—

”• Šˆ‘••Š‰˜•Š— Š œ.º•Ÿ‡‰³ „ ˜ˆ³, ˜ˆ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰— £‰„•˜ ˜ˆ••‡ˆ ˆ´”ˆ„•——Š•, • † ”ˆ„•Ÿ‰‰ ”•˜ žƒ†‘ˆ‘ˆ Š‚ˆŠˆ´• „™£‰˜•, ‡•‡ žˆ‡•“•˜• Š„ˆ· ˆƒ‘•”‰ ”ˆŠ˜•,

†‡ˆƒ•”•””ˆŠ˜• „ ‡†••˜†ƒ• ‰ žˆ´‰˜•Š— Š˜•˜†Š• ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰, „™ƒ•´ˆ˜•˜• ³•…•”‰“³ „“•‰³”ˆ¡ •ž•‚˜•Ÿ‰‰ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ „ ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ³ ³•Š˜• ‰ „ƒ•³•”‰. šˆŠ‚ƒˆ‰“„ˆžŠ˜„ˆ

‰ ˜ƒ•”Š•—Ÿ‰— ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰ˆ””™… žˆŠ˜ˆ‰”Š˜„ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ¡ ˆž•£ž™ ”•ˆ˜ž••‰³™ ˆ˜ ‰…

‚•ƒ•ˆŠ³™Š••”‰— ‰ ˆ´”ˆ„••”‰—. š ˜ˆ £• „ƒ•³—, ˜„ˆƒ •Š‡•— ˜ƒ•”Š¢ˆƒ³•Ÿ‰—,

‚ƒ•ˆ´ƒ•“ˆ„•”‰• ‚•ƒ„ˆ‰Š˜ˆ ”‰‡•, ˆŠ”ˆ„•””•— ”• •‘ˆ ‘•†´ˆ‡ˆ³ ‰“† •”‰‰,

‚ˆ“„ˆ•—•˜ •ž•‡„•˜”•• žˆ”•Š˜‰ žˆ •†ž‰˜ˆƒ‰‰ „”•„ƒ•³•””ˆ• Šˆž•ƒ£•”‰•

‡†••˜†ƒ™ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•. µšˆžˆƒ•“ž••¶ žˆ•£•” ‚ƒˆ…ˆž‰˜• ”• ³•£ž†

˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰ˆ””™³ ‰ ”ˆ„™³, • ³•£ž† „™Šˆ‡ˆ¡, „ˆ“ƒˆ£ž•·²•¡ ž†…ˆ„”ˆŠ˜• „

‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„• ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ‚ƒ‰ Šˆ“ž•”‰‰ Šˆ„ƒ•³•””ˆ¡ ˆž•£ž™ ”•³‰”†•³ˆ „•ž•˜ ‡ Š˜‰•‰“•Ÿ‰‰, „”•Œ”•³† ‚ˆžƒ•£•”‰·, Œ˜•³‚†, „™ƒˆ£ž•”‰·, ‡ ˜ˆ³†

ˆŠ„•‰„•˜•, ƒ•“„‰„•˜•, ‡ ”‰³ ³ˆ£”ˆ ˆ´ƒ•²•˜•Š—. €ˆ µ‰Š‚ˆ••“ˆ„•˜•¶ - “”• ‰˜

´ƒ•˜• ”•‚ƒˆ‡•˜ ‡•‡ „ƒ•³•””™¡ ƒ•‡„‰“‰˜, ‡ˆ˜ˆƒ™¡ ³ˆ£”ˆ ³•”—˜• ‚ˆ „™´ˆƒ†. «‚ˆŠˆ´ †”‰¢‰‡•Ÿ‰‰ ˆž•£ž™, „™ƒ•£•””™¡ „ Šˆ„ƒ•³•””ˆ³ ³•˜ˆž•

µŸ‰˜•˜¶, ‘ž• ž‰“•¡”•ƒ, ‡ˆ³´‰”‰ƒ†— ƒ•“”™• Ÿ‰˜•˜™, Š³•Œ‰„•— ¸••³•”˜™ ‡ˆŠ˜·³ˆ„ ƒ•“”™… ”•ƒˆžˆ„, Šˆ“ž••˜ Šˆ„•ƒŒ•””ˆ ”ˆ„™¡ ˆ´ƒ•“, —„•—•˜Š— ˆ˜ƒ•£•”‰•³ ‘•ˆ´••‰“•Ÿ‰ˆ””™… ‚ƒˆŸ•ŠŠˆ„, ˆ…„•˜‰„Œ‰… Šˆ„ƒ•³•””™¡ ³‰ƒ ‰ †‘ƒˆ£•·²‰… Š•³ˆ´™˜”ˆŠ˜‰ ”•Ÿ‰ˆ”•••”™… ˆ´²”ˆŠ˜•¡ „ ‚••”• †Š„ˆ•”‰—

