4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Figure 4.7 TFC in residential and commercial sectors by source, 1973-2017

Electricity, DH and biofuels have replaced oil heating in the residential and commercial sectors, and fossil fuels account for only 5% of energy consumption.

* Negligible.

Note: The commercial sector includes commercial and public services, agriculture, forestry and fishing. Source: IEA (2019 forthcoming), World Energy Balances 2019 preliminary edition, www.iea.org/statistics/.

Figure 4.8 Residential energy intensity, 2000-16

Indexed 2000 = 1

1.2

Total intensity per dwelling

1

Space heating per floor area

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

More efficient heating technologies and stricter energy performance standards have helped reduce energy intensity for space heating.

Source: IEA (2018), Energy Efficiency Indicators Highlights 2018, https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2407?fileName=Energy_Efficiency_Indicators_2018_Highlights.pdf.

Regulatory framework

As a member of the European Union, Sweden transposes EU directives into national legislation. Directives on energy efficiency are the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), the Ecodesign Directive and the Energy Labelling Directive (ELD). Furthermore, the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), which forces large heat and power plants and heavy industry to limit their CO2 emissions, can help increase energy efficiency in those sectors. This section briefly presents the EU regulations, after which the Swedish policies and measures are discussed.

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4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The Energy Efficiency Directive

The 2012 EED (2012/27/EU) establishes a set of binding measures to help the European Union reach its 2020 energy efficiency target. The target is defined as a 20% reduction of energy consumption (in primary and final energy) compared to the business-as-usual projections (EPRS, 2015). In a number of articles, the EED requires EU member countries to:

Article 3: Set energy efficiency targets, based on primary or final energy consumption, primary or final energy savings, or energy intensity.

Articles 4 and 5: Present national building renovation strategies and measures for improving energy efficiency in public buildings.

Article 6: Ensure that central governments purchase only products, services and buildings with high energy efficiency performance.

Article 7: Require energy companies to save at least 1.5% of annual energy sales to final consumers, or implement other measures that achieve the same savings, such as improving the efficiency of heating systems and thermal performance of buildings.

Article 8: Require large companies to regularly audit their energy consumption to identify ways to reduce it. National incentives should support energy audits also for small and medium-sized enterprises.

A recast of the EED is expected to come into force by early 2019. It will include a binding target of 32.5% energy savings compared to a reference case, with a clause for an upwards revision by 2023. It will also extend the annual energy-saving obligation beyond 2020 (EC, 2018).

Other EU directives on energy efficiency

The EPBD (2010/31/EU) requires all new buildings to be nearly zero energy from the end of 2020. New public buildings must be nearly zero energy from the end of 2018. In accordance with the directive, EU countries have to draw up national plans to increase the number of nearly zero-energy buildings. A recast of the 2010 EPBD came into force in 2018 [Directive (EU) 2018/844]. It aims to accelerate the cost-effective renovation of buildings and decarbonise the national building stocks by 2050. For this, EU member countries will have to adopt stronger long-term renovation strategies.

Other important EU Directives are the Ecodesign Directive (2009/125/EC) and the ELD (2010/30/EU), which from 2017 is being gradually replaced by a new regulation [(EU) 2017/1369]. The Ecodesign Directive aims to improve the energy efficiency throughout the life cycle of products that have an impact on energy consumption, such as household appliances and building components. Based on the directive, EU regulations set productspecific standards. The ELD expands the mandatory labelling requirement from household appliances to cover commercial and industrial appliances as well as energyrelated appliances.

National institutions

The national energy efficiency policy is decided by the government and implemented by the National Board for Housing, Building and Planning (NBHBP) and the Swedish Energy Agency (SEA).

The government has set energy efficiency targets for 2020 and 2030. It decides on energy and CO2 taxation, which are fundamental to improve Sweden’s energy efficiency

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