
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1 Introduction
- •2.1 Posterior Compartment
- •2.2 Anterior Compartment
- •2.3 Middle Compartment
- •2.4 Perineal Body
- •3 Compartments
- •3.1 Posterior Compartment
- •3.1.1 Connective Tissue Structures
- •3.1.2 Muscles
- •3.1.3 Reinterpreted Anatomy and Clinical Relevance
- •3.2 Anterior Compartment
- •3.2.1 Connective Tissue Structures
- •3.2.2 Muscles
- •3.2.3 Reinterpreted Anatomy and Clinical Relevance
- •3.2.4 Important Vessels, Nerves, and Lymphatics of the Anterior Compartment
- •3.3 Middle Compartment
- •3.3.1 Connective Tissue Structures
- •3.3.2 Muscles
- •3.3.3 Reinterpreted Anatomy and Clinical Relevance
- •3.3.4 Important Vessels, Nerves, and Lymphatics of the Middle Compartment
- •4 Perineal Body
- •References
- •MR and CT Techniques
- •1 Introduction
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2.1 Spasmolytic Medication
- •2.3.2 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- •2.3.3 Dynamic Contrast Enhancement
- •3 CT Technique
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Technical Disadvantages
- •3.4 Oral and Rectal Contrast
- •References
- •Uterus: Normal Findings
- •1 Introduction
- •References
- •1 Clinical Background
- •1.1 Epidemiology
- •1.2 Clinical Presentation
- •1.3 Embryology
- •1.4 Pathology
- •2 Imaging
- •2.1 Technique
- •2.2.1 Class I Anomalies: Dysgenesis
- •2.2.2 Class II Anomalies: Unicornuate Uterus
- •2.2.3 Class III Anomalies: Uterus Didelphys
- •2.2.4 Class IV Anomalies: Bicornuate Uterus
- •2.2.5 Class V Anomalies: Septate Uterus
- •2.2.6 Class VI Anomalies: Arcuate Uterus
- •2.2.7 Class VII Anomalies
- •References
- •Benign Uterine Lesions
- •1 Background
- •1.1 Uterine Leiomyomas
- •1.1.1 Epidemiology
- •1.1.2 Pathogenesis
- •1.1.3 Histopathology
- •1.1.4 Clinical Presentation
- •1.1.5 Therapy
- •1.1.5.1 Indications
- •1.1.5.2 Medical Therapy and Ablation
- •1.1.5.3 Surgical Therapy
- •1.1.5.4 Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE)
- •1.1.5.5 Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound
- •2 Adenomyosis of the Uterus
- •2.1 Epidemiology
- •2.2 Pathogenesis
- •2.3 Histopathology
- •2.4 Clinical Presentation
- •2.5 Therapy
- •3 Imaging
- •3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •3.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technique
- •3.2.2 MR Appearance of Uterine Leiomyomas
- •3.2.3 Locations, Growth Patterns, and Imaging Characteristics
- •3.2.4 Histologic Subtypes and Forms of Degeneration
- •3.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.2.6 MR Appearance of Uterine Adenomyosis
- •3.2.7 Locations, Growth Patterns, and Imaging Characteristics
- •3.2.8 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.3 Computed Tomography
- •3.3.1 CT Technique
- •3.3.2 CT Appearance of Uterine Leiomyoma and Adenomyosis
- •3.3.3 Atypical Appearances on CT and Differential Diagnosis
- •4.1 Indications
- •4.2 Technique
- •Bibliography
- •Cervical Cancer
- •1 Background
- •1.1 Epidemiology
- •1.2 Pathogenesis
- •1.3 Screening
- •1.4 HPV Vaccination
- •1.5 Clinical Presentation
- •1.6 Histopathology
- •1.7 Staging
- •1.8 Growth Patterns
- •1.9 Treatment
- •1.9.1 Treatment of Microinvasive Cervical Cancer
- •1.9.2 Treatment of Grossly Invasive Cervical Carcinoma (FIGO IB-IVA)
- •1.9.3 Treatment of Recurrent Disease
- •1.9.4 Treatment of Cervical Cancer During Pregnancy
- •1.10 Prognosis
- •2 Imaging
- •2.1 Indications
- •2.1.1 Role of CT and MRI
- •2.2 Imaging Technique
- •2.2.2 Dynamic MRI
- •2.2.3 Coil Technique
- •2.2.4 Vaginal Opacification
- •2.3 Staging
- •2.3.1 General MR Appearance
- •2.3.2 Rare Histologic Types
- •2.3.3 Tumor Size
- •2.3.4 Local Staging
- •2.3.4.1 Stage IA
- •2.3.4.2 Stage IB
- •2.3.4.3 Stage IIA
- •2.3.4.4 Stage IIB
- •2.3.4.5 Stage IIIA
- •2.3.4.6 Stage IIIB
- •2.3.4.7 Stage IVA
- •2.3.4.8 Stage IVB
- •2.3.5 Lymph Node Staging
- •2.3.6 Distant Metastases
- •2.4 Specific Diagnostic Queries
- •2.4.1 Preoperative Imaging
- •2.4.2 Imaging Before Radiotherapy
- •2.5 Follow-Up
- •2.5.1 Findings After Surgery
- •2.5.2 Findings After Chemotherapy
- •2.5.3 Findings After Radiotherapy
- •2.5.4 Recurrent Cervical Cancer
- •2.6.1 Ultrasound
- •2.7.1 Metastasis
- •2.7.2 Malignant Melanoma
- •2.7.3 Lymphoma
- •2.8 Benign Lesions of the Cervix
- •2.8.1 Nabothian Cyst
- •2.8.2 Leiomyoma
- •2.8.3 Polyps
- •2.8.4 Rare Benign Tumors
- •2.8.5 Cervicitis