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Šˆ„•ƒŒ•””ˆ †£žˆ¡ ‰³ ‡†••˜†ƒ™ Šˆ „Š•³, ˜ˆ ˆ”• Š Šˆ´ˆ· ”•Š•˜. «•‘ˆž”—

ž•£• Š˜ˆƒˆ””‰‡‰ ‘•†´ˆ‡‰… ˆ´²•Š˜„•””™… ‚ƒ•ˆ´ƒ•“ˆ„•”‰¡ „ ƒ•“”™… Š˜ƒ•”•…

³‰ƒ• „Š• •²• Š„—“™„•·˜ ‚ƒˆ‘ƒ•ŠŠ ”• Š ‚ƒˆŠ˜™³ ‰“£‰„•”‰•³ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰, ”ˆ Š

•• µ‰Š‡†Š”™³ Šˆ •˜•”‰•³ Š ‰“´ƒ•””™³‰ ¸••³•”˜•³‰ Šˆ„ƒ•³•””ˆŠ˜‰¶, ‚ˆ“„ˆ•—·²‰³‰ ‰“´•£•˜•, Š ˆž”ˆ¡ Š˜ˆƒˆ”™, “•Š˜ˆ—, • Š žƒ†‘ˆ¡ • ƒ•Š˜„ˆƒ•”‰— „

†£ˆ¡ Š˜‰…‰‰. ¥ˆ¸˜ˆ³†, ž•””•— ƒ•´ˆ˜• ”•‚ƒ•„••”• ”• ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰• ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ

‡ˆŠ˜·³• ‡•‡ ˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‰“ ”•‰´ˆ••• ³•ŠŠˆ„™… ‰ ´•‰“‡‰… ••ˆ„•‡† ¸••³•”˜ˆ„

¸˜”‰ •Š‡ˆ¡ ‡†••˜†ƒ™, „•‰—·²‰… ”• ˜ˆ••‡ˆ ”• ¢ˆƒ³‰ƒˆ„•”‰• Šˆ„ƒ•³•””ˆ¡ ƒˆŠŠ‰¡Š‡ˆ¡ ³ˆž™, ”ˆ ‰ ”• ”•Ÿ‰ˆ”•••”†· ‰ž•”˜‰¢‰‡•Ÿ‰·, ž†…ˆ„”ˆŠ˜• „ Ÿ••ˆ³.

‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„•””ˆ ³•”—˜•Š— •ƒ•Š †ƒ ´™Š˜ƒˆ. €ˆ, ”•žˆ ‚ˆ••‘•˜•, ˜ˆ

‚ƒ‰„•ƒ£•””ˆŠ˜• ž†…ˆ„”™³ Ÿ•””ˆŠ˜—³ „Š•-˜•‡‰ „ˆŠ‚‰˜†•³•. -ˆ²”™³ „ˆŠ‚‰˜•˜•••”™³ ³•…•”‰“³ˆ³ “ž•Š• ³ˆ£•˜ —„‰˜•Š— ”•ƒˆž”ˆ• ž•‡ˆƒ•˜‰„”ˆ•

‚ƒ••³Š˜„•””ˆŠ˜• Ÿ•””ˆŠ˜•¡, ‰´ˆ „ ”•³ ”•‰´ˆ••• —ƒ‡ˆ „™ƒ•£•”ˆ ˆ˜”ˆŒ•”‰•

••ˆ„•‡• ‡ £‰“”‰, “žˆƒˆ„•·, ‚ƒ‰ƒˆž•, ‡ƒ•Šˆ˜•.

