Инглиш / Definitions of employment and labor

Definitions of employment and labor. 

When we speak about employment we usually mean paid work done by a person 

or a group of people. Labor, in its turn, refers to the routine work that people do in 

their jobs, whether it is performing manual labor, managing employees, or providing 

skilled professional services. Manual labor usually refers to physical work that 

requires little formal education or training, such as shoveling dirt or moving furniture. 

Employment is paid work done by a person or group of people. Labor refers to the routine work that people do in their jobs. Manual labor usually refers to physical work that requires little formal education or training. Managers include those who supervise other workers Very often managers and skilled professionals are called white collar workers, as their job does not involve manual labor.

8. Types of employment 

A full-time job is for the whole of the normal working week; a part-time job is for 

less time than that But still many peoplework part-time, that is performing their professional duties only a part of the regular working time. With the growing number of people out of work job sharing becomes more and more popular. This is the practice of dividing a full time job between two people so that each works for half the time. There is also informal employment, or paid work on a casual basis. Jobs are irregular, and workers are often self-employed without earning pensions and without paying taxes. This sort of employment is common in urban areas of developing countries. It may involve service jobs as well as craft industries. Informal employment also includes illegal activities such as theft, prostitution, and selling drugs. With technological advances, more and more people resort totelecommuting.They work away from the employer’s office, often at home, but maintain close contact with coworkers and managers through electronic mail and telephone. In some situations telecommuting can increase an employee’s productivity; it also decreases time spent driving to and from the office and decreases pollution from automobiles. But some managers feel uncomfortable with the lack of direct supervision they have over their telecommuting employees, and some employees may dislike telecommuting because of isolation from coworkers.

8. Compensation for work. 

Compensation and remuneration are formal words used to talk about pay and 

benefits, especially those of senior managers. Compensation package and 

remuneration package are used especially in the US to talk about all the pay and 

benefits that employees receive. There may be performance-related bonuses if the manager reaches particular 

objectives for the company. 

Compensation is also used to talk about money and other benefits that a senior 

manager (or any employee) receives if they are forced to leave the organization. This money is in the form of a compensation 

payment, or severance payment. If the manager also receives benefits, the payment 

and the benefits form a severance package. Salary - money paid monthly directly into a bank account, normally to 

professional people and office workers. 

Wages - money paid weekly and usually in cash, normally to manual workers. 

Earnings - the total of the sums earned by an employee during a regular pay 

Income - money we receive from work, investments, etc. It can be earned income 

(wages or salary) or unearned income (money from dividends, interest, royalties, 

Revenue - income, generally the total income earned by the state or a large 

corporation: it’s not used for people and it is also the money a government receives 

through taxation. 

Fringe benefits – extras such as a car or free accommodation received by right in 

addition to one’s salary. 

Fee – a payment to a lawyer, doctor, etc. for professional services. 

Bonus – something given, paid, or received above what is due or expected 

8. Problems at work (labor protection; discrimination). 

There are some health and safety issues for people at work. For example, passive 

smoking, repetitive strain injury, dangerous machinery, hazardous substances and fire 

hazards. All these things contribute to a bad working environment. The government 

sends officials called health and safety inspectors to make sure that factories and 

offices are safe places to work. They check what companies are doing about things 

like heating and air-conditioning, first aid and fire precautions. 

If someone such as a manager bullies an employee, they use their position of 

power to hurt or threaten them, for example verbally. Someone who does this is a 

bully. 

Sexual harassment is when an employee behaves sexually towards another in a 

way that they find unwelcome and unacceptable. 

If people are treated differently from others in an unfair way, they are 

discriminated against. 

If a woman is unfairly treated just because she is a woman, she is a victim of sex 

discrimination, or sexism. In many organizations, women complain about the glass 

ceiling that allows them to get to a particular level but no further. 

If someone is treated unfairly because of their race, they are a victim of racial 

discrimination or racism. Offensive remarks about someone’s race are racist and the 

person making them is a racist.