I. Денотативное и коннотативное значение

Слово

Денотативное значение

Коннотация

notorious celebrated

widely known

for criminal acts or bad traits of character (-)

for special achievements(+)

glare glance

look

steadily, lastingly (long) briefly, passingly (short)

father daddy

parent

(neutral) (colloquial)

word

original meaning

metonymic use

General

damages

destructive effects

money paid in compensation

a promise (to give/keep/break one's word); a conversation (to have a word with)

sweat

perspiration

hard work

tongue

oral muscle

a language or dialect

aggregation,

assembly

coming together

result of coming together; those who come together

city hall

a city's chief administrative building

city government or government in general (Common usage in axiom, "You can't fight city hall.")

dish

an item of crockery

a course (in dining)

jigsaw

cutting tool

jigsaw puzzle

militia

military or defense activity

those engaged in or subject to being required to engage in defense activity

service

doing for others

those who serve (especially military)

American

Washington

capital of the United States

the United States federal government

The White House

Official residence of the President of the United States

the President and staff

Wall Street

a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City

the United States financial and banking industry

Broadway

an avenue running the length of Manhattan Island in New York City

Broadway theatre in particular, and American theatre in general

The Pentagon

the office building in Arlington, Virginia that serves as the headquarters of the US Defense Department

the US Defense Department, the US Secretary of Defense and high-ranking military officials based there

Capitol Hill

The neighborhood in which the United States Capitol is located

the United States Congress

Madison Avenue

a street in New York City

the United States advertising industry

Seventh Avenue

a street in New York City

the United States fashion industry

Cupertino

a city in the state of California

Apple Inc., which is headquartered there

Detroit

largest city in the state of Michigan

the United States automobile industry, which is centered in the Detroit area

Houston

largest city in the state of Texas

NASA Mission Control, from the phrase "Houston, we've had a problem"

Cape Canaveral

a geographic feature in the state of Florida near the…

NASA Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

the people

human beings, or a specific group thereof

some state governments in criminal prosecution matters, e.g., "People (of the State of Michigan) versus X", as opposed to "State (of Ohio) versus Y"

British

England

a country within the United Kingdom

the United Kingdom as a whole

The Crown

a monarch's headwear

the British monarchy

The Palace

Buckingham Palace

The monarch's office

New Scotland Yard

a London building, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police

Metropolitan Police

The City

the City of London

the British financial markets, historically centred in The City

Westminster

the City of Westminster in London

The Parliament of the United Kingdom , or the UK Government, which is located there

Thames House

Headquarters of…

the British Security Services

Whitehall

a street in the City of Westminster, the headquarters of the British Civil Service and various Governmental Departments

the offices of the British government's senior bureaucrats; the British Civil service or a Government Department

Fleet Street

a street in London

the British press, particularly newspapers, or the British newspaper industry

Downing Street or "Number 10"

Official residence of the Prime Minister^[1]

the British Prime Minister and his or her staff

Vauxhall Cross

Headquarters of…

the Secret Intelligence Service (aka MI6)

Canadian

the Crown

The monarch

Usually used in court as the federal or provincial government as in "The crown Versus …"

Ottawa

the capital of Canada

the Canadian federal government

European

Brussels

the capital city of Belgium, also home to most of the…

Institutions of the European Union

the Kremlin

A fortified complex in Moscow

Formerly the Soviet government; used today to a lesser extent for the Russian government

Gulag

chief administration of the Soviet forced labour camps

the prison camps it administered

any country's capital city

the country's capital

that country's government in general, and often, as the whole country itself

Toompea

A limestone hill in Tallinn, Estonia

The Government and Parliament of Estonia