
- •Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •Figures
- •Tables
- •Boxes
- •1. Executive summary
- •Energy system transformation
- •Special focus 1: The cost-effectiveness of climate measures
- •Special focus 2: The Electricity Market Reform
- •Special focus 3: Maintaining energy security
- •Key recommendations
- •2. General energy policy
- •Country overview
- •Institutions
- •Supply and demand trends
- •Primary energy supply
- •Energy production
- •Energy consumption
- •Energy policy framework
- •Energy and climate taxes and levies
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •3. Energy and climate change
- •Overview
- •Emissions
- •GHG emissions
- •Projections
- •Institutions
- •Climate change mitigation
- •Emissions targets
- •Clean Growth Strategy
- •The EU Emissions Trading System
- •Low-carbon electricity support schemes
- •Climate Change Levy
- •Coal phase-out
- •Energy efficiency
- •Low-carbon technologies
- •Adaptation to climate change
- •Legal and institutional framework
- •Evaluation of impacts and risks
- •Response measures
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •4. Renewable energy
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Renewable energy in the TPES
- •Electricity from renewable energy
- •Heat from renewable energy
- •Institutions
- •Policies and measures
- •Targets and objectives
- •Electricity from renewable energy sources
- •Heat from renewable energy
- •Renewable Heat Incentive
- •Renewable energy in transport
- •Assessment
- •Electricity
- •Transport
- •Heat
- •Recommendations
- •5. Energy efficiency
- •Overview
- •Total final energy consumption
- •Energy intensity
- •Overall energy efficiency progress
- •Institutional framework
- •Energy efficiency data and monitoring
- •Regulatory framework
- •Energy Efficiency Directive
- •Other EU directives
- •Energy consumption trends, efficiency, and policies
- •Residential and commercial
- •Buildings
- •Heat
- •Transport
- •Industry
- •Assessment
- •Appliances
- •Buildings and heat
- •Transport
- •Industry and business
- •Public sector
- •Recommendations
- •6. Nuclear
- •Overview
- •New nuclear construction and power market reform
- •UK membership in Euratom and Brexit
- •Waste management and decommissioning
- •Research and development
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •7. Energy technology research, development and demonstration
- •Overview
- •Energy research and development strategy and priorities
- •Institutions
- •Funding on energy
- •Public spending
- •Energy RD&D programmes
- •Private funding and green finance
- •Monitoring and evaluation
- •International collaboration
- •International energy innovation funding
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •8. Electricity
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Electricity supply and generation
- •Electricity imports
- •Electricity consumption
- •Institutional and regulatory framework
- •Wholesale market design
- •Network regulation
- •Towards a low-carbon electricity sector
- •Carbon price floor
- •Contracts for difference
- •Emissions performance standards
- •A power market for business and consumers
- •Electricity retail market performance
- •Smart grids and meters
- •Supplier switching
- •Consumer engagement and vulnerable consumers
- •Demand response (wholesale and retail)
- •Security of electricity supply
- •Legal framework and institutions
- •Network adequacy
- •Generation adequacy
- •The GB capacity market
- •Short-term electricity security
- •Emergency response reserves
- •Flexibility of the power system
- •Assessment
- •Wholesale electricity markets and decarbonisation
- •Retail electricity markets for consumers and business
- •The transition towards a smart and flexible power system
- •Recommendations
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Production, import, and export
- •Oil consumption
- •Retail market and prices
- •Infrastructure
- •Refining
- •Pipelines
- •Ports
- •Storage capacity
- •Oil security
- •Stockholding regime
- •Demand restraint
- •Assessment
- •Oil upstream
- •Oil downstream
- •Recommendations
- •10. Natural gas
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Domestic gas production
- •Natural gas imports and exports
- •Largest gas consumption in heat and power sector
- •Natural gas infrastructure
- •Cross-border connection and gas pipelines
- •Gas storage
- •Liquefied natural gas
- •Policy framework and markets
- •Gas regulation
- •Wholesale gas market
- •Retail gas market
- •Security of gas supply
- •Legal framework
- •Adequacy of gas supply and demand
- •Short-term security and emergency response
- •Supply-side measures
- •Demand-side measures
- •Gas quality
- •Recent supply disruptions
- •Interlinkages of the gas and electricity systems
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •ANNEX A: Organisations visited
- •Review criteria
- •Review team and preparation of the report
- •Organisations visited
- •ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data
- •Footnotes to energy balances and key statistical data
- •ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals”
- •ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure

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TABLE OF CONTENTS |
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7.1 |
The United Kingdom’s institutional structure for public RD&D............................ |
117 |
7.2 |
Government energy RD&D spending by category, 2011-17............................... |
118 |
7.3 |
Public energy RD&D spending as a ratio of GDP in IEA countries, 2017 .......... |
118 |
8.1 |
Electricity generation by source, 1973-2017 ....................................................... |
130 |
8.2 |
Electricity supply by source, 2017 ....................................................................... |
130 |
8.3 |
Electricity generation by source in IEA countries, 2017...................................... |
131 |
8.4 |
Electricity imports and exports by country, 1990-2017 ....................................... |
132 |
8.5 |
Monthly electricity generation by source, 2015-17.............................................. |
132 |
8.6 |
Electricity consumption (TFC) by consuming sector, 1973-2017 ....................... |
133 |
8.7 |
Electricity Market Reform .................................................................................... |
134 |
8.8 |
Electricity transmission networks in the United Kingdom.................................... |
137 |
8.9CO2 intensity of power and heat generation in the United Kingdom and in
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other selected IEA member countries, 2007-17.................................................. |
141 |
8.10 UK coal sector, 2018........................................................................................... |
144 |
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8.11 Electricity prices in GB, day-ahead baseload monthly average, 2010-18.......... |
146 |
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8.12 Industry and household electricity prices in IEA countries, 2017 ....................... |
146 |
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8.13 Electricity prices in selected IEA countries, 1973-2017...................................... |
147 |
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8.14 New build capacity by fuel and technology in T-4 CM auctions ......................... |
152 |
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9.1 |
Share of oil in different energy metrics, 1977-2017 ............................................ |
168 |
9.2 |
Crude oil supply by source, 1973-2017............................................................... |
169 |
9.3 |
Crude oil imports by country, 1978-2017 ............................................................ |
169 |
9.4 |
Oil product imports and exports by country, 1978-2017 ..................................... |
170 |
9.5 |
Oil consumption by sector, 1977-2017................................................................ |
170 |
9.6 |
Oil demand by product, 2007 and 2017 .............................................................. |
171 |
9.7 |
Oil fuel prices in IEA member countries, Q4 2018 .............................................. |
172 |
9.8 |
UK refinery output, 2017...................................................................................... |
174 |
9.9 |
Map of oil infrastructure ....................................................................................... |
176 |
10.1Share of natural gas in production, TPES, electricity mix, and total final
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energy consumption, 1977-2017......................................................................... |
182 |
10.2 |
Natural gas supply by source, 1973-2017........................................................... |
182 |
10.3 |
Natural gas imports and exports by country, 1990-2017 .................................... |
184 |
10.4 |
Gas consumption by sector, 1973-2017.............................................................. |
184 |
10.5 |
United Kingdom natural gas infrastructure.......................................................... |
186 |
10.6Total Great Britain gas in storage, 2016 and 2017, compared to the prior
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six year (6Y) average........................................................................................... |
188 |
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10.7 Natural gas price trends in selected IEA member countries, 1990-2018 ........... |
191 |
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10.8 Natural gas prices in IEA member countries, 2017............................................. |
192 |
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10.9 Gas supply and demand on a cold day and on a 1-in-20 peak gas day............. |
194 |
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10.10 UK gas demand, 15 February to 15 March 2018................................................ |
196 |
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10.11 UK system average price (SAP), 15 February to 15 March 2018 ...................... |
197 |
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Tables |
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2.1 |
Devolved administration......................................................................................... |
19 |
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4.1 |
Key RHI statistics (data to end of August 2018).................................................... |
65 |
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4.2 |
RHI budget and committed spend (GBP million) ................................................... |
68 |
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5.1 |
Overview of energy efficiency measures in the United Kingdom [TWh]................ |
85 |
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5.2 |
Seven industrial decarbonisation and energy efficiency action plans ................... |
95 |
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6.1 |
Nuclear new build projects in the United Kingdom ............................................. |
106 |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
IEA. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.1The United Kingdom’s investments (GBP million) in clean growth technology
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2015-21................................................................................................................ |
119 |
8.1 |
Interconnectors of the United Kingdom................................................................ |
139 |
8.2 |
Installed electricity-generating capacity, 1995-2016 (MW).................................. |
140 |
8.3 |
Operational and closed coal plants in the United Kingdom ................................. |
142 |
8.4 |
Ownership structure of generation (2016) ........................................................... |
143 |
8.5 |
Evolution of peak demand (GW).......................................................................... |
151 |
8.6 |
Cumulative new capacity (GW) for all power producers by fuel type .................. |
151 |
8.7 |
Interruptions and customer minutes lost in distribution networks........................ |
154 |
10.1 UK operating gas storage sites, 2018.................................................................. |
188 |
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Boxes |
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3.1 |
Climate Change Committee’s recommendations at a glance................................. |
42 |
3.2 |
The UK climate policy and Brexit ............................................................................ |
44 |
3.3 |
EV market development.......................................................................................... |
46 |
4.1 |
Renewable energy for communities........................................................................ |
64 |
4.2 |
Industrial aspects of renewable energy policy ........................................................ |
66 |
5.1 |
Housing stock in the United Kingdom ..................................................................... |
88 |
7.1 |
Carbon capture, usage, and storage.................................................................... |
121 |
7.2 |
International leadership on innovation ................................................................. |
123 |
8.1Overview of the United Kingdom’s RIIO performance-based regulatory
framework............................................................................................................. |
138 |
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IEA. All rights reserved.