18. Hydroelectric power

One hundred and seventy thousand cubic metres of water will pass here every minute at almost sixty kilometers per hour. That’s enough water to fill about a hundred thousand Olympic swimming pools every day. Standing here field …. for what hydroelectric stations had been designed to do for over a hundred years...In essence they're factories that convert the energy of falling water into the flow of electrons. is commonly called electricity. Electricity that powers the.. Most hydroelectric stations use...of water diverted around...river such as a waterfall or rapids, or a pinion (?)... across the river to raise the water level and provide the ...needed to create the driving force. Water at the higer level is collected into four.. It flows through the plant intake into the pipe called...which carries it down to a turbine waterwheel at the lower.. level. The water pressure increases as it flows down the...It is this pressure in flow .. that drives the turbine that is connected to the generator. Inside the generator ...is spun by the turbine Large electromagnets are attached... connected a flow of electrons is created the stator. This produces electricity that can be stepped up in voltage. Through the station transformer transmission lines. The falling water having served this purpose accesses the generating station the main stream of the river to continue the cycle of clean renewable energy for Ontario.

19. How a geothermal plant works.

Welcome to one of CalEnergy's geothermal power plants.

Unlike other power plants that rely on coal or other fossil fuels to create electricity for homes and businesses, geothermal plants use superheated fluids from the earth's geothermal resources to generate electricity.

The natural heat of the earth creates geothermal resources.

This heat comes from molten rock called magma, located at the earth's core deep below the geothermal resource.

Over thousands of years, rainwater seeps through cracks in the earth's surface and collects in underground reservoirs.

The magma heats the water until it becomes a superheated fluid.

To reach the superheated fluid wells are drilled 5,000 to 10, 000 feet below the surface of the earth.

These wells ,called production wells, bring the superheated fluid to the earth's surface where it can be used to generate electricity for homes and businesses.

This geothermal power plant uses crystallizer-reactor clarifier technology, a process that turns the geothermal superheated fluid into steam while removing solids from it.

The steam is used to drive a turbine and generate electricity.

All remaining geothermal fluids are injected back into the reservoir for reuse.

Under its own pressure, superheated fluid from the geothermal resource flows naturally to the surface through production wells.

As the liquid flows toward the surface, the pressure decreases, causing a small portion of the fluid still within the well to separate or “flash” into steam.

At the surface, the superheated fluid and steam mixture flows through surface pipelines and into a wellhead separator.

Inside the separator, the pressure of the superheated fluid is reduced.

This causes a large amount of the superheated fluid rapidly vaporize and flash into high-pressure steam.

The geothermal fluid that is not flashed into steam in the wellhead separator flows to a second vessel, called a standard-pressure crystallizer where an additional amount of standard pressure steam is produced.

The flash process continues in the low pressure crystallizer.

The remaining fluid is again flashed, this time at a lower pressure, to produce low-pressure steam.

All of the low-pressure, standard-pressure, and high-pressure steam is delivered to a turbine.

The fluid that is not flashed into steam flows into the reactor clarifier system and is then returned to the geothermal reservoir through injection wells.

Turbines are the primary pieces of equipment used to transform geothermal energy into mechanical energy.

Pressurized steam created from the geothermal superheated fluid flows through pipelines to large steam turbines.

The force and energy in the steam is used to spin the turbine blades.

The turbines turn a shaft directly connected to an electrical generator.

And electrical charge is created when magnets rotate within the generator.

Large copper bars carry the electrical charge to a step-up transformer outside the plant.

Within the transformer the voltage is increased before the power is sent to the power lines that carry it to homes and businesses.

Geothermal energy is a sustainable resource because with proper management, a geothermal resource can remain a renewable source of energy.

Water trapped deep within the earth will naturally replace the superheated fluid that is drawn from the geothermal resource through surface wells.

However,it is possible to deplete the geothermal resource by removing fluid faster than it can be naturally replaced.