- •2.8.6 Endometriosis
- •2.8.7 Ectopic Cervical Pregnancy
- •References
- •Endometrial Cancer
- •1.1 Epidemiology
- •1.2 Pathology and Risk Factors
- •1.3 Symptoms and Diagnosis
- •2 Endometrial Cancer Staging
- •2.1 MR Protocol for Staging Endometrial Carcinoma
- •2.2.1 Stage I Disease
- •2.2.2 Stage II Disease
- •2.2.3 Stage III Disease
- •2.2.4 Stage IV Disease
- •4 Therapeutic Approaches
- •4.1 Surgery
- •4.2 Adjuvant Treatment
- •4.3 Fertility-Sparing Treatment
- •5.1 Treatment of Recurrence
- •6 Prognosis
- •References
- •Uterine Sarcomas
- •1 Epidemiology
- •2 Pathology
- •2.1 Smooth Muscle Tumours
- •2.2 Endometrial Stromal Tumours
- •3 Clinical Background
- •4 Staging
- •5 Imaging
- •5.1 Leiomyosarcoma
- •5.2.3 Undifferentiated Uterine Sarcoma
- •5.3 Adenosarcoma
- •6 Prognosis and Treatment
- •References
- •1.1 Anatomical Relationships
- •1.4 Pelvic Fluid
- •2 Developmental Anomalies
- •2.1 Congenital Abnormalities
- •2.2 Ovarian Maldescent
- •3 Ovarian Transposition
- •References
- •1 Introduction
- •4 Benign Adnexal Lesions
- •4.1.1 Physiological Ovarian Cysts: Follicular and Corpus Luteum Cysts
- •4.1.1.1 Imaging Findings in Physiological Ovarian Cysts
- •4.1.1.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •4.1.2 Paraovarian Cysts
- •4.1.2.1 Imaging Findings
- •4.1.2.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •4.1.3 Peritoneal Inclusion Cysts
- •4.1.3.1 Imaging Findings
- •4.1.3.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •4.1.4 Theca Lutein Cysts
- •4.1.4.1 Imaging Findings
- •4.1.4.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •4.1.5 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- •4.1.5.1 Imaging Findings
- •4.1.5.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •4.2.1 Cystadenoma
- •4.2.1.1 Imaging Findings
- •4.2.1.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •4.2.2 Cystadenofibroma
- •4.2.2.1 Imaging Features
- •4.2.3 Mature Teratoma
- •4.2.3.1 Mature Cystic Teratoma
- •Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •4.2.3.2 Monodermal Teratoma
- •Imaging Findings
- •4.2.4 Benign Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
- •4.2.4.1 Fibroma and Thecoma
- •Imaging Findings
- •4.2.4.2 Sclerosing Stromal Tumor
- •Imaging Findings
- •4.2.5 Brenner Tumors
- •4.2.5.1 Imaging Findings
- •4.2.5.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •5 Functioning Ovarian Tumors
- •References
- •1 Introduction
- •2.1 Context
- •2.2.2 Indications According to Simple Rules
- •References
- •CT and MRI in Ovarian Carcinoma
- •1 Introduction
- •2.1 Familial or Hereditary Ovarian Cancers
- •3 Screening for Ovarian Cancer
- •5 Tumor Markers
- •6 Clinical Presentation
- •7 Imaging of Ovarian Cancer
- •7.1.2 Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
- •7.1.3 Ascites
- •7.3 Staging of Ovarian Cancer
- •7.3.1 Staging by CT and MRI
- •Imaging Findings According to Tumor Stages
- •Value of Imaging
- •7.3.2 Prediction of Resectability
- •7.4 Tumor Types
- •7.4.1 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
- •High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
- •Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
- •Mucinous Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
- •Endometrioid Ovarian Carcinomas
- •Clear Cell Carcinomas
- •Imaging Findings of Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Borderline Tumors
- •Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
- •Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Value of Imaging
- •Malignant Germ Cell Tumors
- •Dysgerminomas
- •Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Immature Teratomas
- •Imaging Findings
- •Malignant Transformation in Benign Teratoma
- •Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Sex-Cord Stromal Tumors
- •Granulosa Cell Tumors
- •Imaging Findings
- •Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
- •Imaging Findings
- •Ovarian Lymphoma
- •Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •7.4.3 Ovarian Metastases
- •Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •7.5 Fallopian Tube Cancer
- •7.5.1 Imaging Findings
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •References
- •Endometriosis
- •1 Introduction
- •2.1 Sonography
- •3 MR Imaging Findings
- •References
- •Vagina and Vulva
- •1 Introduction
- •3.1 CT Appearance
- •3.2 MRI Protocol
- •3.3 MRI Appearance
- •4.1 Imperforate Hymen
- •4.2 Congenital Vaginal Septa
