reading / British practice / Vol D - 1990 (ocr) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM & EQUIPMENT

cables, 523

temperature •:ensttive

isolated pilaw busbars, 313

Paper insulation

cables, 437

transformer windings, heat production, 214 transformers. drying out, 24.4

Passo,e Catlurc rate

poser systems

reliability evaluation, 92

Paths

power systems

computer reliability analysis, 96 PAX — see Private automatic exchanges

Pay telephones construction sites, 743

Peak lopping

gas-turbine generators, 35 Pendant control

cranes. 812 Penetration seals

fire barriers cables, 549

flexible

fire barriers, cables, 549 pre-formed

fire barriers, cables, 549 rigid

fire barriers, cables, 549 Performance analysis

power systems. 117-191 Periodic output voltage modulation

uninterruptable power supply systems, 64 Personnel

safety, 3-4 Phase angle errors

current transformers, 284 voltage transformers, 278

Phase measurement synchronising, 967

Phase relationships transformers, 194

Phase segregation

generator connections, 288 Phase to phase faults

auxiliary transformers protection, 921

generator stators, 891-897 generator transformer connections

protection, 905 generator transformers protection, 903 Phase-reversal disconnectors

pumped-storage schemes, 349 Phasor diagrams

current transformers, 281 Phasor groups

transformers, 194 Pipes

fuel oil storage

heating, electrical. 858

Pipework (see also Air pipework; Exhaust pipework)

,air

diesel generators, 788 compressed air systems

generator main connections, testing, 315 diesel generators

testing, 795 fuel oil

diesel generators, 788 Plain bearings

electric motors, 635,636 Plant bonding

earth networks, 562-567 Plant control

DC systems, 766 Plant-mounted devices

network cable systems, 490

Plante batteries (see also Batteries). 749 auxiliary telecommunications rooms. 656 battery stands. 756

cell lids, 755 chemistry, 756

charging, 756 discharge. 756

electrolytes, 755 group bars. 753 heavy duty lead-acid

chemistry, 753 description. 753 positive plate, 750

intercell connectors, 755

main telecommunications rooms, 653 negative plates, 753

plastic containers, 755 plate interconnections, 753 polarity identification, 755 positive plates, 753

