EXAMINATION_QUESTIONS

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. Translation as a human activity an object of scholarly research. Peculiarities of translation theory as science (general and overall theories), various approaches to the problem.

2. Translation as a process: the nature of translation. Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of translation.

3. Translation as a process and communication.

4. The problems of translatability and untranslatability. (Translation through languages and cultures).

5. Translation as a culture-bound phenomenon: categorization and equivalent-lacking vocabulary. The problem of translating non-equivalent vocabulary.

6. Adequacy and precision in translation. Types of translation according to J. Dryden, T. Kazakova and V. Komissarov.

7. The problems of equivalence and adequacy in translation. Levels of equivalence. Scholars point of view concerning this problem.

8. The problems of losses and their compensation. Compensation as a translation technique aimed at adequate translation.

9. Referential meaning of words as a translation challenge: causes of lexical transformations in rendering referential of meaning.

10. Emotive and stylistic meanings of words as a translation challenge: metaphorization and demetaphorization, emphatization, neutrallization, substitution (of trope, image)/

11. The problem of translating different types of monosemantic words and pseudo-international Words.

12. Lexical transformations as a translation technique.

13. Translation of polysemantic words. Rendering of contextual meanings and differences in the transfer of information between languages

14. The problems of grammatical equivalence.

15. Grammatical transformations as a translation technique.