Žž”ˆ¡ ‰“ „•£”•¡Œ‰… ¢†”‡Ÿ‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ³™ Š ‰˜••³ Š‚ˆŠˆ´”ˆŠ˜• ³•£‚ˆ‡ˆ••””ˆ¡ ˜ƒ•”Š•—Ÿ‰‰ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰, •‡‡†³†•‰ƒ†·²•¡

ŠˆŸ‰•••”ˆ-“”• ‰³™¡ ˆ‚™˜. –ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰— “ž•Š• „ˆ“”‰‡••˜ ‡•‡ ˆ˜ƒ•£•”‰• ³”ˆ‘ˆ‡ƒ•˜”ˆ ‚ˆ„˜ˆƒ•””™… ˆ´²•Š˜„•””™… ˆ˜”ˆŒ•”‰¡. ¥ƒ‰ •³, †Š˜ˆ¡ ‰„ˆŠ˜•·

‰ ž•‰˜•••”ˆŠ˜•· „ˆ „ƒ•³•”‰ ˆ´••ž•·˜ •‰Œ• ŠˆŸ‰•••”ˆ “”• ‰³•— ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰—, Š‚ˆŠˆ´Š˜„†·²•— „ˆŠ‚ƒˆ‰“„ˆžŠ˜„† „ ˆ´²•Š˜„•””ˆ¡ £‰“”‰.

‡žŸ¥Ÿ•¡ ˜’«˜’²šž’••š¢ž• •’“”•š— ¥˜š² Ÿ±–. €•‰´ˆ••• ³•˜ˆžˆ•ˆ‘‰ •Š‡‰ ‚ƒˆž†³•””•— ‚ˆ“‰Ÿ‰— „ „ˆ‚ƒˆŠ• ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰— ‚ƒˆ´••³™ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ ‡•‡ ˜•‡ˆ„ˆ¡, ”• ”•Œ „“‘•—ž, ‚ƒ‰”•ž••£‰˜ ‚ˆ••Š‡ˆ³† ¢‰•ˆŠˆ¢† œ£‰

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º•Ÿ‡ˆ³†. ’”••‰“ Ÿ•””ˆŠ˜”ˆ¡ ‚ƒ‰ƒˆž™ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ œ.º•Ÿ‡‰¡ ˆŠ†²•Š˜„•—•˜ „ ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ-‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ³ ‡ˆ”˜•‡Š˜•. ’„˜ˆƒ ‚ˆ”‰³••˜ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰· ”• ‡•‡ ‚•ŠŠ‰„”ˆ• „ˆŠ‚ƒ‰—˜‰• ”•Š••ž‰— ‚ƒˆŒ•ˆ‘ˆ, • ‡•‡ Šˆ“”•˜•••”™¡ „™´ˆƒ ¸••³•”˜ˆ„ ¸˜ˆ‘ˆ ”•Š••ž‰—.

§Š‡†ŠŠ˜„ˆ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ƒ•“„™ •¡”ˆ ³”ˆ‘ˆˆ´ƒ•“”ˆ ‚ˆ Š„ˆ‰³ „‰ž•³, ¢ˆƒ³•³ ‰ ³•Š˜”™³ ˆŠˆ´•””ˆŠ˜—³. Žž”•‡ˆ žˆ Š‰… ‚ˆƒ ”•´•·ž••˜Š— —„”™¡ ž•¢‰Ÿ‰˜ ˆ´¹•‡˜‰„”™… ‚ˆž…ˆžˆ„ ‡ ˆŠ³™Š••”‰· ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ „ Š•³™… ƒ•“•‰ ”™… ˆ´••Š˜—… ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„•, „ ˜ˆ³ ‰Š•• ‰ „ ˆ´••Š˜‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•.

€•••“— †˜„•ƒ£ž•˜•, ˜ˆ ‚ƒˆ´••³• ˜•ˆƒ‰‰, ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰‰ ‰ ‚ƒ•‡˜‰‡‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„• žˆ Š•‘ˆž”—Œ”•‘ˆ ž”— ˜•ˆƒ•˜‰ •Š‡‰ ”• ƒ•“ƒ•´ˆ˜•”•. »˜ˆ¡ ‚ƒˆ´••³ˆ¡, „ ˜ˆ¡ ‰•‰ ‰”ˆ¡ Š˜•‚•”‰, “•”‰³••‰Š• ˜•‡‰• „™ž•·²‰•Š— † •”™• ‡•‡ ¥.©.‹ˆ‘•˜™ƒ•„, ’.‹.«••˜™‡ˆ„, ‹.’.›™´•‡ˆ„, ’.«.¬•”Ÿ•ž‰‡•Š.

š.-.š•Š‰••”‡ˆ „ µ§“´ƒ•””™… ˜ƒ†ž•…¶ „™—„•—•˜ ‚ƒ‰ƒˆž† ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„•, ‡ˆ³‚ˆ”•”˜™ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„• XVIII • XX „•‡ˆ„, ˆŠ„•²••˜ ‚ƒˆ´••³™ Š˜‰•— ‰ Š˜‰•‰Š˜‰ •Š‡ˆ¡ ¸„ˆ•·Ÿ‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„•.

