Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

книги / 364

.pdf
Скачиваний:
1
Добавлен:
07.06.2023
Размер:
1.79 Mб
Скачать

,Qna o n p e A e n e H u R

CTPYKTYP~I K p H c T a n n w e c K P i x T e n

~ c n o n b 3 y mn~~ @ p a ~ -

UHOHHbIe MeTOAbI . B IIMX HCnOJIb3YIOTCR

BOJIHOBbIe C B O ~ C T BPi3nY9eHMII~ M nOTO-

K a YaCTMU 3 n e K T p O H O B H H ~ ~ T P O H O BOHM,

OCHOBaHbI H a U 3 M e p e H H H 3aBUCHMOCTH

HHTeHCMBHOCTH P a C C e R H H O r O H3JlyYf2HkIR OT yrna paCCeXHUX. C O O T H O L U ~ H MM~e X -

A y n n ~ l ~ o Bf Oi n H b I H PaCCTOXHUeM M e X A y PaCCeHBaIOUMMPi a T O M a M U h 5 r O n p e -

A e n X e T M C n O n b 3 y e M b I ~JJIHHb1

B O n H A 0 0,25 HM. P ~ H T ~ ~ H O BJ i yCs MK, nM0 n~y Y a e -

M b I e I3 P e H T r e H O B C K H X rpy6~ax,WMeK)T AJIHHbI BOJIH n 0 p X A t i a 0,07 - 0,2 HM, 3 n e K -

T P O H H b I e IIYZIKM - 0,005 HM,

UOTOKH H ~ ~ ~ T P O H -O B0,15 HM. Haa6onee C H n b H O

p a c c e u B a m T c x 3 n e t i r p o ~ b 1 ,cna6ee B e e r o H ~ ~ T ~ O ~HO ~~ IT ,O Mp Ye ~ ~ i - e ~ o r p a H@ ~ m

H ~ ~ T ~ o H o ~ ~ @MCIJOJIb3yIoTI O

n n R HCCJIeAOBaHHX KpHCT&?JIOB H A p y r M X KOHJeFl-

CPiPOBaHHbIX B e w e C T B .

~ J I ~ K T ~ o H o ~ ~ ~ n@pUUMIe HO X i O T

M3YYeHMR TOFIKMX

IIJIeHOK, ~ O B ~ ~ X H

OH Cr aT3 O~B .~ , & @ P ~ K ~ M O H H ~MeTOAblI ~

n 0 3 B O n R K ) T MCCneAO-

B a T b C T p y K T y p y H J ( e 4 e I C ~ b i K p U C T a n n M Y e C K O r O CTPOeHUH Y n b T ~ a A M C l I e P C H b I XM a -

TeplIEillOB, p a 3 M e p H @ 0 p M y o6nac~etiK O r e p e H T H O r O

PaCCeRHHR ?iUX n e @ O p ~ a -

UHH. P e n r n z e ~ o s c ~ uctm p y ~ m y p ~ b innnnrwu OTHOCMTCX K ~ a ~ i i o n epacnpoe

-

C T P a H e H H b l M M e T O f l a M

a H i t 7 H 3 a yJIb'Ipa)lHCIIepCHbIX

MaTepMFLrlOB, ~ O ~ ~ U I M H C T B O

p a 6 o ~ ,nOCBRIQeHHbIX HCCJIeAOBaHHRM HX C U H T e 3 a Pi XapaKTepUCTMK, BKJ1109aIOT

A a H H b I e p e H T r e H O C T p Y K T Y P H O r O II ~ ~ H T ~ ~ H o I $ ~ ~ o B o I a' Ho a J l H 3 a . O X a p a ~ T e p M 3 y e ~ KPaTKO MeTOJ P e H T r e H O C T P Y K T ~ P H O r Oa H a j i P i 3 a H er0 B03MOjl(IiOCTM.

B ~ ~ M M O A ~ G C T pBe HT~Y e H O B C K O r 0 Pi3JlyseHMX C BeUleCTBOM, 06nanatoruu~

KpHCTtUJlM.ieCKMM

C T p O e H U e M , COISpOBO>K~aeTCRO T p a X e H H e M peHT1-eHOBCKPiX JJY-

yeB, n p a B o , q a w k i M

K n ~ @ p a ~ u uKa p.U c ~ a . r I n ~ . i e c ~ a HC T p y K T y p a . r s e p A o r o T e n a RB-

JIXeTCX I I ~ O C T ~ ~ H C T B A~ MH@HPO~K~~~M O H H O GP ~ U I ~ T K OCOOTB~TCTBYWUI~R.AM-

@ ~ ~ K ~ H O HK Ha p ~T HXH a OIIpeAenXeTCR BPiAOM CMMMeTPPiH P e m e T K M .

~ ~ ~ A C T ~ KpHCTWlJIBM B B U A e CUCTeM nap&SJIeJlbHbIX

F I J ~ 0 c ~ 0 c ~ e3fe pi K, a J l b -

HO O T p a X a f O ~ E I X I l a A a K ) U H e H a HHX BOJIHbI. Anrr BO3HPiKHOBeHIIH A I I @ P ~ K ~ I I O H -

HblX MaKCHMYMOB

H ~ O ~ X O A H M OY, T O ~ ~BOJIHbI, O T p a X a e M b I e BCeMM nEipZiJlnenb-

HbIMU IIJIOCKOCTHMH, YCUJIUBaJlM A P Y r A p y r ' a n p I I H H T ~ ~ @ ~ ~ ~ H UTOH HYCJIOBUe.

BbIIIOnHReTCX IIpM O n p e A e n e H H O M 3 H a 9 e H M U yrna naAeHMR

8, CBR3aHMOTO C JJJIU-

refirepa).

