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FEDERAL STATE BUDGET

HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION

"ROSTOV STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY"

MINISTRIES OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

L.G. Zarubinskaya, I.Yu. Khudonogov

HISTORY OF MEDICINE

TUTORIAL

for students of medical schools studying in English

Rostov-on-Don

2020

161

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ………………………………………………………..….…..…… 164 Theme 1. The history of medicine as a science and teaching subject. The main goals and objectives. Sources of the study of the history of medicine…………..168 Theme 2. Healing in a pre-class society…………………………………………171 Theme 3. Healing in the countries of the Ancient East (Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Ancient China)…………………………………………..178 Theme 4. Healing in the Mediterranean countries; Healing in Ancient Greece; The development of healing in ancient Rome………….……………………………193 Theme 5. The development of medicine in the Middle Ages; The development of medicine in Byzantium; Medicine of the peoples of the medieval East; Caliphate Medicine; Medicine in Central Asia…..….………………..……………………203 Theme 6. Medicine in Western Europe; Medicine in Western Europe during the Early and Advanced Middle Ages; Medicine in Western Europe during the Renaissance; The development of medicine during the New Age (second half of the 18th century – the beginning of 20th century)………………………….. 209

centuries)…………………………………………………………………...……222

Theme 8. Medicine in Russia in the XVIII century……………………………..238 Theme 9. Medicine in Russia in the first half of the 19th century ……………..247 Theme 10. Development of medicine in Russia in connection with the successes of natural science (second half of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century)…………………………………………………………………………..256 Theme 11. Clinical medicine in Russia and its relationship with prevention (second half of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century)..................264 Theme 12. Development of hygiene and public medicine in Russia

(second half of the XIX – early XX century) ………………… .. .. …… ……..270 Theme 13. Formation and development of Soviet medicine ……………………278

162

163

INTRODUCTION

The history of medicine is an integral part of the humanitarian education received by students during their studies at a medical university. The history of medicine (HoM) is one of the first subjects providing the integration of medical knowledge, which provides a comprehensive picture of the development of medicine as a whole and is a connecting link in the study of all medical disciplines. In addition, its study is organically linked with the medical workers professional training level increase. In addition, HoM provides an understanding of the inextricability of the connection between physicians and the rest of society, explains the pressure of specific historical conditions on the level and speed of development of medicine. Studying HoM, students strengthen their ability to abstract thinking, analyze a vast array of facts and synthesize on its basis the patterns that allow managing the development of medicine and healthcare in the future, taking into account an active civic and ideological position, with an understanding of the need for independent decisions and awareness of social ethical responsibility for its' results. Significant social, ethnic, confessional and cultural differences characterize the modern macrosocium even the scale of the family, study group, work collective; there are contradictions that can be leveled by a single system of values that incorporates all the best that known civilizations and their medical representatives conveyed to us. Actively relying on self-development, selfrealization and self-education of students, HoM helps to ensure the full-fledged social and professional activities of physicians in the future through the use of traditional practices using for thousands of years for the prevention of infectious and non-infectious diseases, physical education, first aid, and medical protection in unexpected conditions in professional activities and emergency situations.

1. PURPOSE OF DISCIPLINE TEACHING

1.1.To help in education of a future specialist in an atmosphere of universal values, for example, the ideals of high morality.

1.2.To expand of the general cultural and medical horizons of students.

164

1.3.To form the basis of professional ethics of medical workers.

1.4.To educate of scientific thinking and respect for the traditions of domestic and world medical science and practice.

2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDYING DISCIPLINE

2.1.To show the general laws of the development of medicine in human society, the historical continuity in its development.

2.2.To acquaint students with the historical method of research and thinking in medicine, contributing to the everyday practical activities of a future specialist.

2.3.To acquaint with the history of medical ethics and deontology.

Upon completion of the course “History of Medicine”, students must:

to know:

1.General laws of the world-historical process of formation and development of medical knowledge and medical activity from ancient times to the present.

2.The main stages of development world and domestic medicine.

3.The outstanding achievements of each era in the field of medicine and in the development of the spiritual culture of mankind.

4.The history of the formation of the foundations of medical ethics and deontology.

to be able:

1.To evaluate the development of various theoretical areas in of medicine, their advantages and disadvantages, the current state of clinical medicine.

2.To own the historical method of research and thinking in assessing medical knowledge and hygienic ideas about health and disease at various stages of human development.

3.To navigate in the actual material, analyze, objectively evaluate and use historical and medical information in professional and other activities.

165

LECTURE THEMES

1.Introduction. Healing in a pre-class society.

2.Healing in the countries of the Ancient East (Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Ancient China).

3.Medicine of the ancient Mediterranean (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome)

4.Medicine during the Middle Ages in the countries of the East and Western Europe (Byzantine Empire, Caliphates, Central Asia, Western Europe).

5.Medicine in Western Europe during the Renaissance. Medicine in Russia (IX – XVII centuries): Old Russian (IX – XV centuries) and the Moscow State Medicine (XVI – XVII centuries).

6.Medicine in Russia in the XVIII century and the beginning of the XIX century.

7.Medicine of the New Age (XVII-XIX centuries). Biomedical area, clinical

medicine, hygiene and public health.

8. Medicine of the modern times (XX century). 9. The development of medicine in the Don. History of Rostov State Medical University.

166

THEMES OF PRACTICAL LESSONS

1.Introduction. The history of medicine as a science and teaching subject, goals, objectives. Sources of the study of the history of medicine.

2.Healing in a pre-class society.

3.Healing in the countries of the Ancient East (Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Ancient China).

4.Medicine of the ancient Mediterranean (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome)

5.Medicine during the Middle Ages in the countries of the East and Western Europe (Byzantine Empire, Caliphates, Central Asia, Western Europe).

6.Medicine in Western Europe during the Renaissance.

7.Medicine in Russia (IX – XVII centuries): Old Russian (IX – XV centuries) and the Moscow states Medicine (XVI – XVII centuries).

8. Medicine in Russia in the XVIII century.

9. The development of medicine in the Age (the second half of the XVIII century - the beginning of the XX century).

10.Medicine in Russia in the first of the XIX century.

11.Biomedical direction of development of medicine in Russia in the 19th

century.

12.Clinical medicine in Russia and its connection with prevention (second half of the XIX century - early XX century.

13.The development of hygiene and public medicine in Russia (second half of the XIX - early XX centuries).

14.The formation and development of Soviet medicine.

15.The main features and stages of development of Soviet medicine. The heroism of Soviet doctors.

16.The history of medicine and health care in the Don. History of the Rostov Order of Peoples’ Friendship Medical Institute.

167