- •Abstract
- •Highlights
- •Executive summary
- •Carbon capture, storage and utilisation play a critical role in achieving climate goals
- •Limiting the availability of CO2 storage would increase the cost and complexity of the energy transition
- •The effects would be felt across the energy system
- •Limiting CO2 storage would drive new power demand
- •Major technology shifts would be needed in industry
- •Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels would make inroads
- •Achieving net zero emissions would become more challenging
- •Findings and recommendations
- •CCUS technologies play a critical role in achieving climate goals
- •The implications of limiting CO2 storage would be felt across all sectors
- •The cost of the transition would increase
- •Demand for decarbonised power would grow
- •Major technology shifts would be needed in industry
- •Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels would make inroads
- •Carbon capture would retain a role with increased CO2 use
- •References
- •Policy recommendations
- •Technical analysis
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The role of CCUS in clean energy pathways
- •CCUS deployment today
- •The Clean Technology Scenario and CCUS
- •The role of CCUS in the industrial sector
- •The role of CCUS in fuel transformation
- •The role of CCUS in power generation
- •References
- •3. The implications if CO2 storage were limited
- •Is CO2 storage likely to be limited?
- •Exploring the implications of limiting CO2 storage
- •A shift in sectoral contributions
- •A sharp(er) decline in fossil fuel use
- •Greater electrification of end-use sectors
- •Changes in investment needs
- •Achieving net zero would become more challenging
- •In-depth analysis: Implications for the industrial sector of the LCS
- •A closer look at the iron and steel sector
- •A closer look at the cement sector
- •A closer look at the chemical sector
- •In-depth analysis: Implications for the fuel transformation sector in the LCS
- •CCU options in the fuel transformation sector
- •Energy impacts of CCU in the fuel transformation sector in the LCS
- •In-depth analysis: Implications for power generation in the LCS
- •In depth analysis: Implications for the buildings sector in the LCS
- •In-depth analysis: Implications for the transport sector in the LCS
- •References
- •4. Enabling policy and stakeholder actions
- •Accelerating CCUS deployment: A focus on CO2 storage
- •Supporting technological innovation
- •Improved integration of policy measures
- •References
- •General annexes
- •Annex I. Reference and Clean Technology Scenarios
- •Annex II. Energy Technology Perspectives modelling framework
- •Combining analysis of energy supply and demand
- •ETP-TIMES supply model
- •ETP-TIMES industry model
- •Global buildings sector model
- •Modelling of the transport sector in the MoMo
- •Overview
- •Data sources
- •Calibration of historical data with energy balances
- •Vehicle platform, components and technology costs
- •Infrastructure and fuel costs
- •Elasticities
- •Framework assumptions
- •Technology approach
- •References
- •Abbreviations and acronyms
- •Units of measure
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of contents
- •List of figures
- •List of boxes
- •List of tables
Exploring Clean Energy Pathways: |
Abbreviations and acronyms |
The role of CO2 storage |
|
Abbreviations and acronyms
ASEAN |
Association for Southeast Asian Nations |
BCSA |
belite calcium sulphoaluminate |
BECCU |
bioenergy with carbon capture and use |
BECCS |
bioenergy with carbon capture and storage |
BF |
blast furnace |
BIGGC |
biomass integrated gasification combined-cycle |
BOF |
basic oxygen furnace |
CACS |
carbonation of calcium silicates |
CAPEX |
capital expenditure |
CCS |
carbon capture and storage |
CCU |
carbon capture and utilisation |
CCUS |
carbon capture, utilisation and storage |
CDR |
carbon dioxide removal |
CFB |
circulating fluidising bed |
CO |
carbon monoxide |
CO2 |
carbon dioxide |
CO2-EOR |
carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery |
CSA |
calcium sulphoaluminate |
CTS |
Clean Technology Scenario |
DACCS |
direct air carbon capture and storage |
DRI |
direct reduced iron |
EAF |
electric arc furnace |
EOR |
enhanced oil recovery |
ETP |
Energy Technology Perspectives |
FLH |
full load hours |
FT |
Fischer-Tropsch |
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Exploring Clean Energy Pathways:
The role of CO2 storage
H2 |
hydrogen |
HHV |
higher heating value |
IEA |
International Energy Agency |
IPCC |
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
LED |
light-emitting diode |
LCS |
Limited CO2 Storage scenario variant |
LHV |
lower heating value |
LPG |
liquefied petroleum gas |
MOMS |
magnesium oxide derived from magnesium silicates |
PC |
Portland cement |
PHCS |
prehydrated calcium silicates |
PLDV |
passenger light-duty vehicle |
PtG |
power-to-gas |
PtL |
power-to-liquids |
PV |
photovoltaic |
R&D |
research and development |
RD&D |
research, development and demonstration |
RTS |
Reference Technology Scenario |
SNG |
synthetic natural gas |
TRL |
technology readiness level |
UR |
utilisation rate |
USD |
United States dollar |
Units of measure
EJ |
exajoule |
g CO2/kWh |
gramme of carbon dioxide per kilowatt hour |
GJ |
gigajoule |
GJ/t |
gigajoule per tonne |
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Units of measure
IEA. All rights reserved.
Exploring Clean Energy Pathways: |
Abbreviations and acronyms |
The role of CO2 storage |
|
Gt |
gigatonne |
Gt CO2 |
gigatonne of carbon dioxide |
GW |
gigawatt |
GWh |
gigawatt hour |
kg |
kilogramme |
kgH2 |
kilogramme of hydrogen |
kt |
thousand tonnes |
kWe |
kilowatt electrical |
kWh/t |
kilowatt hour per tonne |
MBtu |
million British thermal units |
Mt |
million tonnes |
Mt CO2 |
million tonnes of CO2 |
MtH2 |
million tonnes of hydrogen |
MW |
megawatt |
MWe |
megawatt electrical |
MWh |
megawatt hour |
PJ |
petajoule |
pkm |
passenger kilometre |
PWh |
petawatt hour |
t |
tonne |
tCO2 |
tonne of CO2 |
TWh |
terawatt hour |
vkm |
vehicle kilometre |
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Exploring Clean Energy Pathways: |
Units of measure |
The role of CO2 storage |
|
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks under the direction of David Turk and Mechthild Wörsdörfer, in co-operation with other directorates and offices of the Agency.
The lead authors of this report were Araceli Fernandez Pales and Uwe Remme, with substantial input from Thomas Berly, Samantha McCulloch, Tristan Stanley, Tiffany Vass, Jacob Teter and Thibaut Abergel. The report benefited from valuable inputs and comments from other experts within the IEA, including Cecilia Tam, Cédric Philibert, Joe Ritchie, John Dulac, Laszlo Varro, Niels Berghout, Peter Levi, Simon Bennett, and Timur Gül.
Justin French-Brooks carried editorial responsibility. The IEA Communications and Digital Office assisted with editing and produced the final report and website materials, particularly Astrid Dumond, Katie Lazaro, Jad Mouawad and Therese Walsh. Diana Browne provided essential support to the peer review process.
Several experts from outside the IEA were consulted during the data and information collection process and reviewed the report. Their contributions were of great value. Those experts include: Andrew Purvis (World Steel Association), Anri Cohen (BP plc), Antonio Pflüger (German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy [BMWi]), Atsushi Kurosawa (Institute of Applied Energy), Dominique Copin (Total), Florian Ausfelder (DECHEMA), Henk Reimink (World Steel Association), Herib Blanco (University of Groningen), Isabela Butnar (University College London), Jean Theo Ghenda (EUROFER), Jean-Pierre Birat (IF Steelman), John Gale (IEAGHG), Jonathan Cullen (University of Cambridge), Kaoru Horie (Honda), Hui Li (Tongji University), Mariliis Lehtveer (Chalmers University of Technology), Michal Drewniok (University of Cambridge), Stefania Tron (Austrian Society for Environment and Technology [OGUT]), Stephane de la Rue du Can (Total), Stig Svenningsen (Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy), Todd Onderdonk (ExxonMobil), Wilfried Maas (Shell), Yuichiro Tanabe (Honda).
The work could not have been achieved without the support provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi).
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