
- •Предисловие
- •At the Doctor’s Unit I
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise № 1
- •Exercise № 2
- •Taking a history
- •Exercise № 3
- •Exercise № 4
- •Exercise № 5
- •Exercise № 6
- •Text 1 (for reading and retelling)
- •Text 2 (for reading and questioning)
- •It’s my job
- •Unit II
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercise № 1 Name the word that does not belong to the group
- •Al the Dentist’s
- •Vocabulary and expressions
- •Exercise № 2
- •Exercise № 3
- •Exercise № 4
- •Dialogue 3 The doctor’s office
- •A little later
- •Expressions
- •Over to you (заметки для вас)
- •Exercise № 4
- •Short dialogues Mini-Dialogue 1
- •Mini-Dialogue 2
- •Mini-Dialogue 3
- •Mini-Dialogue 4
- •Nurse: Hello. You’re Mr. Diaz, aren’t you? Have you been
- •Unit III
- •Exercises
- •Examining a patient
- •Exercise 1 Complete textbook extract look at words below to help you Examination of the abdomen
- •Useful words and phrases (in mini-dialogues) The first question to the patient in the doctor’s office
- •In the course of physical Examinations
- •Investigations
- •Verbs used in instructions
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Text 2 a patient is being instructed by the doctor
- •Text 3 Translate the following letter from Dr. Scott to Dr. Jones Dear Dr. Jones
- •Text 4 Study the process of investigation of lungs
- •Unit 4 hospitals in Great Britain
- •Vocabulary
- •Hospitals in Great Britain
- •Vocabulary
- •Physicians and Surgeons
- •Vocabulary
- •New Vocabulary
- •The nursing profession in the uk
- •The work of an in-patient department
- •Unit 5
- •Investigations
- •Lifestyle
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mri)
- •Unit 6 diseases and sympotoms
- •Infections
- •Infection
- •Say what you can about a) the role of calcium in human body; b) research on colon cancer prevention described in the text. Contents
Unit 5
Investigations
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure | |
Diagnostics | |
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Blood pressure (BP), sometimes it is called arterial blood pressure, is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure is usually measured at a person's upper arm and is a measure of the pressure in the brachial artery, major artery in the upper arm. A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), for example 140/90.
Measurement
A medical student checking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure. Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not use mercury.
For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken [in the US and UK] as "one-twenty over eighty").
Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.
Auscultatory
Auscultatory
method: aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope
Mercury manometer
The auscultatory method (from the Latin word for "listening") uses a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer. This comprises an inflatable (Riva-Rocci) cuff placed around the upper arm at roughly the same vertical height as the heart, attached to a mercury or aneroid manometer. The mercury manometer, considered the gold standard, measures the height of a column of mercury, giving an absolute result without need for calibration. The use of mercury manometers is often required in clinical trials and for the clinical measurement of hypertension in high-risk patients, such as pregnant women.
The auscultatory method is the predominant method of clinical measurement.
Treatment of High Blood Pressure
It
is important to take steps to keep your blood pressure under control.
The treatment goal is blood pressure below 140/90 and lower for
people with other conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.
Adopting healthy lifestyle habits is an effective first step in both
preventing and controlling high blood pressure. If lifestyle changes
alone are not effective in keeping your pressure controlled, it may
be necessary to add blood pressure medications.