Figure 27. Indonesia (West Kalimantan) power mix, 2018

Source: ASEAN Centre for Energy.

The primary source of generation is fossil fuels, with oil generating 44% of the total power generation.

Planned development, including cross-border integration

PLN developed the RUPTL, which is summarised in the section on Indonesia (Sumatra) above. Figure 28 shows the contribution to the PDP for Kalimantan.

In the same PDP, the existing cross-border interconnection with Sarawak is expanded to an extra-high voltage line that will continue on to Sabah. At that point, all of Kalimantan’s system would be interconnected in a so-called Grid Borneo. Should interconnectors be developed, Indonesia’s Kalimantan system is likely to be a net importer of electricity.

Figure 28. Capacity additions in Kalimantan, 2018-27

Source: ASEAN Centre for Energy.

Fossil fuels make up the majority of the planned generation additions in Kalimantan.

The Philippines

In the Philippines, the demand and supply for electricity has been steadily increasing as shown in Figure 29 below. Furthermore, the margin between supply and demand is kept constant year-by-year (about 15 GW). The total installed capacity in 2017 was approximately 21.6 GW. Coal is the largest source of generation, followed by hydro, natural gas, oil and geothermal.

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Establishing Multilateral Power Trade in ASEAN AMS perspectives

Renewable energy capacity increased significantly between 2015 and 2016, due to the introduction of the feed-in tariff regulation.

In generation terms, coal is the largest single source of power, followed by natural gas. Geothermal is also abundant in this archipelagic country, and so it is used widely, producing more power than hydropower or oil.

The Philippines is one of two ASEAN countries that currently have restructured (competitive) wholesale markets. The market in the Philippines was opened as part of the Electric Power Industry Reform Act, passed in 2001 and effective from 13 March 2002, with a more recent reform passed in 2018.

Figure 29. Power mix – total generation and demand in the Philippines, 2011-17

Source: ASEAN Centre for Energy.

The main source of fuel for power generation is fossil fuels; however, renewables have seen increases since 2015. The difference between demand and generation is due to losses.

As a competitive market, power trading is managed via the Whole Electricity Spot Market (WESM). WESM’s rules of operations and its price determination methodology are subject to Department of Energy and ERC approval. All the distribution retailers are regulated under the ERC, and the electric co-operatives are supervised by the National Electrification Administration.

There are currently no interconnections between the Philippines and neighbouring countries.

Planned development, including cross-border integration

According to the Philippines’ most recent PDP (covering the years 2016 to 2040), total capacity additions are expected to be 43.7 GW. The PDP does not break this total down into specific technologies, but does categorise them according to the role they would play in the generation mix. In particular, the PDP indicates that baseload generation will make up more than half of the total (25.6 GW), followed by mid-merit plants (14.5 GW) and peaking plants (4 GW) (Figure 30).

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