«ƒ•ž‰ ”•† ”™… ‰“ž•”‰¡ “”• ‰˜•••”™ ƒ•´ˆ˜™ –.-.›•“‰”ˆ¡. š •• ‡”‰‘• µ›†ŠŠ‡ˆ• ”•ƒˆž”ˆ• ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„ˆ¶ ƒ•ŠŠ³•˜ƒ‰„•·˜Š— ”• ˆ˜ž•••”™• „‰ž™ ‰ £•”ƒ™, • ˆ´²‰• „ˆ‚ƒˆŠ™, Š„—“•””™• Š ˆŠˆ´•””ˆŠ˜—³‰ Šˆž•ƒ£•”‰— ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰ˆ””™… ˆ´ƒ•“ˆ„ ‰ Š‚•Ÿ‰¢‰‡ˆ¡ ž•‡ˆƒ•˜‰„”ˆ‘ˆ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„•.

«ˆ •˜•”‰• £‰„ˆ¡ ‚ƒ•‡˜‰ •Š‡ˆ¡ ž•—˜•••”ˆŠ˜‰ Š ˜•ˆƒ•˜‰ •Š‡‰³ ˆ´ˆ´²•”‰•³ Š„ˆ•‘ˆ ˆ‚™˜• ‰ ”•† ”™… ”•´•·ž•”‰¡ • ˆ˜•‰ ‰˜•••”•— ˆŠˆ´•””ˆŠ˜• ”•† ”™… ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰¡ š.«.šˆƒˆ”ˆ„•. Ž” ƒ•Š‡ƒ™„••˜ Šˆž•ƒ£•”‰• ‰ Š³™Š• ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„•. šˆƒˆ”ˆ„ ˆ‚ƒ•ž••‰• ‡ˆ•••‡˜‰„”ˆŠ˜• ‡•‡ ˆž”† ‰“ Š†²•Š˜„•””™… ˆŠˆ´•””ˆŠ˜•¡ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰.

Ž˜ž•••”™• •Š‚•‡˜™ ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ ƒ•“„‰˜‰— ‡ˆŠ˜·³•, Š„—“•””™• Š ³•˜•ƒ‰•••”ˆ¡ ‰ ž†…ˆ„”ˆ¡ ‡†••˜†ƒˆ¡ ”•ƒˆžˆ„ ›ˆŠŠ‰‰ ‰ „ •Š˜”ˆŠ˜‰ ”•ƒˆžˆ„ ¥ˆ„ˆ•£•—, ³™ ”•…ˆž‰³ „ ”•† ”™… ˜ƒ†ž•…, Š˜•˜•—… ‰ ‡”‰‘•… “”•³•”‰˜™… ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•˜•••¡ - ‚†˜•Œ•Š˜„•””‰‡ˆ„ ¥•˜•ƒ´†ƒ‘Š‡ˆ¡ ’‡•ž•³‰‰ ”•†‡

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6

©.•.-‰•••ƒ•, §.§.¦•‚•…‰”•, ¥.«.¥••••Š•, §.©.©•ˆƒ‘‰.

€•ž ˜•³ˆ¡ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ƒ•´ˆ˜••‰ Šˆ˜ƒ†ž”‰‡‰ Ž´²•Š˜„•