K a m ~ a xu 3 n n o c ~ o c ~oeTl p a x a e T na,qammwR n y s non O ~ H H Mu TeM x e yr-

nOM 8. 3n? OTpZiXeHHbIe n)rs%i ~ ~ H T ~ P @ ~ P H P YMI Oe XTA y c o 6 o i i . C H n b H b ~ kBTOPHY- ~ b l f Wi Z I M O X e T B03HHKHYTb TOnbKO B TOM C n P a e , eCJIM IIjYkI, O T p a X e H H b I e OT

BCeX ~

~ O C K O C T~ ~M ~~ ~ C 6T By ~~, paCnpOCTpaHXTbCRy ~

B o , ~ ~ H@3eo ~. P U H O C T ~

xona M e x n y n y s a M a A o n m H a P a e H x T b c r r

q e n o M y sacny AnHH

B o n w (n - qenoe

W C n O ,

n O p X ~ O Kc n e K T p a ) . , @ i @ p a n l p ~ ~ a

~ H b l f i IIYYOK

n e X H T

B nnOCKOCTH, CO-

~epxameiina~ammuii p o K II ~ o p ~ a Kn ob~ p a x a m ~ enin io c K o c T u . Yron M e x A y

HaIlpaBneHMXMIl l T a A a m I 4 e r O ui O T p a X e H H O r O nyYKOB PaBHXeTCH 28.

M3 ( P o p ~ y n5psrra~ - B y n b + a c n e A y e T , r T o paccexme n o A ~ O ~ ~ U I MyrM-M

n a M u ~ ~ O W C X O A ecnu~ T , B u c c n e A y e M o M 0 6 5 e ~ ~ ea 6 n m n a e ~ cn esp u o n a s a o c - r b

H a ~e6onbruuxPaCCTOXHMXX: n n I I H a BOnHbI

PeHTreHOBCKHX Jly4efi n p M M e p H 0

0,1 HM, H IIpH 6 o n b m u x YrJIaX d lTOpRAKa 0,3

- 1,o HM, YTO COOTBeTCTBYeT PaC-

CTOXHHRM M e X A y nJlOCKOCTI1MH, npOXOnRLL(ElMU 4epe3 y3JIb1 K ~ H c T ~ ~ ~ J I H ~ ~ c K o ~

pemema. Ecnu x e o T p a x e H H b r e (una p a c c e a ~ a b ~ enysu) n a m ~AEI+P~KLZMOHHYK)

K a p T n H y , K O T O P ~c 0 6 ~ p a e ~ cOxK O ~ On e p ~ m ~ onr poa , TO 0 3 ~ a s a eY~.ro, C T ~ Y K -

T y p a 0 6 n a ~ a nepHOAHYHOCTbIi3~ H a 6on~mwxpaCCTORHHRX. H a n H W i e nki(PpaKIW- O H H ~ I Xn y e l , n H m b H ~ ~ H ~ Y H To T~K~n o~HHn mOm u x c s OT nepamaoro H a n p a s n e - HBR, - MaJIOyrnOBOrO PaCCeXHUa - COOTBeTCTByeT y n O p R A 0 Y e H H O M y p a C n 0 n O X e -

HHK) ROBOnbHO KpYIIHbIX 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ ~ fOAllHaKOBOf, OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIX ~ ~ O K O B :

06nac~eiiKOrepeHTHOrO PaCCeXHHR (OKP). ~ O ~ T O MAY~ I @ P ~ K ~ I I O H H YKaPTHHY,) n o J r y s e H H y m npu 6 o n b m a x yrnax paccesam, u c n o n b 3 p nnrr~ aaanusa K p a c T a n - JJHZI~CKOECTPYKTyPbl TBePAOrO Terra, a MeTOnOll MaJ'IOymOBOI'O PeHTreHOBCKOrO p a c c e x H n a (MYPP) o n p e A e n x m T pamepal 06nac~eiiK o r e p e H T H o r o paccemm.

C x e ~ ayc-rpoiic~~aam n p o s e n e a w r l p e H T r e H o c T p y l c r y p H o r o

a a a ~ l e s anpu-

M e p H 0 TaKOBa. nanaIOK@Iii I I p O K PeHTreHOBCKOrO

U3Jly.ieHEiSI,

npOXOArr sepe3

KOnnBMaTOp, n 0 n a A a e T H a o6pa3eq. & i $ I p a ~ u H 0 H ~ a

5KapTHHal p e r H C T p H p y e T C R H a

~ ~ H T ~ ~ H O B Cnne1lKeO ~ ? . Ans KOJlllqeCTBeHHOrO H3MepeHHX MHTeHCHBHOCTM OT- P a X e H H O r O PeHTreHOBCKOrO H 3 X y s e H H R HCIIOnb3ymT CYeTHbIe ~ C T ~ O ~ C(TPinaB ~

C Y e T m K O B n 0 l ~ y q e H H mB p e 3 y n b ~ a ~p ae c 4 e T a p e ~ ~ r e ~ o no~ -p a ~ ~ b

CneAOBaTenbHOCTb ~ H ~ Y ~ HMeXnJlOCKOCTHbIX% ~ ~ c c T o X H UX ~ap~a K T e p H 3 y e T CUM-

M e T p H I o U p a 3 M e p b I ~ J I ~ M ~ H T ~ P HROs%e f i ~ F iKpHCTEUIna. ~ O ~ O ~aHaJIU3HpyKI'IM

no M e T o n y A e 6 u - mepepa. BO~MOXHOCTU3TOTO M e T o n a nnx M C C ~ I ~ ~ O Bno~ -H M ~ ~

JIHKPHCTaJIJIUW3CKUX MaTePUaJIOB O Y e H b LUUpOKHe. T ~ KMeTOn,

IIpRMeHkIM n n R

+ a o ~ o r oasanma, n p U K O T O ~ O Monpenenxwr c o c T a n w M O ~ H + U K ~ ~ MxmwseU

-

CKHX C O ~ ~ M H ~ H I B.I HCCneAyeMOM% o6pa3ue; AJIX BbIXBJIeHUX M ~ O M O P @ H ~ I X3aMe - IUeHUG MJIH TBepAbIX PaCTBOPOB; AJW U 3 w e H H X OpIleHTHpOBOK ( T ~ K C T Y P )O r A e n b -

HbIX KpElCTaJIJIOB B o6pa3ue; AJIX YCTaHOBJIeHMH C p e ~ ~ eBenHsMHhIfi KpUCl'aJIJlOB H ( P Y H K ~ U UHX p a c n p e n e n e ~ ~noj i p a 3 M e p a M ; mn o n p e A e n e H w n B npoc~etiruwxcnyraxx n o n ~ o fCi T ~ Y K T Y Pk~i Ic c n e A y e M o r o B e L q e c T s a .