power supplies telecommunications, 657

separators, 753

terminal pillar seals, 755 terminal pillars, 755 testing, 762

vent plugs, 755 Plastics

cables, 437 Polarity

antennas, 685 Pole slipping

generators

protection, 900-901

Police

communication links, 650 Poly ether ether ketone

insulation cables, 443

Polychlorobiphenyls auxiliary transformers

insulation, fire resistance, 263 Polyethylene

cables, 437 Polyphenol oxide insulation

cables, 443 Polyvinyl chloride

additives

cables, fire performance. 526 burning

critical mass, 523 cables, 435, 437

fire performance, oxygen index tests, 526 fires. 523

fires, noxious gases, 442 hydrogen chloride

cables, fires, 545 Porcelain

post insulators

isolated phase busbars, 304 Portable distribution units

110V, 417 415/240 V. 417

Portable drain earths generator main connections

maintenance, 321 Portable earthing

access covers

isolated phase busbars, 310 Post insulators

isolated phase busbars, 304 Post-trip cooling

nuclear power stations cabling, 430

Post-trip cooling systems control cabling, 433

Post trips

station electrical systems load flow analysis. 138

Power cable systems design, 447-476

Power cables conductors

terminations, 533-537 rnuIticore

earthing networks, 566 fire performance. 524 installation. 514

installation, ladder racks, 513 vertical runs, installation, 516

nuclear power stations safety, 431

ratings

earthing systems, 550 single-core

installation, 455 Power cabling

earthing, 570 gland bonding, 570

Power distribution AC, 600

DC, 600

Power distribution system li ghting

heating, 599 Power factor

generator main connections, 304 Power flows

large systems

performance analysis, 179 Power frequency overvoltage tests

transformers, 247 Power handling capability

antennas, 687 Power network

load flow, 120 Power semiconductors

unintermptable power supply systems. 62 Power stations

grid system interface

computer reliability analysis, 147 operating criteria, 2-3

types, 9 Power supplies

telecommunications, 652 Power systems

analysis

program developments, 85 cables, 588-601

instability minimising, 176

minor

cables, 598-599 performance, 85

analysis, 88

performance analysis, 117-191 reliability

quantitative evaluation, 90-91 reliability evaluation, 89-117

Power transmission

power system instability, 176 Power trips

electrical systems, 32 Pre-arcing time

fuses

definition, 412 Precipitator control houses, 854 Precipitator surge-hoppers

trace heating, 849 Pressboard

insulation transformers, 244

Pressure reducing valves water cooling

transformers, 235 Pressure relief devices

generator transformers protection, 904

Pressure switches

network cable systems, 490 Pressurised water reactors

electric motors, 642-645 loss of grid supplies, 34 nuclear power stations

auxiliaries systems, 19 Primary earths

generator main connections maintenance, 321

switchgear, 328

Private automatic branch exchanges, 665-666 accommodation. 656

construction sites, 742 future trends, 747

pumped-storage power stations, 735 telephones, 650

Private automatic exchanges, 663-665 cabling, 661

future trends, 747

pumped-storage power stations, 736 telephones, 650

Private circuit networks

British Telecommunications plc, 661 Private mobile radio equipment, 669

radio frequency bands, 670 Product quality

electrical systems, 46 Propane

storage cylinders

lightning protection, 584 Prospective breaking currents

fuses

definition, 411 Prospective current of a circuit

definition, 411 Protection, 868-947

auxiliaries systems, 920-943 battery chargers, 769 co-ordination, 931-943 generator main connections

maintenance. 323 maintenance

electrical systems, 44 overall logic. 870-871 switchgear

DC systems, 765 Protection equipment

reliability, 943-947 Protection relays

digital type

electrical motors, 929 monitoring, 945

electromechanical, 945 electronic, 945 microprocessors, 946 solid state

reliability, 945 type testing, 945

Protective panels cranes, 813 Protective systems components

switchgear, low voltage, 404 design, 870

Public address systems

auxiliary telecommunications room, 653 nuclear power stations, 727, 731

Public switched telephone networks, 658 British Telecommunications plc, 660 communication links, 650

Pulse-width-modulated converters. 628

Pump-turbines protection, 913

Pumped storage schemes phase-reversal disconnectors, 349

Pumped-storage plant Protection, 906-914

Pumped-storage power stations telecommunication requtrements, 652 telecommunications, 734-741

Rumps see also Alum dosing pumps; Boiler feed pumps; Booster pumps: Circulating water pumps; Coolant pumps;

Cooling water pumps; Dosing pumps: Dust pumps: Effluent pumps. Feed pumps: Filtered water pumps: Fire pumps; Fuel oil pumps: Grit pumps; Raw water pumps; Recovered water pumps; Sump pumps: Water circulation pumps: Water pumps)

cooling water cabling, 430

diesel generators testing, 795

Quality assurance electrical systems, 45

generator main connections, 314

power systems

computer reliability analysis, 112-113 transformers, 243

Quartzoid bulbs

fire detection, 865

Radar

anticollision systems cranes, 679

Radiating cables antennas, 691

Radiators cooling fans

diesel generators, protection, 793 corrosion

transformers, 234 diesel generators, 786 transformers, 233

Radio interference

mechanical plant, electrical services. 805 station UHF

power feeds, cabling, 494 station VHF

power feeds, cabling. 494 Radio channels

allocation, 670

pumped-storage power stations, 738 Radio control

cranes, 811 Radio frequencies

fixed stations, 696-704 Radio frequency bands

private mobile radio equipment, 670 Radio frequency modulation systems, 680 Radio paging systems, 667

