Инглиш / Nature of Accounting Work

1. Read the text and pick out the accounting careers mentioned; arrange them in the hierarchy.

Nature of Accounting Work

In most organizations the accounting group consists of two types of people: (1) bookkeepers and other data-entry employees who maintain the detailed operating records and (2) professional accountants who decide how items would be reported, prepare the reports, interpret these reports, prepare special analyses, design and operate the systems through which information flows, and ensure that the information is accurate.

What Is the Work of Bookkeeping Clerks?

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks are an organization’s financial record-keepers. They update and maintain accounting records, including those which tabulate expenditures, receipts, accounts payable and receivable, and profit and loss.

In small establishments, bookkeeping clerks handle all financial transactions and record keeping. They record all transactions, post debits and credits, produce financial statements, and prepare reports and summaries for supervisors and managers. Bookkeepers also prepare bank deposits by compiling data from cashiers, verifying and balancing receipts, and sending cash, checks, or other forms of payment to the bank. They also may handle payroll, make purchases, prepare invoices, and keep track of overdue accounts.

In large offices and accounting departments, accounting clerks have more specialized tasks. Their titles, such as accounts payable clerk or accounts receivable clerk, often reflect the type of accounting they do. In addition, their responsibilities vary by level of experience. Entry-level accounting clerks post details of transactions, total accounts, and compute interest charges. They also may monitor loans and accounts to ensure that payments are up to date.

More advanced accounting clerks may total, balance, and reconcile billing vouchers; ensure the completeness and accuracy of data on accounts; and code documents according to company procedures. These workers post transactions in journals and on computer files and update the files when needed. Senior clerks also review computer printouts against manually maintained journals and make necessary corrections. They may review invoices and statements to ensure that all the information appearing on them is accurate and complete.

Auditing clerks verify records of transactions posted by other workers. They check figures, postings, and documents to ensure that they are correct, mathematically accurate, and properly coded. They also correct or note errors for accountants or other workers to adjust.

As organizations continue to computerize their financial records, many bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks are using specialized accounting software on personal computers. With manual posting to general ledgers becoming obsolete, these clerks increasingly are posting charges to accounts on computer spreadsheets and databases. The widespread use of computers also has enabled bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks to take on additional responsibilities, such as payroll, procurement, and billing. Many of these functions require these clerks to write letters, make phone calls to customers or clients, and interact with colleagues. Therefore, good communication skills are becoming increasingly important in the occupation.

Most bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks are required to have a high school degree at a minimum. However, having some college is increasingly important and an associate degree in business or accounting is required for some positions. Graduates may accept bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerk positions to get into a particular company or to enter the accounting or finance field with the hope of eventually being promoted to professional or managerial positions.

What is the Work of Accountants?

Accountants help entities be successful, ethical, responsible participants in society. Their major activities include observation, measurement, and communication. These activities are analytical in nature and draw on several other disciplines (e.g., economics, mathematics, statistics, behavioral science, law, history, and language/communication).

Accountants identify, analyze, record, and accumulate facts, estimates, forecasts, and other data about the unit’s activities; then they translate these data into information that can be useful for a specific purpose.

Accountants design and maintain accounting systems, to help control and provide a record of the entity’s activities, resources, and obligations. Such systems also facilitate reporting on the entity’s accomplishments for a period of time and on its status at a given point in time.

The accounting system must provide internal controls to ensure that (1) laws and enterprise policies are properly implemented; (2) accounting records are accurate; (3) enterprise assets are used effectively; and (4) steps be taken to reduce chances of losing assets or incurring liabilities from fraudulent or similar activities, such as the carelessness or dishonesty of employees, customers, or suppliers.

An enterprise’s system of internal controls usually includes an internal auditing function and personnel to ensure that prescribed data handling and asset/liability protection procedures are being followed. The internal auditor uses a variety of approaches, including observation of current activities, examination of past transactions, and simulation—often using sample or fictitious transactions—to test the accuracy and reliability of the system.

Accountants may also be responsible for preparing several types of documents. (e.g., employees’ salary and wage records) that serve as inputs for the accounting system and to satisfy other reporting requirements. Accountants also provide data for completing income tax returns.

Accounting career paths for CPAs include being controllers, chief financial officers, or internal auditors in profit-seeking enterprises or not-for-profit and government organizations.