C ~

~ B H ~nOHny YUe H~H b I X AaHHbIX C 3TaJIOHHblMI.I A n 2 3TOrO B e U e C T B a n03BO -

JIXeT OUeHMTb HCKaEeHHOCTb K P H C T ~ J I J I H ~ ~ C PelIleTKktO ~

. H a p y m e ~ u aMUKpOHC,

-

KaXeHHX

PeIUeTKM IIPUBOnIIT K YLIIWpeHKIIM ~ ~ H @ ~ ~ K ~ H OnMHr?fi:H ~ I paCJX.UUpe-

HUXM M H T ~ P @ ~ P ~ H ~ E I O H HMBKCMMYMOB~IX PeUIeTKH . Y I U U p e H l I e O I I p e n e n X I o T ny-

TeM H3MepeHHR UIHPUHM l l U K a H a n O n O B H H e BbICOTbI MaKCUMyMa, TaK H a b I B a e -

~ 0 fIIOJIYUIMPHHMi MaKCEIMJ'Ma. Y I U E ~ P ~ H ~MU~ @ P ~ K ~ H O H HJIHHME~X M O K e T 6 b l ~ b

Bb13BaHO M MZiXbIM ( M e H e e 1 MKM) p a 3 M e p O M 06nac~etiK O r e p e H T H O r O paCCeRHMfl

C n e n o ~ a ~ e n b n~ poH, asanme y n b T p a A a c n e p c H b r x M a T e p u a n o B p a c m a p e H i i e fin -

@ P ~ K ~ I I O H H O T OMaKCUMYMa IlPOMCXOAHT 38 C 9 e T HiUOKeHH5l @ ~ H K U H AP a C n p e A e -

neHHX, O ~ ~ C J I O B J I ~ H Hp~a 3I XM e p a M H OKP U HapyIIIeHHXMM P e U e T K M ~ T COCTaBH

-

JIHmIlJHe MOXHO p a 3 A e n H T b C nOMOLqhIo r a p M O H H 4 e C K O r O aHaJIH3a @ O P M ~ IJ I M H M ~

- IlpHMeHeHHX M e T O n a Q y p b e .

 

MMea n a H H b I e no yruapeaum, p a c c s m b I s a I o T (PYHKUMHp a c n p e n e i r e H w n HH-

TeHCHBHOCTH U OUCHNBaIOT P a 3 M e P b I 06nac~eGK O r e p e H T H O r O PaCCeRIIHX U B e n U -

YHHbI A ~ # J o ~ M ~ Q M- UM H K P O E I C K ~ X ~ H H ~ .

 

E c n ~APYrHMIi MeTOAaMFi, H a I I p U M e p , ~ J ~

~ K ~ o MHHHK ~o o ~c K o I I ~ ~nOJly~~~-,

9 e H b 1 AaHHbIe 0 p a 3 M e p a X 9BCTMu, C0BIIaAaH)IlJUX

C p a 3 M e p a M U o6nac~efiK O R -

PeHTHOrO PaCCeXHUX, TO B03MOEHO IIpMMeHeHMe MeTOAa ManOyrJIOBOrO PaCCeXAjIa n o c T p o e H n a p a c r r p e A e n e H m s a c T H q no p a 3 ~ e p aB~ .n p o T H B H o M cnyrae p a 3 ~ e pOKP o 3 ~ a s a ep a~3 M e p s e p H a B n o n U K p M c T a x n a x 6onee K p y n w o r o pame-

pa. ,Qnx yJIbTpaAMCnepCHbIX MaTepHEiJIOB H e p e n K O C O B n a n e H M e pK3MepOB OKP C p a 3 M e p a M H YaCTUu .

I/Iccne~osa~urrC T P Y K ~ Mc n o M o w h m ~ . ~e~mpo~ozpuQbun neurnpo~o-

Z ~ U $ U U 06b19~0C 0 9 e T a H ) T C PeHTTeHOCTPYKTYpHbIM aHanU30h.1.

~ ~ B U C I I M O C TmW c n a

B H a C T O R m e e B p e M R

~ O J I ~ U I U H C T B OH e p e r y J I R p H b I X

CTpYKTYp

OrIHCL1BaK)T

C

w c n o n ~ s o ~ a ~Mwe reo A~o B

@ p a ~ ~ a n b ~r eofMie T p u u . Q

p a ~ ~ a n

b ~~bn~a ec ~ e

--p b ~

r e o M e T p u r e c x n e 0 6 a e ~ T b 1 , 0 6 n a ~ m ~ q nc em o n o ~ o 6 ~ ocf i~ p y ~ ~ y pBopi ia 3 . u ~ ~ -

HbIX IlpOCTPaHCTBeHHbIX

M ~ C I U T ~ ~Ecnw~ X .

U f l e a n b H b ~ a K p H C T U J I C B ~ I C O K O ~ ~

C M M M ~ T P MM~ ~I ~ P O C ~ ~ H C T B ~ IIHBaPUaHTHOCTLH)H O ~ ~

 

C'QYKTYPbl M O X H O I I p e A -

CTaBHTb KBK n p e ~ e I I b H b 1 j i~ J I y Y a f in O p I I A K a ,

a A P Y r l l M I l p e A e n b H b l M C n y Y a e M -

I I O J I H L I ~ XaOC, TO ( $ p a ~ ~ E U b ~ b lCTPYKTYPbIe M O X H O P a C C M a T P U B a T b KaK I l P O M e V -

T 0 Y H b l k B a p H a H T . M H ~ I M UCJIOBaMII,

@ p a ~ ~ Z U I b H b lCTpYKTYpbIe 0 6 J I a n a ~ HCKOTO)~

-

p0fi C T e n e H b I O YnOPRAOYeHHOCTU. ~

T CHCTeMM IIOBTOPXIOT O n H Y M TY Xe ~ O P M Y

npw p a 3 n w ~ ~ b rytienuqeauxx, T.e.

~ a c r u ~ a 6u H~ soa p u a a 1 ~ ~B1 O n p e A e n e H H o M

M a T e p s a n e ca~onono6na.B cnyrae K n a c T e p a co

c n y r a f i ~ b lp ~a c n o n o m e H H e M

s a c T a u c a ~ o n o ~ o 6 noeI I n M a e T c x

C T a T n c T m e c K M

- ecnw B P ~ ~ H L IYXa c T x x

K n a -

C T e p a MbI B L I p e X e M 60!1bmoe Y I C n O KYCKOB,

HaXOfl24FiXClr B OAUHaKOBOM o6ae-

h f e , B C p e A H e M OHU 6 y f l y ~C O A e p X a T b OAHHaKOBOe 'IUCnO YaCTUU . X a p a ~ T e p f i b ~ e

@ P ~ K T ~ ~ CTpYKTYpbIH L ~

O ~ P ~ ~ Y I O T npuC R

aCCOUUaUHH T B e p A b l X a 3 p 0 3 0 n e 6

B ra-

se, npn r e n e o 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ ~nuo,n ~ ~ e p n 3 a ~u uBnpane apyrux @ ~ 3 a r e c ~wa@Hx -

3UKO-XUMIlYeCKHX IlPOUeCCOB. M 0 ~ e J I b ~ bkIl e3 K C I l e p U M e H T a J I b H b I e HCCJIenOBaHHX

@ p a

~ ~ a n b c~ rbp~yx~ ~ yH p~ O ~ X O P I M MA n~lIr

u H T e p n p e T a q m ~ a 6 n m n a e ~ onoser-

ACHMR

CPiCTeM C @ ~ ~ K T Z U I ~ H ~ aI'j3eraTaMIlH

U I l O J I ~ e H H XM a T e p M a j l O B C 3 a A a H -

HblMU C B O ~ C T B ~ M M .

C X ~HCCneA0BaHM~.R W p e r H p O B a H H b I X YaCTllU B K n I o Y a e T B ce6z B b I R B n e H U e

Y a c T n U B a r p e r a T e nnw K ~ K O ~ O - ~csofic~saKO HM M C B I I S ~ H -

HOTO, H a n p w M e p , M a c c b I

a r p e r a T a

unu n n o T H o c T t i OT ero p a s ~ e p a .A r p e r a u w r l

YaCTMU M O X e T n p O T e K a T b

no AByM

OCHOBHblM M e X a H U 3 M a M : 1) Y a C T H 4 a - K n a -

c T e p , n p M KOTOPOM n p o I ? c x o ~ M Tn o c T e n e H H o e n p u c o e A a H e H H e K p a c T y W e M y

ar-

p e r a T y no O A H O ~Y~a c n i u e B p e 3 y n b ~ a DII@Ie $Y~I?EI; 2) K n a c T e p

- K n a c T e p ,

n p r ?

KOTOPOM

6onee K p y n H b I e a r p e r a T b 1 06pa3ym~cxn y T e M c n r ? R s M n

M e n K u x arpera-

TOB. B 2

~ 7 6 0C S~I y g a e '4aCTHLIbI H e MOIYT IlOJlllOCTbIO 3 a n O J I I i U T b B C e IlpOCTpaHCT -

BO a r p e r a T a , OCTaIoTCX C B O ~ O A H YqaCTKM~J~. E C ~BBeCTMH

XapaKTepMCTMKY C T e n e -

HI? 3 a n O J I H e H U B I l p O C T p a I l C T B a B a P e r a T e WlCTII.rUaMI? - I $ ~ ~ K T ~ ~ pHX Y3 MHe p,-

H O C T ~D, MOXHO 3 a n ~ c a cneaymwym~ b

~ ~ B B C H M O C T ~ :

 

 

 

rae N -- w c n o s a c r m B a r p e r a T e , R - ero paauyc, r - panuyc ~ ~ C T U U ~ I .

@ p a ~ ~ a J I b H ap2i3MepHOCTb% D < 3. R C J I y Y a e I I e p B O r O MeXaHM3Ma D = 2,5; npll

BTOPOM D = 1,7. @ P ~ K T ~ J I ~ HP a~3RM e P H O C T b X a p a K T e p H 3 y e T B H Y T P ~ H H UIIOpBnOK~ ~

4 p a ~ ~ a n b a o Kr no a c T e p a .

H ~ I I O C ~ ~ ~ C T B ~cHnHo c~ oI 6Mo ~BbI'ZIiCJIeHMX @ p a ~ ~ X I b H opfai3 M e p H O C T H ar- p e r a T O B %BJISIeTCR K O ~ M ~ ~ C T B a~HHWHU ~3 MI ~H~ K ~ O @ O T O ~O ~~ ~ ~ KH T~ OMXB 06. - p a 6 0 ~ ~M OyX H O BeCTI? PZ3JIMYHhIMH MeTOAaMI?, B TOM W i C n e MeTOAOM ((PaCTYlTJMX KBaAPaTOB)): H a U H @ ~ O B O Mw306pame~11~r p e r a T a B ~ I ~ U ~ ~HeKOTOpaAC~ X YaC- T u U a , n p a H a n x e x a q a x arpera-ry. P a c c ~ a ~ p a ~ a ~B oc e~ 6c0xn b u r a e n 6 o n b m a e

K B a A p a T b I CO C T O ~ O H OL,~ ~C IJeHTPOM H a B ~ I ~ P ~ H'faCTI14eH O ~ ~. ~ ~ O ~ ~ C ' I I I T ~ I B ~ ~ T C R n O J I H O e YIICJIO YaCTHII N,nOIIaBIIIMX B ~ a X n b 1 f iK B a A p a T . CT~OMTCR3aBIICIIMOCTb

N(L) B n B a X A b 1 J I O ~ ~ ~ H ~ M H ~K~OCO pKa HHHXaT a X .

H a ~ n o ~I I ro n y Y e ~ H O f i3aBHCMMOCTM n a e T 3 H a Y e H P i e @ p a K T a J I b H o f i p a 3 M e p H O - CTM a r p e r a T o B B C o o T B e T c T B m c O n p e A e i I e H x e M D: N - L ~ .

3. OrlPEAEJEHME COCTABA YJlbTPAAkICllEPCHbIX

MATEPMAJOB

C y ~ @b I ? ~ H Y ~ C K HPiX XUMtiZIeCKIIX I I a T I H 3 0 B B e m e C T B COCTOUT B IJeJIeHaIIpaB - JIeHHOM B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T HB aU BHe u e C T B O M P e r E l C T P a 4 H l l OTKJIAKa H a 3 T 0 B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B U ~ .

K ~ Y ~ C T B ~IIHKHO J~I HRg e C T B e H H M 0 4 e H K a OTKJIklKa BO3MOXHB n p H CpaBHeHMI? C

COOTBCTCTBYIOWHM CMrHaJIOM 3TaJlOHHOTO BeWCCTBa . H a , q e ) ~ ~ bKOJIIIYeCTBeH~- H b J e OJJeHKIl IIOJIyYaWTCS n p H IIOCTpOeHREI rPaAYMPOBOYHbIX KPHBbIX -- 3aBMCIIMOCTH C H r H a J I a OT KOHUeHTpaUMI? 3JIeMeHTa, H a I l p H M e p . C ~ U J ~ C T B OI'pOMHOe~C~

Pe~ttI2eH06~~llri'I p y ~ t t I y p ~RHOJiL4b f k .3 IIpliMeHRIoT AJIR k i & e ~ ~ & i f $ P i ~ a ~ H R

KpHCTWlJIHYeCKUX YJlbTpanHCIIepCHbIX MaTepHalIOB - OIIpe,L(eneHUR HX KaYeCT-

BeHHOrO R KOJIHYeCTBeHHOrO COCTaBa. Ana H ~ ~ H T H ~ $ H KCTPYKTYP~~HH H IIOCne-

A y I o a e r o o n p e a e n e H u R

@a3o~orococrasa o6pa3ua no 3 K c n e p H M e H T a n b H b r M AH-

$ I ~ ~ K T o ~ ~ IIpMMeHRIoTM~

~ M KaPTOTeKH AaHHbIX KaYeCTBeHHOrO PeHTreHOBCXOrO

a ~ a r r k i s aIIOPOWKOB - KaTaJIOf ASTM ( A M ~ ~ M K ~OH~ WC~KC TOB~HCnbITaHHliO M a -

T ~ ~ H ~ J I O BHa) . C O O T B e T C T B y I o ~ U XKapTOYKaX n p H B e A e H b 1 A a H H b I e 0 n a p a M e T p a X

K ~ ~ ~ c T E L V ~ H Y ~ CP eKWOeET K H H OTHOCHTenbHbIX UHTeHCHBHOCTIfX A M @ P ~ K ~ H O H H ~ I X

n t i ~ u i noi 100-6mb~oii K a n e . MOXHOBBecTH B K o M n b m T e p n o n y g e H H b l e s K c n e -

P H M e H T W l b H b I e pe3yJIb'I'aTbI,

U COOTBeTCTByIolrraJI n p O v a M M a Y K a X e T B03MOXHbIe

B a p H a H T b I KaZfeCTBeHHOrO

COCTaBa HCCJIeAYeMOI'O

MaTepHXXa . ~ o H ~ ~ H T P ~ H M

PEBJIHYHLIX KOMIIOHeHTOB OqeHHBaIOT no 3Ha9eHHRM OTHOCHTeJIbHblX HHTeHCHB-

H O C T ~COOTBeTCTByIoIQHX~

~ H ~ $ ~ ~ K ~ H oJ IHII H H~~C~ IlOMOLIfbMx T e O P H R PaCCeR-

HHX PeHTreHOBCKHX Jly9e% MJIU IIO He3aBHCllMbIM

3 T m O H a M . npenen YYBCTBH-

TeJIbHOCTM O ~ H ~ P Y X ~nHp RH I~Ie c e %0.5%, H a npaKTMKe A 0 2%. P ~ H T I ~ H O ~ M O ~ + -

H b I e IIpHMeCU H e PerHCTPHPYIoTCIf n p U HCnOJIb30BaHHH C T a H n a p T H b I X MeTOAHK, 9 T O H e p e a K O IlPHBOfillT K HeKOPpeKTHOCTH AaHHbIX, nOJIyYeHHbIX 3TUM MeTOnOM, A n x o n p e A e n e H x x c o c T m a M a T e p H a r r o B .

&R aaanwsa x r ? M u r e c x o r o c o c T m a y n b T p a n H c n e p c H b I x M a T e p w a n o B n p u M e -

H X ~ pTa n r ? Y H b I e ~ e m 0 d b lcneKmpanbfiozoRtionma - c n e K T p o c K o n w s e c K H e M e - TOAbI. C ~ ~ K T ~ O C K OMeT0,QbI~ H ~ ~HCCJIeJYIOTK ~ 3aBHCHMOCTb HHTeHCMBHOCTR

n O T J I O 4 e H I I R HJIH HCnYCKaHKX H 3 I I p e H H X OT YaCTOTbI HJIH ~ J I U H b IBOJIHbI. ~ T M

MeTOHbl IIO3BOJIXmT H 3 Y q a T b 3HepreTMYeCKMe COCTO5IHHR aTOMOB I1 M O n e K y n , np0-

BOAHTb W A C H T W ~ ~ K ~BeWeCTBUH~ W OIIpeAejIRTb HX M O n e K y n R p H y I o CTPYKTYPY.

I - I a H 6 0 ~ 1 e eTO'IHbIe p e 3 y n b T a T b l A a e T ~ T O M H O - ~ ~ C O ~ ~ ~ MCneKTpOCKOnWX,H H ~ X

OC-

HOBaHHaR H a n O J I j T e H H H C l I e K l p O B IlOrnOWeHHX 3 H e p r H R aTOMaMM OIIpeAeflReMO-

r0 3JIeMeHTa . C a h l b 1 8 ~ ~ c I I ~ o c

T ~ ~ HB a~p HHa HHT :~ BI e~q e~C T B O IIepeBOAXT

B P a C -

TBOP, P a C T B O p H C n a p R m T B TESOBOM

IIJIaMeHW. Ha n a p b l I l a n p a B n r r m T CBeT C AnH-

HOG BOJIHb1, C O O T B ~ T C T B ) ' ~ ~ XU ~~~ ~ ~ K T ~ P HMCKOMOrO~ 3 X e M e H T a

C n e K T p a b -

HOG JlWHHIl ( f i n 2 nOJIy'IeHHR T a K O r O CBeTa W C n O J l b 3 y ~ TH a 6 0 p b 1 n a M n

C Pa3HbIMW

K ~ T o A ~ M H ) .M 3 M e p e ~ H eAHTeHCHBHOCTW n O r i I O U e H M R C B e T a aTOMaMH nO3BOJlXeT KOnH'IeCTBeHHO O I l p e H e n H T b C O H e p X a H H e AaHHOrO 3 J l e M e H T a B Y n b T p a n W C n e p C -

HbIX M a T e p M a n a X . Y ~ B C T B W T ~ J ~ ~ HMOeCT TO n~a O s e H b BbICOKa - IlpWMepfIO

%.

TPYAHOCTMn e p e B e A e H M e M B p a C T B O p HaHOMaTepWarlOB, KaK n p a B W n 0 , HeBenWKH,

H XOTX A n H T e n b H o c T L o n e p a q ~ ks H a w T e n L H a ,

B b r c o K a x TO'IHOCT~ o r ~ p e n e n e ~ E i G

O K y n a e T 3 a T p a T b I B p e M e H H .

 

 

~ M H C C H O H HC~n e K T p o c K o n m O c H o B a H a

H a p e m c T p a l i H n u a~ana3ecrreK -

T p a , ~ s n y s a e ~ o rnpo608 B e U e c T s a , H a r p e - r o r o no ~ b r c o ~ o Tiie M n e p a r y p b l

B

n n a M e H a A y r H , HCKPOG, na3epo~ n. p e ~ ~ a p a ~ e no ~A r~o . rao BxK a n p o 6 b 1 n p a K T f i - YeCKH H e H y X H a , HO H ~ O ~ X O A M M O CKT~~J I H ~ P O B K Ia?n n a p a T y p b l H ~ p e 6 0 B a ~ HOen - HOpOnHOCTU ITp06b1 H e p e n K O YXyAIIIaIoT KOPPeKTHOCTb p e 3 y n b T a T O B a H U l l i 3 a .

K ClleKTpOCKOnH'IeCKHM MeTOAaM OTHOCWTCX W CnCKTPOCKOIlHX K O M ~ H H ~ ~ M -

o H H o r o P a c c e R H M x , B KOTOPOA

3 H e p r e T w s e c K u e Y ~ O B H MM o n e K y n o n p e n e n n m T c s

no paccemlim c B e T a . K a x A o G

o 6 n a c ~s n~e ~ T p o ~ a r ~ a ~ ~H-~iJ oI Yr Yo ~ H MCRO O T B ~ T -

CTBYeT 0 n p e ~ e j l e ~ H b l Tfiu n MOneKynXpHbIX I l p O I ~ e C C O Bki C O O T B ~ ~ C T B ~ I BHAO~W ~

CneKTpOCKOnHH . T ~ KCIleKTpOCKOrIHR,

RAepHOrO M a r H A T H O r O ( m P ) Pi 3neKTpOH -

H O r O ( ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ H E CnHHOBOrOoIT ~ o (3m)p e 3 0 H a H C O B COOTBeTCTByeT paAHO'IaC-

TOTHOG 06nac . r~:3 .lo6 - 3 . 1 0 ' ~rq; AJIHHa BOnHbI 10 M - I CM; PaCCTOXHHR M e X -

AY 3HepreTHYeCKEiMIi YPOBHXMH 0,001 - 10 & ~ K M O J IAJlR~ .

~ p a U a ~ e . ? b ~ o Hf in I l

M M K P O B O ~ H O B O ~ CITeKTpOCKOlIWH 3 T 0 MHKPOBOJlHOBM

0 6 J I a c ~ b : 3.10" -

3 . 1 0 " ru; AnWHa BOjrHbI 1 CM - 100 MKM;

PaCCTOIIHIISI M e X A Y B p a U a T e J l b H b I M A

YpOBHRMM 100 A x i / ~ o n b .K o n e 6 a ~ e n b H a n HnM H H @ p a ~ p a c ~ a CneKTpOCKOnMR:

k f H @ p a ~ p a c ~ ao6nac~bX 3 . 1 0 ' ' - 3.10'"~;

A n K H a BOnHbI 100 MKM - 1 MKM; p a C -

CTOXHHR MeXSAy ~ O I l e 6 a ~ e J l b YpOBHXMW~bl~~ 104 , @ K / M O . ? ~ .BUAWMOEY n b T p a -

c p ~ o n e ~ o ~oo6ini a c r ~(3 . 10'~- 3.1016 r ~n n;m a B o m b 1 I M K M - 10 HM; p a c c T o 9 -

~ r p o c ~ b lannapae -

HHX M e X A Y 3JleKTPOHHbIMU YPOBHIIMH 100 A m / ~ o n b )COOTBeTCTByeT 3JIeKTpOHHaX c n e m p o c K o n M s .

~ ~ ~ M M ~ HBXaHaJIM3e~ T y J r b T p a ~ H C n e p C H b l XMaTepHXllOB M ~emobblCneK-

mpoMempuu. M a c c - c n e ~ ~ p o ~ e r po cnMso s a H a H a 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ uMOHOBu n o A ~ e f i -

CTBkIeM 3JIeKTPOHHOTO Y A a p a U B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T BHHa UO ~ P ~ ~ Y W U M ~nYYOK~CX MOHOB MarHMTHOrO IIOXII. ~ I o H ~OTnM4aH)UlHeCXI , IIO MaCCe, 6 y ~ YCKOpRTbCXy ~ H OTKJIO-

HaTbCX OT ~ ~ ~ ~ B o H ~ z I ~TpaeKTOpUHoJI~ G B p X 3 ~ 0 f i CTeIIeHM. E c n 3aperac~pupo-

B a T b ~ o J I ~ Y w ~ H ~~~ac6Xo p~ C K O ~ ~ H aHn p~H M, e p , C nOMOIUbH) ~ ) O T O ~ ~ ~ C T H H O K ,

MbI nOnYZIMM M a c e - C n e K T p B BHAe O T H O W ~ H HMaCCbl~ ~ K 3apXAy: m / e . A o n y c r H ~ ,

P e n e J I H T b ACKOMOe BelQeCTBO: MaCCa a 3 0 T a 28,00614; CO - 27,99491; 3 T u n e H a -

28,0313.

B ~ I C O TOTHOCT~K)X ~ ~ ~ K T ~ ~ E I ~ H~ Iropa3noQ T C I I 6onee

TYPHO XMMHYeCKUe MeTOAbI aHXllM3a: rpaBUMeTPMYeCKMe. THTPMMeTPMqeCKHe H

flp. ~ ~ ~ B M M ~ T ~ H aHaJIH3Y~cKOCHOBaH~ H a BbIAeneHkiH O n p e n e n R e M O r O KOMnO-

IIeHTa B BHAe o c a A K a , onpeaener-rm ero M a c c b I xnn M ~ C C ~n pI o A y K T a ero A a n b - ~ e g I I I e 60 6 p a 6 0 ~( H~a n~p H M e p , ~ ~ o K E ~ J I H B ~ H H~R' M). T P H M ~ T P M ROCHOBaHa H a O n - PeAeJIeHElH o 6 a e ~ aP a C T B O p a THTpaHTa (TOZIHO U S B ~ C T W OK~O~H U ~ H T P ~ U M M PaC), -

I ~ ~ C K O J I ~oco6oeK O

MeCTO B aFIaJIM3e YnbTPaAHCIlePCHbIX M a T e p I l m O B 3aHM-

M a m T y K e CTaBIIIMe TpaAHlJHOHHbIMU MeTOAbI aHaJlH3a IIOBePXHOCTM TBePAblX

T e n . B 3THX MeTOAaX,

XaPaKTePM3YIOUHXCR

IIOCTaTOYHO B ~ I C O K OTOYHOCTbK),~

r ~ r y 6 IlOCTynJleHElR~~a H H @ O ~ M ~ ~HHe Hp e a K O

COnOCTaBMMa C P a 3 M e p O M YJIbTpa-

~ H C n e p C H b I X4 a C T H q , nO3TOMy YBePeHIIOCTb, s T 0 n 0 n y s e H H b l e AaHHblC OTIIOCRTCR HMeHHO K nOBepXHOCTHblM CnOXM YnbTpaAHCnePCHblX MaTepManOB, 3 a r a C T y K I OT-

CYTCTBYeT. T ~ MH e M e H e e , AJIX HCCJIeAOBaHMR YnbTPaAUCnepCHbIX

M a T e p H a n O B

IlIHPOKO nPMMeHXK)T MeTOAbI ~ O T O ~ ~ ~ K T P O HCneKTPOCKOnHH,O ~

O C O ~ ~ H H O

~ ~ H T ~ ~ H O B (PQ3C);K O ~ H H @ p a K p a c ~ o f i CIIeKTpOCKOIIHR ( m - C ~ I ~ K T ~ O C K O ~ M U ) ;

T ~ ~ M O C T H M ~ J I H ~ O B ~AH~ HC OO~~~~ I JHHAHp .

B M e T o a e @omosne~mpo~riolicneKmpocKonuu B e W e c T n o o6nysam~mew-

KHM ~ . X ~ T ~ ~ @ H O J I ~ T OH BnH~ IPMeI l T r e H O B C K U M

H3JIyYeHPieM CO C T p O r O

@ H K C M ~ O -

B ~ H H O3 ~~ e p r H e GKBaHTOB. ~ H ~ P I TKBaHTOB~ R

PaCXOAYeTCR H a TO, ~

~

0 B 6~ I ~~ M1 T L

3JIeKTpOHb1 C 3 a ~ P i M a e M o f iUMU O ~ ~ H T U H c o o 6 m a ' r b EIM HeKOTOpYH) KHHeTHYe-

CKYIo 3 H e P r H I O . M ~ M ~ P Ree,I I M O K H O n O J I y Y U T b C n e K T p C K O ~ O C T@~ BO T O ~ ~ ~ K T ~ O -

HOB, x a p a K ~ e p H b 1 f iAJIR KaXCAOrO 3 J I e M e H T a . M~TOAOMP@3C A 3 M e p I I W T TOJIbKO

3 H e p r U I o CBR3H 3JIeKTT)OHOB BHYTpeHHHX 0 6 0 n o ~ eIIOBePXHOCTHbIX~

aTOMOB. Ka-

n a 6 p o ~ ~n pyO B O A R T C IIOMOIULH) BHeILlHerO C T a H A a p T a ( K ~ KIlpaBMJIO,

Y m e B o A O -

pOAOB C YeTKHM IIUKOM Y r n e p O A a B COCTORHHU 1S), OTHOCHTeJlbHO KOTOpOrO O n - P e n e n X I o T 3 H e p r H m CBR3H 3JleKTPOHOB APYrEIX 3lIeMeHTOB . ~ o J I Y Y ~ H H L3IH~a q e H H R 3 H e p r E I H CBR3U 3 n e K T p O H O B HCCJIeAyeMOrO B e m e C T B a C O n O C T a B n R I o T C H3BeCTHblMH 3HaYeHMXMEi 3 H e P T H H CBR3U An54 YHCTbIX 3 n e M e H T O B . M ~ M ~ P Rn nRO l U a A b FIOA COOTBeTCTByWrrZHM IIMKOM, IIPOBOAHT K O J I H Y ~ C T B ~ H H ~aI HGa J I R 3 , K O T O ~ 6onee~ I ~ ~ T O Y e H ? e C n H C P a B H H B a T b I I O n y Y e I I H L I e p e 3 y J I b T a ' r b I C AaHHbIMH AJIR 3 J I e M e H T a C M3-

ReCTHblM C O A e p X a H H e M

- rpa,Q'HpOBOYHbIMU

KpHBbIMH. O T H O C H T ~ J I ~ HYYBCT~R-

B U T e n h H O C T b M e T O A a - 1%.

 

Menzod U H & ? ~ K

~ ~ C HCtleKi'?lpOCKOnKU~ ~

BKJIIoYaeT IlOJIyYeHMe M O J I e K y M p -

HbIX C I l e K T p O B T I O r J I O u e H U R H OTpaXCeHHX kfK H3nyLleHMR. O C O ~ ~ H H OMOneKyC T H- JlIIpHblX C I I e K T p O B 0 6 y c n o ~ n e ~ bT e1M , YTO H a p R A y C A B M X e H H e M 3JIeKTpOHOB B M o n e K y r r a x n p o H c x o A a T n e p H o n u v e c K H e H ~ M ~ H ~ HOHT RH o c m e n b H o r o n o n o m e H H n

5I,Qep ( K O J I ~ ~ ~ T ~ JAIB~H KHeOH H~ e aTOMOB M o J I ~ K ~ J IU)

n e p H O f l P i ' % e C K H e M3MeHeHHR

o p H e r r T a I i m

M o n e K y n B n p o c T p a H c T B c ( ~ p a ~ a ~ e

n Ab s~u xo eeH H e ~ o n e ~ y nno) . -

rJIOlqeHEIe

H3.XY9eHHR EIMeeT C ~ I I ~ K T E I B XH a~pIa~K~T e p H npOUCXOAUT H a YaCTO-

T a x , KOTOPbIe C O B I I a n a W T C HeKOTOPbIMH C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I YaCTOTaMHH K O J I ~ ~ ~ H H ~ ~ aTOMOB B MOJIeKYilaX MJIU C LlaCTOTaMM B p a m e H H R MOJIeKyJI KaK UeJIOrO . B pe3yJIL -

T a T e TaKO1.0 I I O r J I O ~ e H H R UHTeHCUBHOCTb I/TK H3JIyYeHMR

H a

n a H H b l X YaCTOTaX

p e s ~ on a A a e T , H B O ~ H M K IIOJIOC~I~ T

IIOrJIOWeHHR, O ~ P ~

~ Y

I ~MXL L-cne~rpU ~ no-

m o u e e H s . M X - c n e ~ ~ p o c ~ o nnuoa3 s o n ~ eo n~p e A e n u T b c ~ p y ~ ~ My opnye K y n H M X

X H M M ~ ~ C K HCOCTaBG.

B o c s o B e memoda m e p ~ u v e c ~ odecop6yuuii nemm xsneme u c n a p e H m B

B a K y y M ~ ~ C O ~ ~ H ~ O B rX3OB~ H H ~C I IlOBepXHOCTM T B e p A O r O Tens. Macc-

C I I e K T p O M e T p b I Il03BOJLKIoT U3MePIITb I I a p q H a X b H b l e AaBJIeHHR CMeCH necop6u-

P Y I o U H X C R T a 3 0 B H YCTilHaBJIHBaTb HX XHMHYeCKYIO IIpIIpOAy, TO eCTb IIpOBOAIITb K ~ S ~ C T B ~ HkiHK~o IJ I~H~~ ~ c T B ~ H HaHaTTH3~s~? IIPOAYKTOB ~ e c o p 6 q k l ~ .

T e p ~ o 3 n e ~ m p o H ~ bhfem0bl i i

OCHOBaH H a RBJSeHAM

T ~ P M O ~ J I ~ K T ~ O H H O ~ ~

3MHCCHH, 3 @ @ e ~HCnyCKaHr?lI~ 3JIeKTPOHOB TBePAbIM TeJIOhl B p e 3 y n b T a T e T e n n o -

BOrO B O ~ ~ Y X A ~AJIRH M BbIXOAaR .

3a l l p e A e n b 1 T B e p A O r O TeJIa

( 3 ~ ~ T T e p 3neKTpOa) -

HbI AOJIXHbI JIpeOAOlleTb ~ o T ~ H ~ H Z U I ~ 6Ha~pI~%e pH a nOBepXHOCTH 3 T O r 0 Tens -

COBepLllHTb pa6o-r~BbIXOAa. P a 6 o ~ aBbIXOAa YyBCTBHTeJIbHa K pa3JIHsHbIM $ ~ K T O -

p a M , OnpeAeJIIItOWHM C T p y K T y p H O e H ~

~ ~ ~ K o - x H M COCTOIIHHe~~~cK IIOBepXHOo~-

CTII. ? ' ~ P M O ~ ~ ~ K T P O H H ~3MWCCHOHHaR* I I

MHKPOCKOITMR, I l P H K O T O ~ OCBM~ o6pa3e4

CJfyXHT HCTOYHHKOM 3neKTPOHOB,

@OPMBPYK)IL(HX

11306paxe~ueer0 IIOBepXHO-

CTH, IlpUMeHIIeTCII I I p H p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~KaTOAHbIXe

M a T e P M m O B , B TOM YMCne AnII M3y-

YeHHR a K T H B a 4 H H OKCHAkiPOBaHHbIX 3MHTTePOB.

 

~ O H , L ( M ~ O B ~ H HnOBepXHOCTH€ !

~ ~ I C T P ~ I M3 nUe K T P O H a M U HJIH n03HTpOHaMH, B

YaCTHOCTH B ~ U C ~ P O B~ OJ ~ ~ K ~ ~

OM UHK Hp O COKUO t I U U , OCHOBaHO H a p a 3 n H r H b I X

BTOPHsHbIX IIBJIeHHXX, IIPOHCXOA%ll&iX

IIPH B ~ ~ H M O A ~ ~ ? C T BGH~HS C T P ~ I X3neKTPO -

HOB (E CBLIUIe 10 K ~ BC)JIOBePXHOCTbK) T B e p A O r O TeJIa ( B T O ~ H Y H U 3JIeKTpOHHart

3MUCCHR, TOPMO3HOe P e H T r e H O B C K O e H3JIy9eHHe,

KaTO4OJTIoMHHeClJeHqRR, HaBe -

A ~ H H L TOKI ~ ~ M T A.) P~CTPOBYKI3JIeKTPOHHYK) MHKPOCKOnHIo nPMMeHIIlOT AnR O n -

PeAeJIeHHR XHMMZIeCKOTO COCTaBa I I p H IIOCJIOBHOM aHaJIH3e, AJIR H3MePeHMR BCnMYHH MarHHTHbIX none6 A IIOBepXHOCTHbIX IlOTeHUHZUIOB, aKTMBHOCTH lJCHTPOB JfIOMHHeC4eHUHII H OCHOBHbIX XapaKTepUCTHK n O J f Y I l P O B O ~ H H K O B( B ~ ~ M XA3HI].1 H e o c H o B H b r x w o c ~ ~ e n TeokK a , r n y 6 w ~ ys a n e r a p~ -~n~-nepexono~H ,qp.).

Соседние файлы в папке книги