•ƒ…•ˆ•ˆ‘‰‰, ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰‰ ‰ ¸˜”ˆ‘ƒ•¢‰‰ ‚ƒ‰ ¬•“•”Š‡ˆ³ †”‰„•ƒŠ‰˜•˜•, ˜•‡‰• ‡•‡ €.’.•‰ƒŠˆ„, š.€.-•¡”ˆ„ ‰ žƒ†‘‰•. ŽŠˆ´™¡ ‰”˜•ƒ•Š ‚ƒ•žŠ˜•„•—•˜ ƒ•´ˆ˜• €.’.•‰ƒŠˆ„• µ§”ˆ‘ˆƒˆž •Š‡ˆ• ”•Š•••”‰• ‚ƒ•£”•‘ˆ ¬•“•”Š‡ˆ‘ˆ …•”Š˜„• „ ”ˆ„ˆ¡ ›ˆŠŠ‰‰ žˆ 1762 ‘ˆž• ‰ ‡ˆ•ˆ”‰“•Ÿ‰— “•‡•³Š‡‰… “•³••• „ ¸˜ˆ „ƒ•³—¶, ‰••·Š˜ƒ‰ƒˆ„•””•— ƒ‰Š†”‡•³‰, ‰“ˆ´ƒ•£•·²‰³‰ ž•„‰ •‰, £•”Š‡‰• ‰ ³†£Š‡‰• ˆž•—”‰—. ¥ƒˆ¢•ŠŠˆƒ ¬•“•”Š‡ˆ‘ˆ †”‰„•ƒŠ‰˜•˜• §.€. «³‰ƒ”ˆ„ „ Š„ˆ•³ ˆ •ƒ‡• µ¼†„•Œ‰¶, ”•‚‰Š•””ˆ³ ž•— ¸”Ÿ‰‡•ˆ‚•ž‰ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ Š•ˆ„•ƒ— ‹ƒˆ‡‘•†“• ‰ »¢ƒˆ”•, ˆŸ•”‰„••˜ †„•ŒŠ‡†· ˆž•£ž† • ƒ†´•…‰, Š„•ž•´”™• ‚ƒ‰”•ž••£”ˆŠ˜‰ ‰ †‡ƒ•Œ•”‰— • ‡•‡ ‚ƒˆ‰“„•ž•”‰— „™Šˆ‡ˆ‘ˆ ‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„•.

šˆ‚ƒˆŠ™ Š‚•Ÿ‰¢‰‡‰ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ”•ƒˆžˆ„ ¥ˆ„ˆ•£•— ˆŠ„•²•”™ „ ƒ•´ˆ˜• –.-.-ˆ•ˆ˜ˆ„ˆ¡ µ-•ƒ‰¡Š‡‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”™¡ ‡ˆŠ˜·³; „ •••´ˆ³• –.¥.¥ƒˆ‡‰”ˆ¡ ‰ -.§.«†ƒ‰”ˆ¡ µ-ˆƒžˆ„Š‡‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”™¡ ‡ˆŠ˜·³; „ •••´ˆ³• ›.©. -†…•³•žˆ„ˆ¡ µ–•˜•ƒŠ‡•— ”•ƒˆž”•— ˆž•£ž•¶. ¥ƒ•ž³•˜ˆ³ ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰— “ž•Š• —„•—·˜Š— ˜•”ž•”Ÿ‰‰ ƒ•“„‰˜‰— ”•Ÿ‰ˆ”•••”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ”•ƒˆžˆ„ ¥ˆ„ˆ•£•— „ ‚•ƒ‰ˆž Šˆ „˜ˆƒˆ¡ ‚ˆ•ˆ„‰”™ XIX „•‡• žˆ ”•Œ‰… ž”•¡. §“ž•”‰— ‚ƒ•žŠ˜•„•—·˜ ž•— ”•Š ¸˜”ˆ‘ƒ•¢‰ •Š‡‰¡, ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡‰¡, ‡†••˜†ƒ”™¡ ‰ …†žˆ£•Š˜„•””™¡ ‰”˜•ƒ•Š.

Ž‚ƒ•ž•••””™¡ ‰”˜•ƒ•Š „™“™„•·˜ ˜ƒ†ž™ -.±•´™•‰”• ‚ˆ ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ¡ ‡†••˜†ƒ™. œ‘ˆ ‰“ž•”‰• µ›†ŠŠ‡‰¡ ”•ƒˆž¶, ž••˜ ‚ƒ•žŠ˜•„••”‰• ˆ Š‚•Ÿ‰¢‰‡• ƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ ´™˜• „ˆ „Š•³ ³”ˆ‘ˆˆ´ƒ•“‰‰, „ ˜ˆ³ ‰Š•• ‰ ƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•, ‡•‡ —„••”‰‰ ‘•†´ˆ‡ˆ Š•³ˆ´™˜”ˆ³.