1. chief financial officers – принимает эконом решения, заключает контракты , предоставляет доки главному директору

2. сontrollers – подписывает все отчеты, отдает отчет руководству , проверяет все отеты ,

3. если есть , то аудитор – проверяет работу бухгалтера

4. Accountants – переводы платежей , анализирует , , создание бухгалтерских систем

5. Senior clerks bookkeepers – образование лучше ; проверяет документы, сверять, коддировать .

6. Entry level bookkepers – меньше всего образованы; вбивают в комп все, подклеивать и тд , всю бумажную работу

2. Match the English collocations from the text with their Russian equivalents:

1) update records h	a) составлять платежную ведомость
2) keep track of overdue accounts f	b) выставлять счета
3) compile data from cashiers m	с) проводить операции по журналам
4) handle payroll а	d) разрабатывать учетные системы
5) do the billing b	e) заполнять налоговые декларации
6) record transactions k	f) отслеживать просроченные счета
7) post transactions in journals c	g) калькулировать подлежащие уплате проценты
8) post charges to accounts i	h) обновлять записи
9) complete income tax returns e	i) списывать затраты на счета
10) compute interest charges g	j) нести обязательства
11) monitor loans l	k) регистрировать операции
12) incur liabilities j	l) контролировать выданные кредиты
13) design accounting systems d	m) собирать/сводить данные

3. Read the text again and take notes of the main functions that certain careers involve.

1. Scan the passage below and identify its subject.

In attempting to explain why double entry bookkeeping developed in fourteenth century Italy instead of ancient Greece or Rome, accounting scholar A.C. Littleton describes seven "key ingredients" which led to its creation:

Private property, Capital, Commerce, Credit, Writing, Money, Arithmetic

Many of these factors did exist in ancient times, but until the middle ages they were not found together in a form and strength necessary to push man to the innovation of double entry. Nevertheless, the problems encountered by the ancients with record keeping, control and verification of financial transactions were not entirely different than our own today. Governments, in particular, had strong incentives to keep careful records of receipts and disbursements – particularly as concerns taxes. And in any society where individuals accumulated wealth, there was a desire by the rich to perform audits on the honesty and skill of slaves and employees entrusted with asset management.

2. Answer the following questions based on the reading.

1. When did double entry bookkeeping develop?

double entry bookkeeping developed in fourteenth century Italy instead of ancient Greece or Rome

2. What are the seven "key ingredients" which led to the creation of double entry bookkeeping?

Private property, Capital, Commerce, Credit, Writing, Money, Arithmetic

3. What similar reasons for keeping careful records of financial transactions have existed both in the past and at present?

Governments, in particular, had strong incentives to keep careful records of receipts and disbursements – particularly as concerns taxes. And in any society where individuals accumulated wealth, there was a desire by the rich to perform audits on the honesty and skill of slaves and employees entrusted with asset management.

USEFUL VOCABULARY

Make sure you know the following words and word combinations.

accounting cycle сайкл	цикл бухгалтерского учета
accurate adj Экьюрейт	точный, правильный; тщательный
receipts n pl. ресИтс	денежные поступления, выручка; приход; доходы
data n pl. (datum sg)	данные
record n (records pl)	запись; регистрация, записывать; pl. учетные документы; документация
record-keeping	ведение учета; учет
statement n	отчет; ведомость; смета
financial statements	финансовая документация
general journal	главный журнал учета
general ledger ледже	главная бухгалтерская книга
to balance the ledgers	сбалансировать бухгалтерские книги
posting	разноска по счетам, перенос в бухгалтерскую книгу; проводка
ledger posting	запись в главную бухгалтерскую книгу
to post the journal into the ledger	переносить журнальные записи в главную книгу
draw up	составлять
to draw up a balance	подводить (составлять) баланс
trial balance трайл	пробный, предварительный бухгалтерский баланс
balance n balance v	баланс; сальдо; остаток подсчитывать, подытоживать; сводить, заключать, закрывать (счета, книги)
to bring accounts to a balance	составлять сводный баланс
favourable balance	активный баланс; положительный баланс
unfavourable balance syn. adverse balance Эдвёрс	пассивный баланс; отрицательный баланс
cash balance	кассовая наличность
balance of an account	остаток счета
balances with foreign banks	остатки на счетах в заграничных банках
balance in hand	денежная наличность; наличность кассы
balance of payments	платежный баланс (отчетность, характеризующая участие страны в международном обмене, включающая в себя текущий платежный баланс и баланс движения капиталов)
balance of trade	торговый баланс (отчетность, отражающая результаты участия страны в международной торговле)
debit ['debit] n	дебет (расход)
debit account	запись в левой части счета, показывающая задолженность организации
debit of an account	дебет счета; списание средств со счета
debit balance	дебетовое сальдо, дебетовый баланс, положительное сальдо
debit (to an account) v	дебетовать; записывать; вносить в дебет
credit ['kredit] n	бухгалтерский кредит; сумма, записанная на приход в правой части счета
credit account	запись в правой части счета, отражающая приход актива
credit balance	кредитовое сальдо; кредитовый баланс, отрицательное сальдо
credit (to an account)	кредитовать счет; записывать сумму в кредит счета