9. OIL AND BIOFUELS
Biodiesel has the advantage that it can be used directly in the existing infrastructure to replace fossil diesel.
The main types of biodiesel used are fatty acid methyl ester and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO). In recent years, HVO has become the dominant liquid biofuel in Sweden, mainly supplied through imports. In 2017, biodiesel net imports accounted for 75% of the total supply of liquid biofuels in Sweden.
The growth in biofuels use is a result of a dedicated policy, which rests on several measures, such as tax exemptions and blending obligations. More generally, the government targets a fossil-independent transport sector by 2030.
Figure 9.5 Liquid biofuels supply, 2013-17
1 400 |
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Biogasoline and other liquid biofuels |
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Biodiesel |
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The total supply of liquid biofuels has increased rapidly in recent years, led by a significant growth in imports of biodiesel (mainly HVO).
Note: ktoe = kilotonnes of oil equivalent.
Source: IEA (2019 forthcoming), World Energy Balances 2019 preliminary edition, www.iea.org/statistics/.
Infrastructure
Refineries
Sweden has three refineries and two plants focused on petrochemicals. Their total capacity stands at 463 thousand barrels per day (kb/d). Four of the facilities are on the west coast and one on the east coast.
Preem operates the two largest ones, in Lysekil and in Gothenburg. Lysekil is Scandinavia’s largest refinery, distilling 11.4 Mt of crude per year (228 k/bd). In total, Preem has around 80% of the total refining capacity in Sweden. St1 operates the thirdlargest refinery, also located in Gothenburg, and Nynas Refining operates the two smaller refineries, which specialise in bitumen and lubricants, one of them in Gothenburg and the other one in Nynäshamn, south of Stockholm.
The refineries are able to meet domestic demand in all product categories except for kerosene, LPG, ethane and naphtha. In 2016, the country’s refined product output averaged 413 kb/d. and the average capacity utilisation rate was 89%. The detailed composition of production in 2016 is shown in Figure 9.7.
134
IEA. All rights reserved.
9. OIL AND BIOFUELS
Figure 9.6 Map of Sweden’s oil infrastructure |
ENERGY SECURITY |
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Note: Russia = Russian Federation. km = kilometre. |
reserved. |
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IEA. |
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