To help prevent this, the steam used in the geothermal power plant passes through a condenser that turns it back into fluid.

At this stage, it's possible to recover minerals from the geothermal fluid before it's injected back into the earth.

This condensed fluid along with the fluid that did not flash into steam, is injected back into the underground reservoir.

Magma naturally reheats the fluid so it can be used again.

20. Toronto Transportation Programs Implementing sustainable transportation programs Hi! I’m Jake Michaels and I’m here today to talk to you about how to bring sustainable transportation programs into your community … Did you know that over 50 % of our personal carbon emissions come from driving ? Yeah. Now because throughout of such a city commuters we can’t just stop driving altogether, that would be impossible but there are a number of things we can do to drive more efficiently and work with your community to reduce emissions in you neighbourhood. Make your neighbourhood pedestrian and cyclist friendly. The first thing you can do is actually quite simple: drive less. It takes you car up to 5 kilometers to warm up when reaching optimal operating temperature. That means that your short driving distances are actually the most hazardous with the environment. One thing you should do is planning your trips wisely and combine trips together. You can also request more bike parking for the cyclists in your neighbourhood. All you have to do is go online and fill a simple application on the city attorney (?) website. Your neighbours will thank you for it. If you’re already a cyclist and want to work with other cyclists in your neighbourhood to make it a more bike-friendly community you can start what’s called a bicycle user group or a BUG. The city of Toronto has developed a BUG network to BUGs to make it easier for you to do so in your neighbourhood. If you prefer walking to biking you can start a walking group in your neighbouhood. Toronto public health and its partners can help you start whenever you want. Green communities Canada has created an active and “safe routes to school program” featuring.an online hub of resources, tools and information on how to make your neighbourhood more walkable for the kids in your community. Carpool We’ve all heard about carpooling your kids to school but what about carpooling to work or any other route you may regularly travel ? Sharing a ride with just 1 other person can reduce your personal emissions by 50% on that one trip. The easiest thing you can to find someone to commute with is register with Smart Community Carpools Zone. This is a free ride-matching service offered by the city and is available in 7 different languages. It’s simple to sign up. Just log on, create a profile , enter you home and destination address , search for matching commuters , send them an invitation and arrange a date. You can also get your company or the company you work for to sign up. Therefore you’ll be automatically matched with people doing the same daily commute as you. Car sharing Car sharing is a great alternative to owning a car. Car sharing programs provide you with access to vehicle without all the hussle of ownership. The best way to start is to request the car chef for your neighbourhood or find out if one already exists. There are two major companies in Toronto providing the service : Auto share and Zipcar. Both services work in the same way: you just sign up for the program, reserve a car online or by phone, choose your location and go to pick up your car. When you’ve done just bring it back to the same spot. Organize an idle free zone When we do need to use our cars let’s try to reduce pollution as much as possible. Did you know that just 10 seconds of idling time uses more fuel than restarting ? It’s really important to educate your neighbours about this fact. One of the best things you can do in your neighbourhood is to have areas marked off as “idle-free zones” by campaigning with people in your community. Once you’ve planned the place (?) city of Toronto will approve your request and have a sign put up in the area School zones are particularly omportant in such campaigns. Most school buses run on diesel and diesel fuels contain 40 toxic chemicals including 15 car signages Book a tire clinic in your neighbourhood Two thirds of all vehicles in Canada have at least 1 improperly inflated tire. There are a number of benefits to have in properly inflated and maintained tires. These include: reduced fuel consumption, cost savings on fuel, extended tire life, better vehicle handling and of course a significant reduction in emission. You can schedule a tire pressure clinic in your community to educate yourself and your neighbours on this topic. “Be tire smart” is an online hub credit by the Federal Government. To help educate people on how to take care of the tires to learn more about how you can reduce emissions while driving you can also book an ecodriver presentation workshop in your neighbourhood. An expert will come and talk to your group and demonstrate ways to make your driving habits more eco-positive.