Ž˜ž•••”™• •Š‚•‡˜™ ƒ•ŠŠ³ˆ˜ƒ•”‰— „ˆ‚ƒˆŠ•, ‡•Š•·²•‘ˆŠ— ž•••”‰— „••‰‡ˆƒ†Šˆ„ ‚ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³† ”• ž„• ´ˆ••Œ‰• ˜•ƒƒ‰˜ˆƒ‰•••”™• ‘ƒ†‚‚™ • Š•„•ƒ ‰ ·‘, ˆŠ„•²•”™ „ ˜ƒ†ž• ©.¬.±•••”‰”• µš••‰‡ˆƒ†ŠŠ‡‰• ‘ˆ„ˆƒ™ Š ”•ˆƒ‘•”‰ •Š‡‰³ ‰ ”•‚•ƒ•…ˆž”™³ Š³—‘ •”‰•³ “•ž”•”•´”™… Šˆ‘••Š”™… „ Š„—“‰ Š ˜• •”‰•³ ‚ˆ“ž”•¡Œ•¡ „••‰‡ˆƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ¡ ‡ˆ•ˆ”‰“•Ÿ‰‰¶. «¥´. 1913‘. ’„˜ˆƒŠ‡‰• ˆ‚‰Š•”‰— ‰ ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰— ‚ˆž•‰””‰‡ˆ„ ƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ž•·˜ ”•‰´ˆ••• ˜ˆ ”™• Š„•ž•”‰— ˆ ‘ƒ•”‰Ÿ•… ´™˜ˆ„•”‰— Š•„•ƒ”ˆ‘ˆ ‰ ·£”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³”™… ‡ˆ³‚••‡Šˆ„.

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«ˆ´‰ƒ•”‰•³, Š‰Š˜•³•˜‰“•Ÿ‰•¡ ¸••³•”˜ˆ„ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• “•”‰³••Š— ‹.’.¬†¢˜‰”. Ž” ƒ•ŠŠ³•˜ƒ‰„•• ‚ˆ”•„† ‡•‡ žƒ•„”‰¡ „‰ž £•”Š‡ˆ¡ ˆž•£ž™ ‰

¸••³•”˜ ƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ £•”Š‡ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•, ‚ƒ•žŠ˜•„•—·²‰¡ Šˆ´ˆ¡ Š„ˆ•ˆ´ƒ•“”™¡ ŠˆŸ‰ˆ‡ˆž, ‚•ƒ•ž•·²‰¡ ‰”¢ˆƒ³•Ÿ‰· ‰“ ‚ƒˆŒ•ˆ‘ˆ „ ´†ž†²•• ‚ˆŠƒ•žŠ˜„ˆ³

Š•³‰ˆ˜‰ •Š‡ˆ¡ Š‰Š˜•³™ „™Œ‰˜ˆ‘ˆ ‰ ˜‡•”ˆ‘ˆ ˆƒ”•³•”˜•.

§Š‡•· ‰˜•••”™¡ ‰”˜•ƒ•Š ‚ƒ•žŠ˜•„•—·˜ ‰Š˜ˆ ”‰‡‰ ¸˜”ˆ‘ƒ•¢‰ •Š‡‰…

³•˜•ƒ‰••ˆ„, ŠˆŠƒ•žˆ˜ˆ •””™• „ ³†“•—… ‰ ˜•‡†²‰… •ƒ…‰„•…. ‹ˆ••Œˆ¡ ‰”˜•ƒ•Š ´™• „™“„•” ‰“ž•”‰•³ •••´ˆ³• µ›†ŠŠ‡‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”™¡ ‡ˆŠ˜·³¶, ‰“ Šˆ´ƒ•”‰— ©ˆŠ†ž•ƒŠ˜„•””ˆ‘ˆ ³†“•— ¸˜”ˆ‘ƒ•¢‰‰ ”•ƒˆžˆ„ «««›. ’„˜ˆƒ™ ‰ ŠˆŠ˜•„‰˜••‰ - ¦.€.-ˆ•ˆ˜ˆ„•, €.€.«ˆŠ”‰”•. š 1989 ‘ˆž† ´™• ‰“ž•” ˆ •ƒ•ž”ˆ¡ •••´ˆ³

µ›†ŠŠ‡‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”™¡ ‡ˆŠ˜·³¶, •„˜ˆƒ-ŠˆŠ˜•„‰˜••• ¦.œ¢‰³ˆ„•, „ ”•‘ˆ „ˆŒ•‰ ¸‡Š‚ˆ”•˜™ ‰“ Šˆ´ƒ•”‰— ©ˆŠ†ž•ƒŠ˜„•””ˆ‘ˆ §Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ ³†“•—.