- •4.3 Vaginal Agenesis
- •5.1 Vaginal Cysts
- •5.1.1 Gardner Duct Cyst (Mesonephric Cyst)
- •5.1.2 Bartholin Gland Cyst
- •5.2.1 Vaginal Infections
- •5.2.1.1 Vulvar Infections
- •5.2.1.2 Vulvar Thrombophlebitis
- •5.3 Vulvar Trauma
- •5.4 Vaginal Fistula
- •5.5 Post-Radiation Changes
- •5.6 Benign Tumors
- •6.1 Vaginal Malignancies
- •6.1.1 Primary Vaginal Carcinoma
- •6.1.1.1 MRI Findings
- •6.1.1.2 Lymph Node Drainage
- •6.1.1.3 Recurrence and Complications
- •6.1.2 Non-squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Vagina
- •6.1.2.1 Adenocarcinoma
- •6.1.2.2 Melanoma
- •6.1.2.3 Sarcomas
- •6.1.2.4 Lymphoma
- •6.2 Vulvar Malignancies
- •6.2.1 Vulvar Carcinoma
- •6.2.2 Melanoma
- •6.2.3 Lymphoma
- •6.2.4 Aggressive Angiomyxoma of the Vulva
- •7 Vaginal Cuff Disease
- •7.1 MRI Findings
- •8 Foreign Bodies
- •References
- •Imaging of Lymph Nodes
- •1 Background
- •3 Technique
- •3.1.1 Intravenous Unspecific Contrast Agents
- •3.1.2 Intravenous Tissue-Specific Contrast Agents
- •References
- •1 Introduction
- •2.1.1 Imaging Findings
- •2.1.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •2.1.3 Value of Imaging
- •2.2 Pelvic Inflammatory
- •2.2.1 Imaging Findings
- •2.3 Hydropyosalpinx
- •2.3.1 Imaging Findings
- •2.3.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •2.4 Tubo-ovarian Abscess
- •2.4.1 Imaging Findings
- •2.4.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •2.4.3 Value of Imaging
- •2.5 Ovarian Torsion
- •2.5.1 Imaging Findings
- •2.5.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •2.5.3 Diagnostic Value
- •2.6 Ectopic Pregnancy
- •2.6.1 Imaging Findings
- •2.6.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •2.6.3 Value of Imaging
- •3.1 Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
- •3.1.1 Imaging Findings
- •3.1.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.1.3 Value of Imaging
- •3.2 Ovarian Vein Thrombosis
- •3.2.1 Imaging Findings
- •3.2.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.2.3 Value of Imaging
- •3.3 Appendicitis
- •3.3.1 Imaging Findings
- •3.3.2 Value of Imaging
- •3.4 Diverticulitis
- •3.4.1 Imaging Findings
- •3.4.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.4.3 Value of Imaging
- •3.5 Epiploic Appendagitis
- •3.5.1 Imaging Findings
- •3.5.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.5.3 Value of Imaging
- •3.6 Crohn’s Disease
- •3.6.1 Imaging Findings
- •3.6.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.6.3 Value of Imaging
- •3.7 Rectus Sheath Hematoma
- •3.7.1 Imaging Findings
- •3.7.2 Differential Diagnosis
- •3.7.3 Value of Imaging
- •References
- •MRI of the Pelvic Floor
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Imaging Techniques
- •3.1 Indications
- •3.2 Patient Preparation
- •3.3 Patient Instruction
- •3.4 Patient Positioning
- •3.5 Organ Opacification
- •3.6 Sequence Protocols
- •4 MR Image Analysis
- •4.1 Bony Pelvis
- •5 Typical Findings
- •5.1 Anterior Compartment
- •5.2 Middle Compartment
- •5.3 Posterior Compartment
- •5.4 Levator Ani Muscle
- •References
- •Evaluation of Infertility
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Imaging Techniques
- •2.1 Hysterosalpingography
- •2.1.1 Cycle Considerations
- •2.1.2 Technical Considerations
- •2.1.3 Side Effects and Complications
- •2.1.5 Pathological Findings
- •2.1.6 Limitations of HSG
- •2.2.1 Cycle Considerations
- •2.2.2 Technical Considerations
- •2.2.2.1 Normal and Abnormal Anatomy
- •2.2.3 Accuracy
- •2.2.4 Side Effects and Complications
- •2.2.5 Limitations of Sono-HSG
- •2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •2.3.1 Indications
- •2.3.2 Technical Considerations
- •2.3.3 Limitations
- •3 Ovulatory Dysfunction
- •4 Pituitary Adenoma
- •5 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
- •7 Uterine Disorders
- •7.1 Müllerian Duct Anomalies
- •7.1.1 Class I: Hypoplasia or Agenesis
- •7.1.2 Class II: Unicornuate
- •7.1.3 Class III: Didelphys
- •7.1.4 Class IV: Bicornuate
- •7.1.5 Class V: Septate
- •7.1.6 Class VI: Arcuate
- •7.1.7 Class VII: Diethylstilbestrol Related
- •7.2 Adenomyosis
- •7.3 Leiomyoma
- •7.4 Endometriosis
- •References
- •MR Pelvimetry
- •1 Clinical Background
- •1.3.1 Diagnosis
- •1.3.2.1 Cephalopelvic Disproportion
- •1.3.4 Inadequate Progression of Labor due to Inefficient Contraction (“the Powers”)
- •2.2 Palpation of the Pelvis
- •3 MR Pelvimetry
- •3.2 MR Imaging Protocol
- •3.3 Image Analysis
