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3. ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

EEA (European Environment Agency) (2018a), “Greenhouse gas emissions under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD)”, www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/esd-1.

EEA (2018b), “Progress towards Member States' greenhouse gas emission targets”, 30 November 2018, www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/trends-and-projections-in- europe/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2017/progress-towards-member-states- greenhouse#3-1-current-progress-towards-targets-under-the-effort-sharing-decision.

European Commission (2019a), “EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)”, https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en.

European Commission (2019b), “Annual emission allocations 2013-2020 and flexibilities”, https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/effort/framework_en.

European Commission (2018), Germany’s Draft Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/ec_courtesy_translation_de_necp.p df.

FuelsEurope (2018), “Fuel price breakdown”, www.fuelseurope.eu/knowledge/refining-in- europe/economics-of-refining/fuel-price-breakdown/.

IEA (International Energy Agency) (2019), CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2019, IEA, Paris, www.iea.org/statistics/.

IEA (2018), Energy Efficiency Indicators 2018, IEA, Paris, www.iea.org/statistics/.

IEA (2012), “Germany: Eco-tax reform”, IEA, Paris, www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/germany/name-22079-en.php.

KliVO (The German Climate Preparedness Portal) (2019), “German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS)”, www.klivoportal.de/EN/DAS/das_node.html.

Nationale Platform for Electric Mobility (2012), “Progress report of the German National Platform for Electric Mobility (third report)”, www.bmu.de/fileadmin/bmuimport/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/bericht_emob_3_en_bf.pdf.

National Platform Future of Mobility (NPM) (2019), “The NPM”, www.plattform-zukunft- mobilitaet.de/the-npm/?lang=en.

Ritter, J. (2019), Germany’s Energy Policy Overview, BMWi, Berlin.

Umweltbundesamt (2019a), “NO2-Grenzwertüberschreitungen 2017/2018”, www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/2546/dokumente/no2ueberschreitungen_staedte_stand_18.01.2019.pdf.

Umweltbundesamt (2019b), “Adaptation Action Plan”, 4 April 2019, www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/climate-energy/climate-change-adaptation/adaptation- at-the-federal-level/adaptation-action-plan#textpart-1.

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2019), Germany 2019 National Inventory Report, https://unfccc.int/documents/194930. Xinhua (2019), “Many German cities still exceed EU air pollution limit”, 1 February 2019, Xinhua, Berlin, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-02/01/c_137790345.htm.

ZVSHK (Der Zentralverband Sanitär Heizung Klima) (2019), “Nationales Effizienzlabel für Heizungsaltanlagen” [National Efficiency Label for Old Heating Systems], www.zvshk.de/themen/energiewende/nationales-effizienzlabel-fuer-heizungsaltanlagen/.

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Key data

(2017)

TFC: 227.0 Mtoe (oil 41.5%, natural gas 24.4%, electricity 19.7%, bioenergy and waste 6.7%, coal 3.2%, district heat 4.3%, solar 0.3%), +3.0% since 2007

Consumption by sector: industry 35.0%, transport 25.4%, residential 24.5%, commercial 15.2%

Energy consumption (TFC) per capita: 2.7 toe (IEA average 2.9 toe)

Energy intensity (TFC/GDP): 62.3 toe/USD million PPP (IEA average: 73.9 toe/USD million PPP), -9% since 2007

Overview

Germany’s energy intensity has declined over recent decades, supported by its efforts to integrate its energy efficiency strategy with its climate strategy. Despite the steady increase in gross domestic product (GDP) between 2000 and 2017, total final consumption (TFC) was relatively stable, showing a decoupling of economic growth and energy consumption (Figure 4.1). Meanwhile, TFC per capita has also remained stable.

Figure 4.1 Energy supply and drivers, 2000-17

Germany’s total energy consumption has remained stable despite continued economic growth, demonstrating improved energy efficiency and lower energy intensity of the economy.

* GDP data are in USD billion 2010 prices and purchasing power parity (PPP). Source: IEA (2019a), World Energy Balances 2019, www.iea.org/statistics.

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Energy consumption by sector

Germany’s energy consumption has been relatively stable in the last decades. In 2017, TFC was 227 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), 2% below the level in 2000, but 3% higher than in 2007. TFC dropped sharply in 2009 due to a decline in energy demand in the industry sector after the 2008 financial crisis, but recovered quickly to pre-crisis levels.