š.’.•••••„ˆ¡, œ.š’ƒŠ•”••„ˆ¡. §.½.‹ˆ‘†Š••„Š‡•— ƒ•ŠŠ³•˜ƒ‰„••˜ „™Œ‰„‡† ‡•‡ •ž„• •‰ ”• Š•³ˆ• ƒ•“„‰˜ˆ• ‰Š‡†ŠŠ˜„ˆ Šƒ•ž‰ ³”ˆ‘‰… „‰žˆ„ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„•, •„˜ˆƒ •”••‰“‰ƒ†•˜ ˆŠˆ´•””ˆŠ˜‰ ‘•ˆ³•˜ƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ ‰ ƒ•Š˜‰˜•••”ˆ‘ˆ ˆƒ”•³•”˜• „™Œ‰„‡‰, •‘ˆ žƒ•„”•¡Œ‰• ³ˆ˜‰„™ ‰ ³”ˆ‘ˆ ‰Š••””™• Š·£•˜”™• ‡ˆ³‚ˆ“‰Ÿ‰‰,

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›.«.-•‡•ƒˆ„ˆ¡, -.€.-•ƒŸ••ˆ„ˆ¡, –.«.«˜ƒ‰£•”ˆ„ˆ¡, -.§.º³•••„ˆ¡ ‰ žƒ. ŽŠ„ˆ•”‰• ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• „ ³ˆž••‰ƒˆ„•”‰‰ Šˆ„ƒ•³•””ˆ¡ £•”Š‡ˆ¡ ˆž•£ž™ ˆ˜ƒ•£•”ˆ „ ”•† ”™… ˜ƒ†ž•… „•ž†²‰… Š‚•Ÿ‰••‰Š˜ˆ„ €§§¯¥ €.©.«•••‡ˆ„ˆ¡, –.’.¥•ƒŸ•„Š‡ˆ¡, §.¥.›•´ˆ˜”ˆ„ˆ¡, –.’.’¢•”•Š••„ˆ¡, ¦.«.¯•”—„‰”ˆ¡, œ.©.½‡ˆ„••„ˆ¡, ¦.¥.«‰”•••”‰‡ˆ„ˆ¡ €.-.š•ž•ƒ”‰‡ˆ„ˆ¡ ‰ žƒ.

šŠˆ„ƒ•³•””ˆ¡ † •´”ˆ¡ •‰˜•ƒ•˜†ƒ•, Š„—“•””ˆ¡ Š ‡†••˜†ƒˆ¡ ‚ƒˆ‰“„ˆžŠ˜„•

‰‡†••˜†ƒˆ¡ ‚ˆ˜ƒ•´••”‰— ‡ˆŠ˜·³•, •„˜ˆƒ•³‰ -.¦..‹ˆžƒˆ„ˆ¡, ’.¦.¦•„ƒ•”˜••„™³, ’.‹••¡“, €.‹†ž†ƒ, ©.«.©ˆƒ‰”ˆ¡, €.-.¬•³‰”Š‡ˆ¡, €.-.¬•••Œ”‰‡ˆ„ˆ¡, ¥.’.¥•†Œ”‰‡ˆ„ˆ¡, –.š.¬ˆ“•ˆ„ˆ¡, •.•.¬ˆ³³‰Š•ƒ£•„Š‡‰³, ©.-.©†Š•¡”ˆ„™³, •.-.¥•ƒ³ˆ”ˆ³, ©.¥.¬ˆ”žƒ•˜•”‡ˆ žˆŠ˜•˜ˆ ”ˆ Œ‰ƒˆ‡ˆ ˆŠ„•²•”™ „ˆ‚ƒˆŠ™, Š„—“•””™• Š ‰“† •”‰•³ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ‰ Šˆ…ƒ•”•”‰•³ Š„—“‰ Š ”•Š••ž‰•³ ‚ƒˆŒ•ˆ‘ˆ. š •Š˜”ˆŠ˜‰ …ˆ •˜Š— ˆ˜³•˜‰˜• ƒ•´ˆ˜† •.-.¥•ƒ³ˆ”• µ›†ŠŠ‡‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”™¡ ‡ˆŠ˜·³ ‡•‡ …†žˆ£•Š˜„•””ˆ- ‡ˆ”Š˜ƒ†‡˜ˆƒŠ‡‰¡ ‰Š˜ˆ ”‰‡ ˜„ˆƒ •Š˜„•¶, ‘ž• „‚•ƒ„™• ”•‰´ˆ••• ‚ˆ•”ˆ ‰ ‘•†´ˆ‡ˆ ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”™ ”• ˆ´Œ‰ƒ”ˆ³ ‚ˆž•‰””ˆ³ ³•˜•ƒ‰••• …†žˆ£•Š˜„•””ˆ- ‡ˆ”Š˜ƒ†‡˜ˆƒŠ‡‰• ˆŠˆ´•””ˆŠ˜‰ ƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•. ¬ ”•‰´ˆ••• “•³•˜”™³ Šˆ„ƒ•³•””™³ ‰“ž•”‰—³ ³ˆ£”ˆ ˆ˜”•Š˜‰ † •´”ˆ• ‚ˆŠˆ´‰• •„˜ˆƒ• €.-. ¬•••Œ”‰‡ˆ„ˆ¡ µ€•ƒˆž”™¡ ‡ˆŠ˜·³¶, ‘ž• ž•” •”••‰“ Š•³‰ˆ˜‰ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ Š˜•˜†Š• ˆŠ”ˆ„”™… ˜‰‚ˆ„ ˆž•£ž™ Š•••Š‡ˆ‘ˆ ”•Š•••”‰— ›ˆŠŠ‰‰, ƒ•ŠŠ³ˆ˜ƒ•”™