- •3.4 Reference Values for MR Pelvimetry
- •5 Indications for Pelvimetry
- •References
- •MR Imaging of the Placenta
- •2 Imaging of the Placenta
- •3 MRI Protocol
- •4 Normal Appearance
- •4.1 Placenta Variants
- •5 Placenta Adhesive Disorders
- •6 Placenta Abruption
- •7 Solid Placental Masses
- •9 Future Directions
- •References
- •Erratum to: Endometrial Cancer

Medical Radiology · Diagnostic Imaging
Series Editors: H.-U. Kauczor · P. M. Parizel · W. C. G. Peh
Rosemarie Forstner
Teresa Margarida Cunha
Bernd Hamm Editors
MRI and CT
of the Female
Pelvis
Second Edition

Medical Radiology
Diagnostic Imaging
Series Editors
Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
Paul M. Parizel
Wilfred C. G. Peh
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4534

Rosemarie Forstner
Teresa Margarida Cunha • Bernd Hamm
Editors
MRI and CT of the
Female Pelvis
Second Edition
Editors |
|
Rosemarie Forstner |
Bernd Hamm |
Paracelsus Medical University |
Charité Universitätsmedizin |
Salzburg |
Humboldt University of Berlin |
Austria |
Berlin |
|
Germany |
Teresa Margarida Cunha |
|
Serviço de Radiologia |
|
Instituto Português de Oncologia de |
|
Lisboa Francisco Gentil |
|
Lisbon |
|
Portugal |
|
ISSN 0942-5373\ ISSN 2197-4187 (electronic) Medical Radiology
ISBN 978-3-319-42573-3 ISBN 978-3-319-42575-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42575-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018946651
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2007, 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
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Contents
Clinical Anatomy of the Female Pelvis. . . . |
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Helga Fritsch |
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MR and CT Techniques. . . . . . . . . . |
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Uterus: Normal Findings. . . . . . . . . . |
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Athina C. Tsili |
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Congenital Malformations of the Uterus . . . |
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Justus Roos, Gligor Milosevic, Martin Heubner, |
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Benign Uterine Lesions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Cervical Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Endometrial Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ 179 |
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Uterine Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Rita Lucas and Teresa Margarida Cunha |
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Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes: Normal Findings
and Anomalies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ 225 Rosemarie Forstner
Adnexal Masses: Benign Ovarian Lesions
and Characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ 241 Alexander Schlattau, Teresa Margarida Cunha,
and Rosemarie Forstner
Adnexal Masses: Characterization of Benign |
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Adnexal Masses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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I. Thomassin-Naggara, B. Fedida, and E. Kermarrec |
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CT and MRI in Ovarian Carcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Rosemarie Forstner |
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Endometriosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ 325 Vera Schreiter and Karen Kinkel
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Vagina and Vulva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ 343 |
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Athina C. Tsili |
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Imaging of Lymph Nodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Sebastiano Barbieri, Kirsi H. Härmä, and Harriet C. Thoeny |
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Acute and Chronic Pelvic Pain Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . |
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Amy Davis and Andrea Rockall |
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MRI of the Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Rosemarie Forstner and Andreas Lienemann |
