ANNEXES
ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations
In this report, abbreviations and acronyms are substituted for a number of terms used within the International Energy Agency. While these terms generally have been written out on first mention, this glossary provides a quick and central reference for the abbreviations used.
Acronyms and abbreviations
BEV |
battery-electric vehicles |
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BWR |
boiling water reactor |
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C |
Centigrade |
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CEM |
Clean Energy Ministerial |
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CHP |
combined production of heat and power |
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CO2 |
carbon dioxide |
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DC |
district cooling |
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DH |
district heating |
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DR |
demand restraint |
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DSO |
distribution system operator |
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EED |
Energy Efficiency Directive |
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ELD |
Energy Labelling Directive |
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EPBD |
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive |
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ERIP |
Energy Research and Innovation Programme |
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ETRDI |
energy technology research, development and innovation |
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ETS |
emissions trading scheme |
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EU |
European Union |
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EU-Sam |
Swedish strategy group for EU co-ordination |
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EV |
electric vehicle |
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FORMAS |
Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning |
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GDP |
gross domestic product |
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GHG |
greenhouse gas |
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HVDC |
high-voltage direct current |
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HVO |
hydrogenated vegetable oil |
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IAEA |
International Atomic Energy Agency |
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IEA |
International Energy Agency |
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LCOE |
levelised cost of electricity |
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INES |
International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale |
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LNG |
liquefied natural gas |
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LPG |
liquefied petroleum gas |
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LULUCF |
land use, land-use change, and forestry |
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MEE |
Ministry of the Environment and Energy |
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MI |
Mission Innovation |
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ANNEXES
IEA. All rights reserved.
ANNEXES |
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NAcP |
National Action Plan |
Nasdaq |
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations |
NPP |
nuclear power plant |
OECD |
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
PHEV |
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles |
PPP |
purchasing power parity |
PV |
photovoltaics |
PWR |
pressurised water reactor |
R&D |
research and development |
R&I |
research and innovation |
RD&D |
research, development and demonstration (or deployment) |
RD&I |
research, development and innovation |
RES-E |
renewable energy sources for electricity |
RSC |
Regional Security Co-ordinator |
SEA |
Swedish Energy Agency |
SEMI |
Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate |
SEPA |
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency |
SET |
Strategic Energy Technology |
SFL |
geological disposal facility |
SFR |
short-lived radioactive waste |
SME |
small and medium-sized enterprise |
SSM |
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority |
TFC |
total final consumption |
TPA |
third-party access |
TPES |
total primary energy supply |
TSO |
transmission system operator |
USD |
United States dollar |
Units of measure
bcm |
billion cubic metre |
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CO2-eq |
carbon dioxide equivalent |
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g |
gramme |
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gCO2 |
grammes of carbon dioxide |
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gCO2/km |
grammes of carbon dioxide per kilometre |
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GW |
gigawatt |
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GWh |
gigawatt hour |
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kb/d |
thousand barrels per day |
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kgCO2 |
kilogrammes of carbon dioxide |
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km |
kilometre |
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ktoe |
kilotonnes of oil equivalent |
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IEA. All rights reserved.
kV |
kilovolts |
kWh |
kilowatt hour |
kWh/m2 |
kilowatt hours per square metre |
m |
metre |
m3 |
cubic metre |
mb |
million barrels |
mcm |
million cubic metres |
mcm/d |
million cubic metres per day |
Mt |
million tonnes |
MtCO2 |
million tonnes of carbon dioxide |
MtCO2-eq |
million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent |
Mtoe |
million tonnes of oil equivalent |
MW |
megawatt |
MWe |
megawatts of electricity |
MWh |
megawatt hours |
MWhth |
thermal megawatt hour |
tCO2-eq |
tonne of CO2 equivalent |
toe |
tonnes of oil equivalent |
TWh |
terawatt hours |
USD/L |
US dollars/litre |
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ANNEXES
ANNEXES
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This publication reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect those of individual IEA member countries. The IEA makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, in respect of the publication’s contents (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible for any use of, or reliance on, the publication. Unless otherwise indicated, all material presented in figures and tables is derived from IEA data and analysis.
This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
IEA Publications
International Energy Agency
Website: www.iea.org
Contact information: www.iea.org/about/contact
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Sweden is leading the way towards a low-carbon society. In recent years, the country has adopted an energy and climate framework with ambitious long term and interim goals, including a target of 100%
renewable energy in electricity generation by 2040. In this review of Sweden’s energy policies, the International Energy Agency (IEA) looks at how the
country is managing its energy transition, as well as how this transition affects energy security.
Sweden’s electricity system – based on nuclear, hydro and a growing share of wind power – is nearly fossil free. The country, which is well interconnected with its neighbours, has become a large net exporter of electricity. However, the power sector faces uncertainty from the likely phase out of nuclear within the next few decades. The challenge will be to maintain stability while more variable forms of renewable energy enter the system to replace nuclear power.
Sweden’s energy policies give preference to technology neutral measures and market mechanisms, with the aim to reduce emissions in a cost effective way. Carbon taxation in particular has been an effective driver of decarbonisation, and Sweden has showed that high environmental taxes can be combined with sustained economic growth. As the electricity and heat supply is largely decarbonised, the main challenge for Sweden
is to reduce emissions in the transport sector, which gets special attention in the review.
In this report, the IEA provides recommendations for further improvements of Sweden’s energy policy to help the country continue to transform its
energy sectors in a secure, affordable and environmentally sustainable manner.
ENERGY
POLICIES OF IEA COUNTRIES
Sweden
2019 Review