operating these lines included the requirement for the buses to be emissions free. The Dutch manufacturer VDL provided the buses, which use a combination of fast charging during the day at terminals and depot charging at night with slow chargers. The Schiphol Group financed parts of the charging infrastructure. The fleet size will increase to about 260 vehicles by 2021 (Royal Schiphol Group, 2019). The Netherlands leads the market for electric buses in Europe, with projects such as the confirmed purchase of 159 battery electric buses and 22 fuel cell electric buses in Groningen and 23 battery electric buses in Leiden, making Leiden’s fleet all electric (IRIS Smart Cities, 2018; Morris, 2018).

Santiago de Chile and cities in Latin America

Electric buses arrived in Latin America in 2018 with the roll-out of 200 units in Santiago de Chile. This came after a fleet renewal negotiation that included 200 electric buses and 490 buses that comply with the Euro VI standard. BYD and Yutong, Chinese manufacturers, delivered 100 electric buses each. BYD buses deploy charging at two depots while Yutong buses charge at terminals. Three operators lease the buses from the energy companies Enel X and ENGIE which own the vehicles. The roll-out of electric buses in this region expands with the delivery of 20 battery electric buses to the city of Guayaquil (Ecuador) and confirmed order for 64 vehicles for Medellin (Colombia), both supplied by BYD (El Comercio, 2019; Field, 2019b).

Cities in India

Government funding for 390 electric buses made available in late 2017 under the first phase of the FAME scheme drove adoption of electric buses in India in 2018. (See Chapter 2, Supporting policies for information on the FAME scheme). The Government of India selected 11 cities with a population over 1 million to conduct tenders to obtain 390 electric buses for public transit systems. Cities were free to announce tenders either to purchase buses or to pay for their operation on a per kilometre basis for a certain period. Three domestic manufacturers (Tata Motors, Goldstone-BYD and Ashok Leyland) were selected (tender requirements excluded foreign OEMs), committing to deliver a total of 520 buses. Today Kolkata and Indore have electric buses in operation, with Kolkata buses using a combination of overnight slow charging and fast charging while fast charging is used in Indore (UITP, 2018).

Trucks

Stock and sales

The market for mediumand heavy-duty freight electric trucks was small in 2018 compared with other types of electric vehicles. An estimated 1 000-2 000 mediumand heavy-duty trucks were sold in 2018 in China, where the stock is likely to exceed 5 000 units.32 In Europe, a group of OEMs delivered electric medium-freight trucks to selected fleet operators for commercial

32 The range is due to limited accuracy and discrepancies across various data sources, and it is informed by information on the total of all commercial vehicle sales from the country submission and their distribution across LCVs, buses, minibuses, mediumand heavyduty trucks from other sources (D1EV, 2018; Find800, 2019; EV Volumes, 2019).

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