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Evaluation of Infertility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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MR Pelvimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ 455 |
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Leonhard Schäffer, Ernst Beinder, and Rahel A. Kubik-Huch |
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MR Imaging of the Placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Gabriele Masselli |
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Erratum to: Endometrial Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . |
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Mariana Horta and Teresa Margarida Cunha |
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Erratum to: CT and MRI in Ovarian Carcinoma.. . . . |
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Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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489 |

Contributors
Sebastiano Barbieri Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Ernst Beinder Departments of Obstetrics and Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden AG, Baden, Switzerland
Federico Collettini Klinik für Radiologie (Campus Virchow-Klinikum), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Teresa Margarida Cunha Serviço de Radiologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal
Amy Davis Department of Radiology, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
João Lopes Dias Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
Hospital Lusíadas de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
B. Fedida Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IUC, Paris, France
Department of Radiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
Rosemarie Forstner Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Medical
University, Salzburg, Austria
Universitätsinsitut für Radiologie Landeskliniken Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
Helga Fritsch Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Bernd Hamm Institut für Radiologie (Campus Mitte), Klinik für Radiologie (Campus Virchow-Klinikum), Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Radiologie (Campus Benjamin Franklin), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Kirsi H. Härmä Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Contributors |
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Gertraud Heinz-Peer Department of Medical and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
Martin Heubner Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Kantonsspital Baden AG, Baden, Switzerland
Mariana Horta Serviço de Radiologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal
E. Kermarrec Department of Radiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris,
France
Karen Kinkel Institut de Radiologie, Clinique des Grangettes, Geneva, Switzerland
Thomas J. Kröncke Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle, Radiologie und Neuroradiologie, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Rahel A. Kubik-Huch Institute of Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden AG, Baden, Switzerland
Andreas Lienemann Radiologie Mühleninsel, Landshut, Germany
Rita Lucas Hospital dos Lusíadas de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Gabriele Masselli Radiology Dea Department, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Gligor Milosevic Institute of Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden AG, Baden,
Switzerland
Andrea Rockall Department of Radiology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Justus Roos Institute of Radiology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern,
Switzerland
Leonhard Schäffer Departments of Obstetrics and Radiology, Kantonsspital Baden AG, Baden, Switzerland
Alexander Schlattau Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Medical
University, Salzburg, Austria
Vera Schreiter Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Harriet C. Thoeny Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Contributors |
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I. Thomassin-Naggara Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IUC, Paris, France
INSERM, UMR970, Equipe 2, Imagerie de l’angiogenèse, Paris, France
Department of Radiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
Athina C. Tsili Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece