- •Foreword
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of contents
- •Executive summary
- •Introduction
- •Purpose and scope
- •Structure of the report
- •Definitions
- •Classification of rail transport services
- •Key parameters
- •Data sources
- •References
- •1. Status of rail transport
- •Highlights
- •Introduction
- •Rail transport networks
- •Urban rail network
- •Conventional rail network for passenger and freight services
- •High-speed rail network
- •Rail transport activity
- •Passenger rail
- •Urban rail
- •Conventional and high-speed rail
- •Freight rail
- •What shapes rail transport?
- •Passenger rail
- •Freight rail
- •Rail transport and the energy sector
- •Energy demand from rail transport
- •Energy intensity of rail transport services
- •GHG emissions and local pollutants
- •Well-to-wheel GHG emissions in rail transport
- •Additional emissions: Looking at rail from a life-cycle perspective
- •High-speed rail
- •Urban rail
- •Freight rail
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Rail network developments
- •Rail transport activity
- •Passenger rail
- •Urban rail
- •Conventional and high-speed rail
- •Freight rail
- •Implications for energy demand
- •Implications for GHG emissions and local pollutants
- •Direct CO2 emissions
- •Well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •Emissions of local pollutants
- •References
- •3. High Rail Scenario: Unlocking the Benefits of Rail
- •Highlights
- •Introduction
- •Motivations for increasing the role of rail transport
- •Urban rail
- •Conventional and high-speed rail
- •Freight rail
- •Trends in the High Rail Scenario
- •Main assumptions
- •Rail network developments in the High Rail Scenario
- •Rail transport activity
- •Passenger rail in the High Rail Scenario
- •Urban rail
- •Conventional and high-speed rail
- •Freight rail in the High Rail Scenario
- •Implications for energy demand
- •Implications for GHG emissions and local pollutants
- •Direct CO2 emissions in the High Rail Scenario
- •Well-to-wheel GHG emissions
- •Investment requirements in the High Rail Scenario
- •Fuel expenditure
- •Policy opportunities to promote rail
- •Passenger rail
- •Urban rail
- •Conventional and high-speed rail
- •Freight rail
- •Conclusions
- •4. Focus on India
- •Highlights
- •Introduction
- •Status of rail transport
- •Passenger rail
- •Urban rail
- •Conventional passenger rail
- •High-speed rail
- •Freight rail
- •Dedicated freight corridors
- •Rail transport energy demand and emissions
- •Energy demand from rail transport
- •GHG emissions and local pollutants
- •Outlook for rail to 2050
- •Outlook for rail in the Base Scenario
- •Context
- •Trends in the Base Scenario
- •Passenger rail
- •Freight rail
- •Implications for energy demand
- •Implications for GHG and local pollutant emissions
- •Outlook for rail in the High Rail Scenario
- •Key assumptions
- •Trends in the High Rail Scenario
- •Passenger and freight rail activity
- •Implications for energy demand
- •Implications for GHG and local pollutant emissions
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
- •Glossary
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved. |
The Future of Rail |
|
Opportunities for energy and the environment |
|
|
Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
Acronyms and abbreviations
ASEAN |
Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
Page | 165 |
BRT |
Bus rapid transit systems |
|
DB |
Deutsche Bahn |
|
CO |
Carbon monoxide |
|
DFC |
Dedicated freight corridor |
|
DFCCIL |
Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited |
|
DEMU |
Diesel-electric multiple unit |
|
EMU |
Electric multiple unit |
|
ERTMS |
European Railway Traffic Management System |
|
ERS |
High Rail Scenario |
|
EU |
European Union |
|
FS |
Ferrovie dello Stato |
|
GDP |
Gross domestic product |
|
GHG |
Greenhouse gases |
|
GoA |
Grades of automation |
|
HS |
High speed |
|
HSR |
High-speed rail |
|
ICAO |
International Civil Aviation Organization |
|
ICE |
Internal combustion engine |
|
IEA |
International Energy Agency |
|
IIASA |
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis |
|
IMO |
International Maritime Organization |
|
INR |
Indian rupee |
|
ITDP |
Institute of Transportation and Development Policy |
|
JICA |
Japan International Cooperation Agency |
|
LCA |
Life-cycle assessment |
|
MaaS |
Mobility as a service |
|
MAHSR |
Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail |
|
Page | 166
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
The Future of Rail |
IEA 2019. All rights reserved. |
Opportunities for energy and the environment |
|
|
|
MoHUA |
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (India) |
MoRTH |
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India) |
MoMo |
Mobility model (IEA) |
MoR |
Ministry of Railways (India) |
NDC |
Nationally Determined Contributions |
NHSRCL |
National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited (India) |
NOx |
Nitrogen oxides |
O&M |
Operation and maintenance |
OECD |
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
PM |
Particulate matter |
PPP |
Purchasing power parity |
PV |
Photovoltaic |
REC |
Renewable energy certificates |
SHAKTI |
Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala |
SNCF |
Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français |
SPV |
Special purpose vehicles |
TERI |
The Energy and Resource Institute |
TTW |
Tank-to-wheel |
TPWS |
Train Protection Warning Systems |
TCAS |
Train Collision Avoidance Systems |
TGV |
Train Grand Vitesse |
UIC |
International Union of Railways |
UITP |
International Union of Public Transport |
USD |
United States Dollar |
WHO |
World Health Organization |
WTT |
Well-to-tank |
WTW |
Well-to-wheel |
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
The Future of Rail
Opportunities for energy and the environment
Units of measure
g CO2 |
grammes of carbon dioxide |
|
g CO2-equivalent |
grammes of carbon-dioxide equivalent |
|
g CO2/km |
grammes of carbon dioxide per kilometre |
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Page | 167 |
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Gt |
gigatonne |
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GW |
gigawatt |
|
GWh |
gigawatt-hour |
|
kt |
kilotonnes |
|
kW |
kilowatt |
|
kWh |
kilowatt-hour |
|
Lde |
Litre diesel equivalent |
|
Lge |
Litre gasoline equivalent |
|
mb/d |
million barrels of oil per day |
|
Mt |
million tonnes |
|
Mt CO2-eq |
million tonnes of CO2 equivalent |
|
Mtoe |
million tonnes of oil equivalent |
|
MW |
megawatt |
|
t CO2-eq |
tonnes of CO2 equivalent |
|
toe |
tonne of oil equivalent |
|
TWh |
terawatt-hour |
|
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.