
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Brain Tumor Imaging
- •1 Introduction
- •1.1 Overview
- •2 Clinical Management
- •3 Glial Tumors
- •3.1 Focal Glial and Glioneuronal Tumors Versus Diffuse Gliomas
- •3.3 Astrocytomas Versus Oligodendroglial Tumors
- •3.4.1 Diffuse Astrocytoma (WHO Grade II)
- •3.5 Anaplastic Glioma (WHO Grade III)
- •3.5.1 Anaplastic Astrocytoma (WHO Grade III)
- •3.5.3 Gliomatosis Cerebri
- •3.6 Glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV)
- •4 Primary CNS Lymphomas
- •5 Metastatic Tumors of the CNS
- •References
- •MR Imaging of Brain Tumors
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Brain Tumors in Adults
- •2.1 Questions to the Radiologist
- •2.2 Tumor Localization
- •2.3 Tumor Malignancy
- •2.4 Tumor Monitoring
- •2.5 Imaging Protocol
- •Computer Tomography
- •2.6 Case Illustrations
- •3 Pediatric Brain Tumors
- •3.1 Standard MRI
- •3.2 Differential Diagnosis of Common Pediatric Brain Tumors
- •3.3 Early Postoperative Imaging
- •3.4 Meningeal Dissemination
- •References
- •MR Spectroscopic Imaging
- •1 Methods
- •1.1 Introduction to MRS
- •1.2 Summary of Spectroscopic Imaging Techniques Applied in Tumor Diagnostics
- •1.3 Partial Volume Effects Due to Low Resolution
- •1.4 Evaluation of Metabolite Concentrations
- •1.5 Artifacts in Metabolite Maps
- •2 Tumor Metabolism
- •3 Tumor Grading and Heterogeneity
- •3.1 Some Aspects of Differential Diagnosis
- •4 Prognostic Markers
- •5 Treatment Monitoring
- •References
- •MR Perfusion Imaging
- •1 Key Points
- •2 Methods
- •2.1 Exogenous Tracer Methods
- •2.1.1 Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MRI
- •2.1.2 Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI
- •3 Clinical Application
- •3.1 General Aspects
- •3.3 Differential Diagnosis of Tumors
- •3.4 Tumor Grading and Prognosis
- •3.5 Guidance for Biopsy and Radiation Therapy Planning
- •3.6 Treatment Monitoring
- •References
- •Diffusion-Weighted Methods
- •1 Methods
- •2 Microstructural Changes
- •4 Prognostic Marker
- •5 Treatment Monitoring
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •1 MR Relaxometry Techniques
- •2 Transverse Relaxation Time T2
- •4 Longitudinal Relaxation Time T1
- •6 Cest Method
- •7 CEST Imaging in Brain Tumors
- •References
- •PET Imaging of Brain Tumors
- •1 Introduction
- •2 Methods
- •2.1 18F-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose
- •2.2 Radiolabeled Amino Acids
- •2.3 Radiolabeled Nucleoside Analogs
- •2.4 Imaging of Hypoxia
- •2.5 Imaging Angiogenesis
- •2.6 Somatostatin Receptors
- •2.7 Radiolabeled Choline
- •3 Delineation of Tumor Extent, Biopsy Guidance, and Treatment Planning
- •4 Tumor Grading and Prognosis
- •5 Treatment Monitoring
- •7 PET in Patients with Brain Metastasis
- •8 Imaging of Brain Tumors in Children
- •9 Perspectives
- •References
- •1 Treatment of Gliomas and Radiation Therapy Techniques
- •2 Modern Methods and Strategies
- •2.2 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy
- •2.4 Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Radiotherapy
- •2.5 Interstitial Brachytherapy
- •2.6 Dose Prescription
- •2.7 Particle Radiation Therapy
- •3 Role of Imaging and Treatment Planning
- •3.1 Computed Tomography (CT)
- •3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- •3.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- •4 Prognosis
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •1 Why Is Advanced Imaging Indispensable for Modern Glioma Surgery?
- •2 Preoperative Imaging Strategies
- •2.4 Preoperative Imaging of Function and Functional Anatomy
- •2.4.1 Imaging of Functional Cortex
- •2.4.2 Imaging of Subcortical Tracts
- •3 Intraoperative Allocation of Relevant Anatomy
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Future Methods in Tumor Imaging
- •1 Special Editing Methods in 1H MRS
- •1.1 Measuring Glycine
- •2 Other Nuclei
- •2.1.1 Spatial Resolution
- •2.1.2 Measuring pH
- •2.1.3 Measuring Lipid Metabolism
- •2.1.4 Energy Metabolism
- •References