central control equipment, 667 communication links, 651 construction sites, 743

direct speech, 668 manual controllers, 667 non-speech

component parts, 667 pumped-storage power stations, 736

Radio services

nuclear emergencies, 734 Radio signals

propagation, 683 Radio systems, 668-717

communication links, 651 construction sites, 744 cranes, 677

future trends, 745 interference, 715-717 personal

pumped-storage power stations, 736 remote control

lightning protection, 706 trunked, 670,674

future trends, 745 Radiotelephones

future trends, 746 handportable

construction sites, 744

pumped-storage power stations, 738 transceivers

handportable, 711-713 vehicle-mounted, 713-714

Radiotelephony systems, 669-677 Rated accuracy limit primary current

current transformers, 285 Rated breaking capacity

fuses

definition, 411 Rated breaking currents

switchgear, 380

Rated duration of short-circuit switchgear, 357,389

Rated normal currents switchgear, 355,380

Rated operating sequence switchgear, 357,389

Rated peak withstand currents switchgear

earthing circuits, 355

Rated short-circuit breaking currents circuit-breakers, 356

Rated short-circuit making currents circuit-breakers, 357 switchgear, 384

Rated short-time currents switchgear, 380

Rated short-time withstand currents switchgear

earthing circuits, 354 Rated voltage factors

voltage transformers, 279 Rated voltages

switchgear, 352 Rating factors

cables, 454 Ratio errors

voltage transformers, 278 Raw water pumps

water treatment plant power distribution, 839

Rayleigh distribution loss radiating cable, 694

Reactance cables

single-core elastomeric-insulated, 608 multicore PVC-insulated cables, 609

Reactive power

limitation on synchronous plant

representation, power systems, computer reliability analysis, 135

Reactor safety trip systems cables, 434

cabling, 431 control cabling, 433

Reactors off-load

voltage profile, 155 start sequence

load flow analysis, 140 tripping

cabling, 430 Receivers

fixed station, 700 Reclaimers

coal

electrical services, 847 Recombination cell batteries

advantages, 658 disadvantages. 658 maintenance, 752 power supplies

telecommunications, 657 Recovered water pumps

water treatment plant power distribution, 840

Rectifier transformers desien, 269

Rectifiers (see also Thyristor recta tiers) battery chargers. 768 electrochlorination. 834 electrostatic precipitators. 855

gas production plant. 822 hydrogen production

control, 827 Reference transformers

bartery chargers, 770, 772 Regeneration

ion-exchange resins

water treatment, electrical services, 836 RELAPSE

power systems

reliability evaluation, 91 Relative humidity

isolated phase busbars, 310 switchgear, 332

Relay rooms lighting, 592

Relay systems

operational interlocking schemes electrical systems, 71

Relays (see also Definite time relays; Forward power relays; Guard relays; Inverse time relays; Protection relays: Thermal overload relays: Thermal relays)

