4. The idea of sustainable development.

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." 

Living within our environmental limits is one of the central principles of sustainable development.But the focus of sustainable development is far broader than just the environment. It's also about ensuring a strong, healthy and just society. This means meeting the diverse needs of all people in existing and future communities, promoting personal wellbeing, social cohesion and inclusion, and creating equal opportunity. 

Sustainable development is about finding better ways of doing things, both for the future and the present. It provides an approach to making better decisions on the issues that affect all of our lives. 

5. The Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement negotiated as an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 

The goal is to lower overall emissions of greenhouse gases averaged over the period of 2008-2012. National limitations range from 8% reductions for the European Union and some others, to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia and permitted increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland. 

Most provisions of the Kyoto Protocol apply to developed countries. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to set a common but differentiated responsibilities. 

In other worlds, China, India, and other developing countries were not included in any numerical limitation of the Kyoto Protocol because they were not the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions during the pre-treaty industrialization period. However, even without the commitment to reduce according to the Kyoto target, developing countries do share the common responsibility that all countries have in reducing emissions.

8.Employment

1 Definitions of employment and labor.

Employment - the activity of citizens, to meet their personal and social needs, not contrary to law and bringing them income, labor income. 

Labor - purposeful human activity, during which he using tools affects the nature and uses it to create use values necessary to meet the needs. 

2 Types of employment: full time/ part-time work, telecommuting (working from home), freelance work, self-employment etc.

The main goal of economic and social reformers is full employment, that is, availability of living-wage jobs for all employable citizens. But still many people work part-time, that is performing their professional duties only a part of the regular working time. This is the practice of dividing a full time job between two people so that each works for half the time. There is also informal employment, or paid work on a casual basis. Jobs are irregular, and workers are often self-employed without earning pensions and without paying taxes. This sort of employment is common in urban areas of developing countries. It may involve service jobs as well as craft industries. Informal employment also includes illegal activities such as theft, prostitution, and selling drugs. 

With technological advances, more and more people resort to telecommuting. They work away from the employer’s office, often at home, but maintain close contact with coworkers and managers through electronic mail and telephone. 

As there is such types of work as freelance work - a work for a company, usually a one-time, without enrollment in the state and seasonal work - when people are busy with work only to a certain period of the year.