Medical Radiology · Diagnostic Imaging
Series Editors: H.-U. Kauczor · H. Hricak · M. Knauth
Elke Hattingen
Ulrich Pilatus Editors
Brain Tumor Imaging

Medical Radiology
Diagnostic Imaging
Series editors
Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
Hedvig Hricak
Michael Knauth
Editorial board
Andy Adam, London
Fred Avni, Brussels
Richard L. Baron, Chicago
Carlo Bartolozzi, Pisa
George S. Bisset, Durham
A. Mark Davies, Birmingham
William P. Dillon, San Francisco
D. David Dershaw, New York
Sam Sanjiv Gambhir, Stanford
Nicolas Grenier, Bordeaux
Gertraud Heinz-Peer, Vienna
Robert Hermans, Leuven
Hans-Ulrich Kauczor, Heidelberg
Theresa McLoud, Boston
Konstantin Nikolaou, Munich
Caroline Reinhold, Montreal
Donald Resnick, San Diego
Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland, Erlangen
Stephen Solomon, New York
Richard D. White, Columbus
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4354

Elke Hattingen • Ulrich Pilatus
Editors
Brain Tumor Imaging
Editors |
|
Elke Hattingen |
Ulrich Pilatus |
Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, |
Neuroradiology, Goethe University |
University Hospital Bonn |
Hospital Frankfurt |
Bonn, Germany |
Frankfurt/Main |
|
Germany |
ISSN 0942-5373 |
ISSN 2197-4187 (electronic) |
Medical Radiology |
|
ISBN 978-3-642-45039-6 |
ISBN 978-3-642-45040-2 (eBook) |
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-45040-2 |
|
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949175
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Contents
Brain Tumor Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Oliver Bähr, Joachim P. Steinbach, and Michael Weller
MR Imaging of Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Elke Hattingen and Monika Warmuth-Metz
MR Spectroscopic Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Elke Hattingen and Ulrich Pilatus
MR Perfusion Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Christine Preibisch, Vivien Tóth, and Claus Zimmer
Diffusion-Weighted Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Peter Raab and Heinrich Lanfermann
Advanced MR Methods in Differential Diagnosis of Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Elke Hattingen, Ulrike Nöth, and Ulrich Pilatus
PET Imaging of Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Karl-Josef Langen and Norbert Galldiks
Advanced Imaging Modalities and Treatment of Gliomas: Radiation Therapy. . . . . 135 Irina Goetz and Anca-Ligia Grosu
Advanced Imaging Modalities and Treatment of Gliomas: Neurosurgery . . . . . . . . . 143 Johannes Wölfer and Walter Stummer
Future Methods in Tumor Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Ulrich Pilatus and Elke Hattingen
v

Contributors
O. Bähr Neurooncology, University Cancer Center, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
N. Galldiks Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
I. Goetz Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg,
Freiburg, Germany
A. L. Grosu Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
E. Hattingen Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn,
Germany
H. Lanfermann Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
K. J. Langen Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
U. Nöth Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main,
Germany
U. Pilatus Neuroradiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
C. Preibisch Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
P. Raab Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
J. P. Steinbach Neurooncology, University Cancer Center, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
W. Stummer Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
V. Toth Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
M. Warmuth-Metz Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
M. Weller Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
J. Wölfer Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
C. Zimmer Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
vii