diagnostic features, 947 digital type, 947

electromagnetic interference, 945 electronic analogue, 947 switchgear, 373

unreliability, 943

Reliabihty

electrical systems, 36 evaluation. 87

generator transformers, 253 monitoring

uninterruptable power supply systems, 62 power systems

evaluation, 89-117

evaluation assessments, scope, 90 quantitative evaluation, 90-91

protection equipment, 943-947 uninterruptable power supply systems, 60

Reliability evaluation analysis electrical systems, 85

Remote control cables

nuclear power stations, safety, 431 switches

emergency supply equipment, 749 Remote control systems

lightning protection, 706 Repair rate

power systems

computer reliability analysis, 103

Repairs

power systems

computer reliability analysis, 100 uninterruptable power supply systems, 62

Replacements power systems

computer reliability analysis, 100 Resistance

cables

single-core elastomenc-insulated, 608 earth electrodes

measurement, 572

multicore PVC-insulated cables, 609 Resistame of free space

radio signals propagation, 683 Resistance thermometers

network cable systems, 490 Resistive loss

transformers, 200 Resistors

failure rates, 945 Restoration

types

power systems, 98 Risk analysis

lightning protection, 578 Rolling element bearings

electric motors, 635 Rolling sphere method

lightning

zone of protection, 578 Rotor angles

generators

power systems, performance analysis, 178 synchronous generators

system stability, 183 RTEmp

auxiliary transformers insulation, 267

Rubbers cables, 437

Running bond techniques cable pulling, 521

Safe shutdown earthquakes cabling

nuclear power stations, 430

Safety

advanced gas-cooled reactors cabling, 431

cranes

nuclear power stations, 817 electric motors

PVVR reactors. 642 electrical systems, 44-45 gas production plant

electrical services, 821 interlocking

electrical systems, 45 lifts, 820

Magnox nuclear power stations, 12 maintenance

electrical systems, 44 mechanical plant

electrical services, 803 nuclear

electrical systems, 45 nuclear power stations

battery chargers. 769 personnel, 3-4

remote control cables

nuclear power stations, 431 Safety control

air compressors, 859 Safety Rules

CEGB. 70 Scuffing

cable sheaths installation, 520

Sea water cooling

generator transformers. 237 feed pumps

electrical services, 834 strainers

electrical services, 834 Segregation

cables, 429

advanced gas reactor power stations, 436

sc

seietive canine stems

radio communications, 673

Selector sv.itches tccation, 373

Separation cables. 429

Separators

recombination cell batteries, 752 Sequential single frequency code signalling

Comite Consultatif International de Radio. 681

Series reactors case-in-concrete, 276

design. 276-278 electromagnetically - shielded , 277

magnetically-shielded cureless. 277 oil-filled. 277

testing, 278

Shaft seal cooling water Bow pumped-storage plant protection, 914

Sheath penetration tests cables, 446

Sheath retraction cable pulling, 519

Sheaths cables. 437

installation, 520 voltage, 458

voltage

motor circuits, 473 Short-circuit capability

DC switching devices, 414 Short-circuit faults

cables, 459 Short-circuit tests

switchgear, 336 Short-circuit withstand strength

busbars

DC switchgear, 414

low voltage switchgear, 391 Short-circuits

mechanical

transformers, performance, 216 transformers

performance, 216

performance, thermal effects, 216

testing, 250 Short-time current tests

switchgear, 339

Short-time fireproof cables, 442, 522 application. 491

telephone systems. 663 Shunt opening release circuitry

circuit-breakers, 373 Shunt-trip mechanisms

voltages, 331 Shutdown

controlled

electrical systems, 32 electrical systems, 32 station electrical systems

load flow analysis, 138 Sideflashing

lightning

risk assessment, 584 Sidewali pressure

cable pulling, 519 . Signal levels

control and instrumentation

cables, 476 Signalling

dual tone multi-frequency

Comite Consultatif International de Telegraphique et Telephonique, 683

Signalling systems radio systems, 681

Silencers

diesel generators, 788. 789

Silicon

hysteresis loss transformers. 198

Silicone fluids

auxiliary transformers insulation. 267

Silver plating

generator main connections future trends. 323

Single-frequency simplex

fixed station transmitters, 698 Single-phase short-circuit tests

circuit-breakers, 339 Siren controllers

equipment cubicles, 724 Siren signals

nuclear power stations, 729 Siren systems, 722-726

control panels, 723 nuclear power stations, 729 power supplies

nuclear power stations, 732 pumped-storage power stations, 741

Sirens

power feeds cabling, 491

Site commissioning transformers, 252

Site commissioning tests synchronising schemes, 982

Site emergency warning systems construction sites, 742

Site erection transformers, 251

Sizewell B

electrical auxiliaries systems, 19 Slip frequency

measurement synchronising, 968

Slip-energy recovery systems, 627 Slipring induction motors, 625-626,803

speed control cranes, 807

Smoke cables

fires. 523 detection, 865 extraction. 866

electrical services, 863 Smoke particles

weighing

cables, fire performance, 527 Smoke tests

cables

fire performance, 527 Smoothing checks

battery chargers, 773 SNUPPS, 19

Sodium hypochlorite production

electrical services. 830-834 storage, 834

electrical services, 830-834 water treatment, 837

Soil resistivity

earthing systems, 552 measurement, 567

Solenoids

core insulation screen. 540 Stuck probability

circutt•breakers

reliability evaluation, 93 switches

reliability evaluation, 93 Substations

portable. 415

Subss stern drawing routines

power systems

reliability evaluation, 92 Suction cone water

pumped-storage plant protection, 913

Sulphur hexafluoride insulation

transformers, 230 switchgear

future trends, 423 Sump pumps

controls, 851 Superheierodyning, 701 Switch closing time

definition, 950 synchronising, 969

Switch disc onnectors generator voltage

protection, 905 generators, 340 transmission voltage

synchronising, 962 Switchboards

circuit identification, 373 earthing, 368

Low voltage, 403

electrical auxiliaries systems, 8 operating supplies, 332 specialised, 409

switchgear, 332 voltage/time relationships

faults. system stability analysis, 185 Switched shunt reactors

loss of grid supplies, 33 •

Switches (see also Auxiliary switches; Control switches; Earthing switches; Limit switches; Pressure switches; Selector switches; Static switches)

