
- •Foreword
- •Table of Contents
- •List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
- •Figures
- •Boxes
- •Tables
- •The 2016 Framework Agreement on Energy Policy
- •Moving to a fully renewables-based electricity system
- •Targeting energy efficiency
- •Ensuring oil and gas security
- •Key recommendations
- •2. General energy policy
- •Country overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Primary energy supply
- •Energy consumption is relatively stable
- •Main institutions
- •Policy
- •2016 Energy Agreement
- •2017 Climate Policy Framework
- •2019 January Agreement
- •Long-term scenarios
- •Demand
- •Supply
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •3. Energy, climate change and transport
- •Overview
- •Climate policy framework
- •The EU climate framework
- •Sweden’s new National Climate Framework
- •The climate targets
- •The Climate Act
- •The Climate Policy Council
- •Climate investment support programme – Climate Leap
- •Transport emissions and policies
- •Energy consumption in transport
- •Policies introduced to reduce emissions from road transport
- •Emission reduction obligation
- •The bonus-malus system (“feebate”) within light-vehicle taxation
- •National transport infrastructure plan 2018-29
- •Energy efficiency in transport
- •Electromobility
- •EV market
- •EV infrastructure and charging
- •Other types of electrified transport
- •Assessment
- •Transport emissions in focus for new targets and policy
- •Electric vehicles require new infrastructure
- •Sweden should keep a broad approach to transport policy
- •Recommendations
- •4. Energy efficiency
- •Overview
- •Energy intensity per capita and GDP
- •Energy intensity target
- •Energy consumption by sector
- •Industry sector consumption
- •Residential and commercial consumption
- •Regulatory framework
- •The Energy Efficiency Directive
- •Other EU directives on energy efficiency
- •National institutions
- •National policies and measures
- •Policies for energy efficiency in buildings
- •Performance standards for new buildings
- •Support for the increased energy efficiency of rental houses
- •Tax reduction for renovations
- •Increased competence in energy-efficient building techniques
- •Policies for energy efficiency in industry
- •Public procurement for energy efficiency
- •Assessment
- •Sweden is on track to meet its energy intensity targets
- •Sectoral strategies should align with the intensity target
- •Buildings remain an important area for energy efficiency
- •Recommendations
- •5. Heat and district heating
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Heat sources in buildings
- •DH supply
- •Co-generation in DH
- •District cooling
- •DH markets and regulation
- •The liberalised DH market
- •DH prices
- •The “Price Dialogue”
- •Market development
- •Future heat demand
- •Future fuel supply
- •Integration of heat and power systems
- •Assessment
- •Biomass and waste has decarbonised district heating
- •The price dialogue brings more transparency on the market
- •District heating is facing changing market conditions
- •Recommendations
- •6. Energy technology research, development and demonstration
- •Overview
- •Strategies and programmes
- •Research areas in more detail
- •Sustainable power system and renewable energy resources
- •Bioenergy
- •Transport system
- •Industrial processes
- •Buildings in the energy system
- •General energy system studies with social and interdisciplinary perspectives
- •Business development and commercialisation
- •Sustainable society
- •International partnerships
- •Funding
- •Monitoring and evaluation
- •International collaboration
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •7. Electricity
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Electricity generation and trade are increasing
- •Large increase in wind power capacity projected to continue
- •Electricity consumption is stable
- •Institutions and legal framework
- •Institutions
- •A liberalised low-carbon energy-only market
- •Support for renewable electricity
- •The electricity certificate system
- •Wind power licensing and siting
- •Small-scale renewables receive additional support
- •Transmission and distribution networks
- •Transmission
- •Congestion management
- •Cross-border connections
- •Cross-border TSO collaboration
- •Distribution
- •Allocation of grid connection costs
- •Generation
- •Market design
- •Wholesale market
- •Nordic balancing market
- •Retail market and prices
- •Security of supply
- •Strategic reserve
- •Regional security collaboration
- •Assessment
- •Wholesale electricity market
- •Security of supply
- •Retail market
- •Increasing renewable electricity supply
- •Recommendations
- •8. Nuclear energy
- •Overview
- •Nuclear policy
- •Taxation
- •Institutions
- •Nuclear safety
- •Incidents of note
- •Fuel cycle, waste management and decommissioning
- •Front end of the fuel cycle
- •Waste management: Very-low, low and intermediate waste
- •Waste management: High-level waste
- •Decommissioning
- •Funding
- •Communication to stakeholders
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •9. Oil and biofuels
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Oil consumption is declining
- •Sweden imports all its crude oil; oil products are net export
- •Biofuels have rapidly increased, mostly through imports
- •Infrastructure
- •Refineries
- •Ports
- •Storage
- •Retail market and prices
- •Security of supply
- •Emergency response policy
- •Emergency stocks
- •Compliance and monitoring
- •Drawdown procedures
- •Demand restraint
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •10. Natural gas and biogas
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Support for biogas production
- •Regulatory framework
- •Infrastructure
- •Industry and market structure
- •Prices
- •Security of supply
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •ANNEX A: Organisations visited
- •Review criteria
- •Review team and preparation of the report
- •Organisation visited
- •ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data
- •Footnotes to energy balances and key statistical data
- •ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals”
- •ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure

3. ENERGY, CLIMATE CHANGE AND TRANSPORT
A short-term effect of the bonus-malus system is visible in recent sales figures for Swedish cars. In June 2018, the month before the policy was implemented, the sales of gasoline and diesel cars roughly doubled (Figure 3.13). After the introduction of the new taxation, overall car sales plummeted in July. Electric vehicles (EVs), supported by the bonus system, are on an increasing trend; EV sales in the fourth quarter 2018 were 60% above the same period 2017. However, it is yet premature to evaluate the long-term effects of the bonus-malus system on the Swedish vehicle fleet.
Figure 3.13 Monthly car registrations per engine type, May 2017 to Dec 2018
35000 |
Gasoline |
|
30000 |
||
Diesel |
||
25000 |
||
Other* |
||
20000 |
EVs |
|
15000 |
|
|
10000 |
|
|
5000 |
|
|
0 |
|
The new bonus-malus system strongly impacted new car sales in the months before and after the introduction.
* Others includes biofuel vehicles and hybrids other than plug-in hybrids.
Source: Bil Sweden (2018), Nyregistreringar (New Car Registrations), www.bilsweden.se/statistik/nyregistreringar.
National transport infrastructure plan 2018-29
Every four years, Sweden updates its national transport infrastructure plan for the next twelve years. In June 2018, the government presented the new infrastructure plan for the years 2018-29. The total budget is SEK 622.5 billion, around 20% more than in the previous plan for the period 2014-25. The allocated state budget is complemented with an additional SEK 90 billion collected from congestion taxes, railway fees and sponsors (Ministry for Enterprise and Innovation, 2018).
Maintenance of the existing infrastructure receives nearly half of the state transport budget: 26% for road maintenance and 20% for railways. The rest of the budget is for developing new transport systems, which includes high-speed railways. Furthermore, as part of the plan, the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) provides SEK 1 billion per year to the Urban Environment Agreements for investments in public transport and cycling infrastructures at the regional and local level. The budget also includes SEK 8 billion for research and development.
Energy efficiency in transport
Increased energy efficiency can provide emission reductions in the transport sector and complement the effects from fuel switching. A modal shift from cars to public transportation is one way to improve the overall energy efficiency in transport. Sweden supports investments in the public transport and cycling infrastructure at the regional and local level through the Urban Environment Agreements. For 2018-20, the government also allocated SEK 150 million to stimulate the transfer of freight transport by road to transport by shipping in an Ecobonus system.
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