The industry sector is the largest energy consumer in Germany, with 35% of TFC in 2017 (Figure 4.3). The residential sector used to be the second-largest consumer in the country but was surpassed by the transport sector in 2014. In 2017, transport accounted for 25% of TFC and the residential sector for 24%. The commercial sector accounts for the lowest share of TFC at 15%. However, if looking at the residential and commercial sectors together as representing buildings, they account for the largest share of energy consumption in Germany.

Figure 4.3 Final energy consumption by sector, 2000-17

40

30

20

10

0

TFC is relatively stable for most sectors, with the exceptions of a drop in industry consumption after the financial crisis and fluctuating energy demand in buildings.

*Includes non-energy use.

**Includes commercial and public services, agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Source: IEA (2019a), World Energy Balances 2019, www.iea.org/statistics.

Residential and commercial

The residential and commercial sectors together consumed 90 Mtoe in 2017, accounting for 40% of TFC in the country. This is mainly energy consumption in buildings, largely for heating, which fluctuates annually with outdoor temperatures (Figure 4.4). However, the long-term trend is towards lower energy demand, as buildings get more energy efficient (though renovations of the relatively old building stock will be a critical component of achieving additional improvements). The trend is especially clear in the residential sector, where the average energy demand over the five-year period 2013-17 was 6% below the previous five-year average. The commercial sector increased its average energy consumption by 2% over the same five-year comparison, as a result of a growing service sector in the country.

Natural gas is the largest energy source in the residential and commercial sectors, accounting for 36% of total consumption, followed by electricity at 27% and oil at 21% (Figure 4.4). Direct use of biomass for heating has increased by 60% in a decade, and

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Industry

The industry sector is the largest energy consumer in Germany, with 80 Mtoe in 2017, equivalent to 35% of TFC. The financial crisis in 2008 led to a dip in industrial energy demand, but the sector recovered quickly. In 2017, consumption was the highest since 2007. Natural gas, oil and electricity dominate energy consumption in industry (Figure 4.6). In 2017, natural gas accounted for 29%, oil 28% and electricity 25%.

The chemical and petrochemical industry accounts for the largest share of industrial energy consumption (Figure 4.7). Roughly half of the chemical industry’s consumption is oil products used for non-energy purposes as raw material in the processes. Other large industrial energy consumers are steel and non-metallic minerals manufacturers.

Figure 4.6 TFC in industry by source, 2000-17

Since the economic crisis in 2008, industrial energy consumption has stabilised at around 77 Mtoe to 80 Mtoe, of which oil, natural gas and electricity together account for 82%.

Notes: Includes non-energy consumption.

Source: IEA (2019a), World Energy Balances 2019, www.iea.org/statistics.

Figure 4.7 Energy consumption in manufacturing industry sectors, 2017

The chemical and petrochemical industry accounts for the largest share of industrial fuel consumption, even when not including fuels used for non-energy purposes.

*Other includes textile and leather, mining and quarrying, and non-specified industry consumption. Note: Includes fuel consumption for non-energy use.

Source: IEA (2019a), World Energy Balances 2019, www.iea.org/statistics.

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Electric vehicle (EV) sales are rapidly increasing in Germany, but the share is still very small. In 2018, around 68 000 EVs were sold in Germany, equal to 2% of total car sales (ACEA, 2019). EV charging is still too small to have any significant impact on transport energy demand, and most EV charging is done at home and registered as residential energy use.

Figure 4.9 Fuel efficiency (kilometre/litre) in road transport by mode, 2000-16

Index 2000=1

1.2

Passenger cars / light trucks

0.9

0.8

IEA 2019.

All rights reserved.

Road transport accounts for 95% of total domestic transport energy demand, and fuel efficiency has improved since 2000 for both passenger cars and freight trucks.

Source: IEA (2019b), Energy Efficiency Indicators Highlights 2019, www.iea.org/statistics.

Institutions

Energy efficiency programmes are mostly administered out of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), though other ministries are also involved when measures impact their respective coverage areas, such as the Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). Both the BMWi and the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community (BMI) oversee issues related to energy conservation in buildings while the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) takes the lead on efficiency policies in the transport sector. A number of energy efficiency funding programmes are administered through the Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA).

Under Germany’s federal structure of government, the Länder (states) and municipalities also have a considerable degree of autonomy to pursue energy efficiency policies. A formal working group, the Federal Bureau for Energy Efficiency (BfEE), was established in 2018 as part of an effort to boost collaboration and policy co-ordination between the federal government and the states.

Energy efficiency policy

Germany’s Energiewende places a high degree of importance on energy efficiency, both as a means to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as to contain costs for households and companies. In particular, the German government views energy efficiency as a means to boost the global competitiveness of German industry. As such,

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