critical current tests, 338 definition, 334

remote control

emergency supply equipment, 749 stuck probability

reliability evaluation, 93 Switchgear, 325-426

3.3kV

construction, 389-391 design. 352-380, 389-391 earthing networks, 565 fused equipment, 380-391 number of phases. 380

operating mechanisms, 390 rated voltage, 380

3.3kV distribution synchronising, 962 synchronising supplies, 980

11kV

design, 352-380 Plant bonding, 565

11 kV distribution synchronising, 962 synchronising supplies, 980

air-breaks

future trends, 421 auxiliaries power systems

operational requirements, 327-331 auxiliary contacts, 71

busbars earthing, 368

cable network systems, 485

cabling, 369 certification, 334-340 closing

DC systems, 763

co-ordination with fuse protection. 389

coded - key devices, 361 conducting pans

identification, 367 construction, 342-352, 357-380 control, 331-332, 353 controlgear

gas production plant, 822 current rating, 38

current transformers, 372 DC, 413-414

current making/breaking capability, 414 main connections, battery rooms, 757 short-circuit capability, 414

DC systems control, 765

interlocks. 765 protection, 765

definition. 326

design, 342-352,357-380 disconnection, 361

duty, 390 earthing, 367

earthing networks, 565 electrical services

mechanical plant, 804 enclosures, 358 environment, 332 failures

future trends, 421 fault studies

computer reliability analysis, 166 frequency, 354

future trends, 421 generator main connections

testing, 315

generator voltage, 340-352 earthing, 302

low voltage, 391-409 design, 393

maintenance

future trends. 422 mechanical plant, 805 metalclad, 358 number of phases. 354 oil-break

future trends, 421 operating air plant, 353 performance, 326-327

rated duration of short-circuit, 357 rated normal current, 355

rated peak withstand current earthing circuits, 355

rated short-circuit making current, 384 rated short-time withstand current

earthing circuits, 354 rated voltage, 352 short-circuit rating, 38 sulphur hexafluoride

future trends, 423 temperature rise tests, 339 testing, 334-340 transmission voltage

steam turbine-generators, synchronising supplies, 979 tripping

cabling, 430 types, 334-340 vacuum

future trends, 422 voltage transformers, 369 withdrawal, 361

Switching automatic

power systems, performance analysis, 179

faults

power systems, system stability. 183 lighting, 599

power system instability, 176 power systems

component active failure, computer reliability analysis. 101

computer reliability analysis, 100 ;urge tests

transformers. 250 synchronising, 952 transfonners

i mpulse tests, 249 Switching devices

415 V fused

feeder circuits, 467 3.3 kV fused

feeder circuits, 467 motor circuits, 468

Switching stations communication ?inks, 650

Switching time power systems

reliability evaluation, 92 Switchrooms

heaters, 599 lighting, 592

Synchronising, 948-986 basic terms, 949-952 controls, 960

diesel generators, 797,974 equipment, 963-974 errors, 953-954

facilities, 958-963 faulty, 954 frequency errors, 954

gas-turbine generators, 973 generators, 952

super-synchronously, 953 switch disconnectors, 341

methods, 955-958 phase errors, 954

steam turbine-generators, 973 supplies, 979

derivation, 974 turbine-generator

grid, 31

unit to station, 31 voltage errors, 953-954

Synchronising power, 953-954 Synchronising schemes, 980

site commissioning tests, 982 Synchronising torque. 953-954 Synchronising trolleys, 963 Synchronous generators

field currents

system stability analysis, 184 field voltages

system stability analysis, 184 rotor angles

system stability, 183

system stability analysis, 184 system stability analysis, 184

Synchronous machines current decays

power systems, computer reliability analysis, 150 rotors

mechanical oscillations, power systems, computer reliability analysis, 176

Synchronous motors pulse-width-modulated converters, 628

Synchronous system synchronising, 952 Synchroscopes, 965

System indices evaluation techniques

power systems, computer reliability. analysis, 109 GRASP 1

presentation of results, 112

power systems

computer reliability analysis, 115-117 System transients

power systems

computer reliability analysis, 176 Systems neutrals

earthing, 554

Tailgates pumped-storage plant

protection, 914 Tanks (see also Storage tanks)