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Žž”•‡ˆ Šˆ„ƒ•³•””™… ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰¡ ‚ˆ ˜•ˆƒ‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ˆ •”•

‚ˆ•ˆ£•”‰¡ ˆ ‚ƒ‰ƒˆž• ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ˜„ˆƒ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ ³™Œ••”‰—, „™ƒ•£•””ˆ‘ˆ „ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•. š ”•† ”ˆ¡ •‰˜•ƒ•˜†ƒ• ˆ˜Š†˜Š˜„†•˜ •”••‰“ ‚ƒ‰ƒˆž™ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ ‰ ³•…•”‰“³• •• ‚•ƒ•ž• ‰ „ˆˆ´²• ‰ „ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ³ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• „ •Š˜”ˆŠ˜‰.

ˆ²³Ÿ™ž •¢¢ Ÿœš›’••ª • Ÿ•””ˆŠ˜”•— ‚ƒ‰ƒˆž• ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ „ ‡ˆ”‡ƒ•˜”ˆ-

‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ³ ‚ƒˆŸ•ŠŠ•.

´˜Ÿœ±Ÿž •¢¢ Ÿœš›’••ª • ž•¡Š˜„‰• • ‚•ƒ•ž• • ˆž”‰³ ‚ˆ‡ˆ••”‰•³ žƒ†‘ˆ³† …†žˆ£•Š˜„•””ˆ-‡ˆ”Š˜ƒ†‡˜ˆƒŠ‡‰… žˆŠ˜ˆ‰”Š˜„ ƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ

ƒ•“„‰˜‰— ˆ´²•Š˜„•; ‡†••˜†ƒˆ•ˆ‘‰ •Š‡‰¡ •”••‰“ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰ˆ””™… ž•‡ˆƒ•˜‰„”™… ˆŠ”ˆ„ ‰ ¸˜”‰ •Š‡ˆ‘ˆ Š„ˆ•ˆ´ƒ•“‰— ƒ†ŠŠ‡ˆ‘ˆ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•; ƒ•ŠŠ³ˆ˜ƒ•”‰• ‚ƒˆ´••³™ Šˆ…ƒ•”•”‰— ‰ ‚ƒ••³Š˜„•””ˆŠ˜‰ ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰; „™—„••”‰• ³•…•”‰“³ˆ„ ‰”˜•ƒ‚ƒ•˜•Ÿ‰‰ ‰ ‚•ƒ•ˆŠ³™Š••”‰— ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ „ ‰Š˜ˆƒ‰ •Š‡ˆ³ ƒ•“„‰˜‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•. š Šˆˆ˜„•˜Š˜„‰‰ Š Ÿ•••· ‰ŠŠ••žˆ„•”‰— „ ž‰ŠŠ•ƒ˜•Ÿ‰‰ ƒ•Œ•·˜Š— Š••ž†·²‰• “•ž• ‰:

- ƒˆ•• ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰‰ „ ƒ•“„‰˜‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•.

-Šˆˆ˜”ˆŒ•”‰• ˜ƒ•ž‰Ÿ‰¡ ‰ ”ˆ„•Ÿ‰¡ „ ƒ•“„‰˜‰‰ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³•.

-„™—„••”‰• Š˜ƒ†‡˜†ƒ™, Šˆž•ƒ£•”‰— ‰ ¢†”‡Ÿ‰¡ ”•ƒˆž”ˆ‘ˆ ‡ˆŠ˜·³• ‡•‡