diesel generators testing, 795

transformers, 225-243 manufacture checks, 244

Tapchangers

generator transformers, 253,254 protection, 892

in-tank

transformers, 222 off-circuit

transformers, 225 single compartment

transformers, 222 transformers, 218-225

mechanisms, 221 uses, 218

unit transformers, 262 Tappings

transformers, 218-225 Tee-offs

generator connections, 300 Telecommunication rooms

lighting. 592 Telecommunications, 649-747

accommodation, 652 cabling

on-site, 661-663 construction sites, 741-744 DC systems, 766 emergency

nuclear power stations, 732 future trends, 744

nuclear power stations, 726-734 power supplies, 652

pumped-storage power stations, 734-741 Telephone exchanges

future trends, 745 types, 663

Telephone services

British Telecommunications plc, 660-662 Telephone systems

sound-powered

pumped-storage power stations, 740 Telephones (see also Pay telephones; Radiotelephones)

cables

ducts, construction sites, 741 direct wire

cables, 494 lift cars, 819 plant, 720 requirements. 650

Television interference

mechanical plant. electrical services, 805

Telex

British Telecommunications plc, 661 construction sites, 744

Temperature see also Ambient temperature detectors, 945

Temperature measurement generator main connections

testing, 319 on-load

isolated phase busbars, 312-313 Terminal boxes

earthing networks, 566

materials, 196

off-load tapchanger tap positions optimisation, 139

off-load taps

representation, power systems, computer reliability analysis, 131

oil

dryness, 227 oil-filled

fire hazard, 240 on-load tapchangers

representation, power systems, computer reliability analysis, 134

outages

power systems, computer reliability analysis, 138 overloads

protection, 921

power frequency overvoltage tests, 247 processing, 244

quality assurance, 243 reactance

fault levels, power systems, computer reliability analysis. 150

short-circuit testing, 250 site commissioning, 252 site erection, 251

special design features, 253-286 star/star connected, 195 substations

portable, 415 tanks, 225-243 tapchangers, 218-225 tapping windings

construction, 210 tappings, 218-225 tee-off connections

generators, 300

tests during manufacture. 244 thermal performance, 250 transport, 251-253

types, 194-195

unintemmtable power supply systems, 62 water cooling, 235

winding conductors construction, 206

transpositions, construction, 208 windings

construction, 206 heat production, 213

low voltage, construction, 206 Transient overreaches

inverse time relays, 936 Transient recovery voltages

generator main connections, 320 power systems

performance analysis, 189 Transition resistors

tapchangers transformers, 221

Transmission lines lightning

transfer windings, testing, 212 Transmission voltages

circuit-breakers synchronising, 962

switch disconnectors synchronising, 962

Transmitters

fixed stations, 698 network cable systems, 490

quasi-synchronous operation radio communications, 674

radio paging systems, 667 Transport

generator transformers, 253 transformers, 251-253

Transpositions

winding conductors

transformers, construction, 208 Travel interlocks

lifts, 820 Triaxial cables

control and instrumentation, 476 Trip circuit supervision, 915

Trip circuits switchgear

control, 331

Trip supply supervision, 915 Tripping

schematic diagram, 915 Turbine hall basements

cables, 504 Turbine steam valves

tripping, 902 Turbine stop valves

loss of grid supplies, 33 Turbine-generators

operation

stability analysis, power systems, 180 reliability, 89

Turbines chimneys

lightning, protection systems, 581 data

load flow analysis, power systems, computer reliability analysis, 145

lubricating oil cabling, 430

manual trip levers protection, 882

off-load

voltage profile, 155 protection. 879-886 start sequence

load flow analysis. 140 trips, 880

loss of steam demand, protection, 879 Turbochargers

diesel generators, 788 Turn to turn faults

generator stators, 897-898 Two-frequency simplex

fixed station transmitters, 698

UHF radio cranes

control systems, 678 frequencies

power stations, 670 on-site

nuclear emergencies, 734 UHF systems

cfVHF radio systems, 670 Under frequency

protection

pumped-storage plant, 996 Unidirectional branches

power systems

computer reliability analysis, definition, 95 Uninterruptable power supply systems, 46-64

components, 59-60 development. 48-49

equipment performance requirement, 62 equipment specification. 60-62

loads, 60

method of operation, 59 motor-generator set schemes, 46 spares philosophy, 60

standby philosophy, 60 static inverter schemes, 46 system configuration, 59 system considerations, 59-60

Unit transformers current, 262